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Venkatesh SS, Vellaichamy P, Thirumalachari S, Ramalingam V, Doraiswamy Raju M. Experimental investigation and comparison of PBI/MWCNT and PSF/MWCNT membranes for recovering water from RO reject of brackish water by FO. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28455. [PMID: 38586360 PMCID: PMC10998056 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The performances of polybenzimidazole (PBI) and polysulfone (PSF) membranes for recovering water from reverse osmosis (RO) reject of brackish water through forward osmosis (FO) were assessed and compared. Non-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were added to the membrane casting solutions, with concentrations ranging from 0 to 3 wt%. The experiment was conducted for eight samples using RO reject of brackish water as the feed solution (FS) and 2 M analytical grade MgCl2 as the draw solution (DS). The hydrophilicity, water permeability, salt rejection rate (Rs), water flux (WF) and porosity of the membranes improved with increasing MWCNT content up to 2 wt%. Also, the structural parameter, salt permeability and reverse solute flux decreased. PBI/MWCNT2 wt% exhibited the best performance among the membranes tested compared with porosity of 70 ± 4 %, structural parameter of 0.36 ± 0.2 μm, and Rs of 93.5 %. In contrast with the pristine PBI membrane, an average water flux enhancement of 15 % and 49 % was observed for the FS and DS sides, respectively, for PBI/MWCNT2 wt%. It is evident from the results that including MWCNT improves the performance of both membranes, with better relative performance for PBI membranes than PSF membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pandiyarajan Vellaichamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundararajan Thirumalachari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velraj Ramalingam
- Institute for Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohan Doraiswamy Raju
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Shawky AM, Kotp YH, Mousa MA, Aboelfadl MMS, Hekal EE, Zakaria K. Effect of titanium oxide/reduced graphene (TiO 2/rGO) addition onto water flux and reverse salt diffusion thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:24584-24598. [PMID: 38448772 PMCID: PMC10998813 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) forward osmosis (FO) membranes have attracted significant attention due to their potential for solving global water scarcity problems. In this study, we investigate the impact of titanium oxide (TiO2) and titanium oxide/reduced graphene (TiO2/rGO) additions on the performance of TFN-FO membranes, specifically focusing on water flux and reverse salt diffusion. Membranes with varying concentrations of TiO2 and TiO2/rGO were fabricated as interfacial polymerizing M-phenylenediamine (MPD) and benzenetricarbonyl tricholoride (TMC) monomers with TiO2 and its reduced graphene composites (TiO2/rGO). The TMC solution was supplemented with TiO2 and its reduced graphene composites (TiO2/rGO) to enhance FO performance and reverse solute flux. All MPD/TMC polyamide membranes are characterized using various techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements. The results demonstrate that incorporating TiO2/rGO into the membrane thin layer improves water flux and reduces reverse salt diffusion. In contrast to the TFC membrane (10.24 L m-2h-1 and 6.53 g/m2 h), higher water flux and higher reverse solute flux were detected in the case of TiO2and TiO2/rGO-merged TFC skin membranes (18.81 and 24.52 L m-2h-1 and 2.74 and 2.15 g/m2 h, respectively). The effects of TiO2 and TiO2/rGO stacking on the skin membrane and the performance of TiO2 and TiO2/rGO skin membranes have been thoroughly studied. Additionally, being investigated is the impact of draw solution concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M Shawky
- Sanitary and Environmental Institute (SEI), Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC), Giza, 1770, Egypt.
| | - Yousra H Kotp
- Hydrogeochemistry Dept, Desert Research Center, El Mataryia, Cairo, 11753, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Mousa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Eisa E Hekal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Khaled Zakaria
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727, Cairo, Egypt
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Ibraheem BM, Aani SA, Alsarayreh AA, Alsalhy QF, Salih IK. Forward Osmosis Membrane: Review of Fabrication, Modification, Challenges and Potential. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13040379. [PMID: 37103806 PMCID: PMC10142686 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is a low-energy treatment process driven by osmosis to induce the separation of water from dissolved solutes/foulants through the membrane in hydraulic pressure absence while retaining all of these materials on the other side. All these advantages make it an alternative process to reduce the disadvantages of traditional desalination processes. However, several critical fundamentals still require more attention for understanding them, most notably the synthesis of novel membranes that offer a support layer with high flux and an active layer with high water permeability and solute rejection from both solutions at the same time, and a novel draw solution which provides low solute flux, high water flux, and easy regeneration. This work reviews the fundamentals controlling the FO process performance such as the role of the active layer and substrate and advances in the modification of FO membranes utilizing nanomaterials. Then, other aspects that affect the performance of FO are further summarized, including types of draw solutions and the role of operating conditions. Finally, challenges associated with the FO process, such as concentration polarization (CP), membrane fouling, and reverse solute diffusion (RSD) were analyzed by defining their causes and how to mitigate them. Moreover, factors affecting the energy consumption of the FO system were discussed and compared with reverse osmosis (RO). This review will provide in-depth details about FO technology, the issues it faces, and potential solutions to those issues to help the scientific researcher facilitate a full understanding of FO technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakr M. Ibraheem
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Saif Al Aani
- The State Company of Energy Production—Middle Region, Ministry of Electricity, Baghdad 10013, Iraq
| | - Alanood A. Alsarayreh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Qusay F. Alsalhy
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Issam K. Salih
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Iraq
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Muşat V, Crintea (Căpăţână) L, Anghel EM, Stănică N, Atkinson I, Culiţă DC, Baroiu L, Țigău N, Cantaragiu Ceoromila A, Botezatu (Dediu) AV, Carp O. Ag-Decorated Iron Oxides-Silica Magnetic Nanocomposites with Antimicrobial and Photocatalytic Activity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4452. [PMID: 36558305 PMCID: PMC9783173 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers unlimited possibilities for creating effective hybrid materials, which combine functional performance in environment depollution and antimicrobial defense with a lack of toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and natural availability. This paper presents the silver effect on photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of double-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs), Fe3O4@SiO2/ZnO-Ag. The structural, morphological, and textural information of the, core-shell iron oxides-based superparamagnetic nanoparticles (IOMNPs) decorated with 5% Ag by ultrasound-assisted synthesis were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller physisorption measurements. Although two synthesis temperatures of 95 and 80 °C were used for the co-precipitated iron oxide cores, the XRD patterns revealed the formation of a single magnetite, Fe3O4, phase. The sorption-photocatalytic activities under dark and UV irradiation encountered a maximum removal efficiency of the MB (90.47%) for the Fe3O4@SiO2/ZnO-Ag sample with iron oxide core obtained at 80 °C. The rate constant for the second-order kinetics was 0.0711 min-1 for 2 h, and the correlation coefficient R2 closed to unity. Two samples with Ag-decorated hybrid SiO2/ZnO shell and hierarchically interconnected porous structure with large surface area (328.8 and 342.5 m2g-1) exhibited the best disk diffusion antimicrobial activity against four microorganisms, especially gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Muşat
- Laboratory of Chemical Nanotechnologies-Center of Nanostructures and Functional Materials LNC-CNMF, Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 47 Domnească Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Lenuța Crintea (Căpăţână)
- Laboratory of Chemical Nanotechnologies-Center of Nanostructures and Functional Materials LNC-CNMF, Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 47 Domnească Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Elena-Maria Anghel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu” of Romanian Academy, Spl. Independenţei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Stănică
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu” of Romanian Academy, Spl. Independenţei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Atkinson
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu” of Romanian Academy, Spl. Independenţei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Cristina Culiţă
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu” of Romanian Academy, Spl. Independenţei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Baroiu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 47 Domnească Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Nicolae Țigău
- Department of Physical-Chemistry and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 47 Domnească Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Alina Cantaragiu Ceoromila
- Department of Applied Sciences, Cross-Border Faculty, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 47 Domnească Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Andreea-Veronica Botezatu (Dediu)
- Department of Physical-Chemistry and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 47 Domnească Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Oana Carp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu” of Romanian Academy, Spl. Independenţei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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Khashij M, Salmani MH, Dalvand A, Fallahzadeh H, Haghirosadat F, Mokhtari M. Fabrication of ZnO/y-FeOOH nanoparticles embedded on the polyethylene terephthalate membrane: Evaluation of antifouling behavior and COD removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:67014-67025. [PMID: 35511330 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiltration contributes to the development of advanced treatment of wastewater. An antifouling mixed matrix recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) membrane modified by the hydrophilic ZnO/y-FeOOH nanoparticles (NPs) was fabricated via the electrospinning method. The effect of ZnO/y-FeOOH NPS embedded in rPET as a modifier on the fabrication of nanocomposite membranes was investigated regarding water flux, membrane morphology, permeability, fouling resistance, and COD removal. The surface morphology of the rPET-ZnO/y-FeOOH membrane was evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), water contact angle (WCA), and porosity and pore structure.Due to the embedding of NPs, the resulting rPET-ZnO/y-FeOOH membrane, with a low WCA of 53.404° angle, conforms significantly improved hydrophilicity and water permeation flux. The FESEM image displayed the distribution of cuboidal and needle-like ZnO and FeOOH NPs on the rPET membrane. The performance of the nanofiltration system related to the removal efficiency of COD was studied. It was deduced that the rPET-ZnO/y-FeOOH membrane had a superior COD removal capability (95.7%) at a pressure of 2 bar. Protein rejection tests were performed on antifouling behavior. The nanocomposite membrane with a high antifouling capability was related to 0.5 wt·% ZnO/y-FeOOH NPs (flux recovery ratio [FRR] = 96.2%, Rr = 90.21%, and Rir = 3.001%). The modification procedure in this study (as a great improving technique) was proposed to fabricate the antifouling nanofiltration membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khashij
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Salmani
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Arash Dalvand
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossien Fallahzadeh
- Center for Healthcare Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Haghirosadat
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mokhtari
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Song J, Yan M, Ye J, Zheng S, Ee LY, Wang Z, Li J, Huang M. Research progress in external field intensification of forward osmosis process for water treatment: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118943. [PMID: 35952439 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging permeation-driven membrane technology that manifests advantages of low energy consumption, low operating pressure, and uncomplicated engineering compared to conventional membrane processes. The key issues that need to be addressed in FO are membrane fouling, concentration polarization (CP) and reverse solute diffusion (RSD). They can lead to problems about loss of draw solutes and reduced membrane lifetime, which not only affect the water treatment effectiveness of FO membranes, but also increase the economic cost. Current research has focused on FO membrane preparation and modification strategies, as well as on the selection of draw solutions. Unfortunately, these intrinsic solutions had limited success in unraveling these phenomena. In this paper, we provide a brief review of the current state of research on existing external field-assisted FO systems (including electric-, pressure-, magnetic-, ultrasonic-, light- and flow-assisted FO system), analyze their mitigation mechanisms for the above key problems, and explore potential research directions to aid in the further development of FO systems. This review aims to reveal the feasibility of the development of external field-assisted FO technology to achieve a more economical and efficient FO treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Mengying Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jingling Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shengyang Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Liang Ying Ee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Manhong Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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7
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Vatanpour V, Jouyandeh M, Akhi H, Mousavi Khadem SS, Ganjali MR, Moradi H, Mirsadeghi S, Badiei A, Esmaeili A, Rabiee N, Habibzadeh S, Koyuncu I, Nouranian S, Formela K, Saeb MR. Hyperbranched polyethylenimine functionalized silica/polysulfone nanocomposite membranes for water purification. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133363. [PMID: 34929269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polyethyleneimine functionalized silica (PEI-SiO2) nanoparticles with considerable hydrophilicity were synthesized and incorporated into a polysulfone (PSF)/dimethylacetamide (DMA)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) membrane casting solution in five different ratios to fabricate PEI-SiO2/PSF nanocomposite membranes using nonsolvent-induced phase separation. The hydrophilic PEI-SiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, FTIR, TGA, and XPS analyses. Morphology, water contact angles, mean pore sizes, overall porosity, tensile strengths, water flux, antifouling and the dye separation performances of the PEI-SiO2/PSF membranes were also studied. The PEI-SiO2 nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the PSF-based membranes, where a fall in the water contact angle was observed from 65.4° to 49.7° by addition of 2 wt% nanoparticles. The fouling resistance parameters of the PEI-SiO2/PSF membranes were declined with an increase in the nanoparticle concentration, suggesting the superior hydrophilic nature of the PEI-SiO2 nanoparticles. The permeability of the nanocomposite membranes was increased from 38.5 to 70 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 by incorporation of 2 wt% PEI-SiO2. Finally, improvements were observed in the flux recovery ratio (95.8%), Reactive Green 19 dye rejection (99.6%) and tensile strengths of the PEI-SiO2/PSF membranes over the neat PSF and SiO2/PSF membranes, which were used as controls. The results of this study demonstrate the promising application of PEI-SiO2 nanoparticles in improving the separation and antifouling performances of the PSF membranes for water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran.
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Hossein Akhi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14176-14411, Iran; School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China; Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14117-13137, Iran.
| | - Hiresh Moradi
- Research and Development Unit, Ghaffari Chemical Industries Corporation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mirsadeghi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Medical Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14117-13137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Badiei
- School of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Amin Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering Technology and Industrial Trades, College of the North Atlantic - Qatar, P.O. Box 24449, Doha, Qatar
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9161, Iran
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, 15916-34311, Iran
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sasan Nouranian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, United States
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Subramaniam MN, Goh PS, Kanakaraju D, Lim JW, Lau WJ, Ismail AF. Photocatalytic membranes: a new perspective for persistent organic pollutants removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:12506-12530. [PMID: 34101123 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of conventional and emerging pollutants infiltrating into our water bodies is a course of concern as they have seriously threatened water security. Established techniques such as photocatalysis and membrane technology have proven to be promising in removing various persistent organic pollutants (POP) from wastewaters. The emergence of hybrid photocatalytic membrane which incorporates both photocatalysis and membrane technology has shown greater potential in treating POP laden wastewater based on their synergistic effects. This article provides an in-depth review on the roles of both photocatalysis and membrane technology in hybrid photocatalytic membranes for the treatment of POP containing wastewaters. A concise introduction on POP's in terms of examples, their origins and their effect on a multitude of organisms are critically reviewed. The fundamentals of photocatalytic mechanism, current directions in photocatalyst design and their employment to treat POP's are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future direction in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesan Naidu Subramaniam
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Pei Sean Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Devagi Kanakaraju
- Faculty of Resource and Science Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Darul Ridzuan, 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Peng LE, Yang Z, Long L, Zhou S, Guo H, Tang CY. A critical review on porous substrates of TFC polyamide membranes: Mechanisms, membrane performances, and future perspectives. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Lin X, He Y, Zhang Y, Yu W, Lian T. Sulfonated covalent organic frameworks (COFs) incorporated cellulose triacetate/cellulose acetate (CTA/CA)-based mixed matrix membranes for forward osmosis. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kotobuki M, Gu Q, Zhang L, Wang J. Ceramic-Polymer Composite Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Bridging the Big Gap between Ceramics and Polymers. Molecules 2021; 26:3331. [PMID: 34206052 PMCID: PMC8198361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clean water supply is an essential element for the entire sustainable human society, and the economic and technology development. Membrane filtration for water and wastewater treatments is the premier choice due to its high energy efficiency and effectiveness, where the separation is performed by passing water molecules through purposely tuned pores of membranes selectively without phase change and additional chemicals. Ceramics and polymers are two main candidate materials for membranes, where the majority has been made of polymeric materials, due to the low cost, easy processing, and tunability in pore configurations. In contrast, ceramic membranes have much better performance, extra-long service life, mechanical robustness, and high thermal and chemical stabilities, and they have also been applied in gas, petrochemical, food-beverage, and pharmaceutical industries, where most of polymeric membranes cannot perform properly. However, one of the main drawbacks of ceramic membranes is the high manufacturing cost, which is about three to five times higher than that of common polymeric types. To fill the large gap between the competing ceramic and polymeric membranes, one apparent solution is to develop a ceramic-polymer composite type. Indeed, the properly engineered ceramic-polymer composite membranes are able to integrate the advantages of both ceramic and polymeric materials together, providing improvement in membrane performance for efficient separation, raised life span and additional functionalities. In this overview, we first thoroughly examine three types of ceramic-polymer composite membranes, (i) ceramics in polymer membranes (nanocomposite membranes), (ii) thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes, and (iii) ceramic-supported polymer membranes. In the past decade, great progress has been made in improving the compatibility between ceramics and polymers, while the synergy between them has been among the main pursuits, especially in the development of the high performing nanocomposite membranes for water and wastewater treatment at lowered manufacturing cost. By looking into strategies to improve the compatibility among ceramic and polymeric components, we will conclude with briefing on the perspectives and challenges for the future development of the composite membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (M.K.); (Q.G.); (L.Z.)
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12
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Darabi RR, Peyravi M, Jahanshahi M. Forward osmosis process membranes incorporated with functionalized P.ZnO nanoparticles for organic fouling control. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Ismail AS, Tawfik SM, Mady AH, Lee YI. Preparation, Properties, and Microbial Impact of Tungsten (VI) Oxide and Zinc (II) Oxide Nanoparticles Enriched Polyethylene Sebacate Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050718. [PMID: 33652902 PMCID: PMC7956248 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles of tungsten oxide (WO3) and zinc oxide (ZnO) enriched polyethylene sebacate (PES) nanocomposites were prepared through the coprecipitation process and condensation polymerization reaction. The obtained nano-sized particles of WO3 and ZnO, PES, and nanocomposites (WO3-PES NC and ZnO-PES NC) were investigated. The average molecular weight of the cured PES was measured by employing the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) technique. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra assured the formation of the polymeric nanocomposites.WO3 and ZnO nanoparticles supposed a condensed porous spherical phase found implanted in the polymer structure, as detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. These nano-scale systems achieved an electrical activity based on the conductive nanoparticles embedded matrix as a result of the ion-ion interactions. The microbial influence of the nanocomposites was examined against pathogenic bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, and Fungi; Aspergillus niger, and Candidaalbicans. Results exhibited that these nanocomposites have antimicrobial effects from moderate to slightly high on bacteria and high on fungi which was confirmed by a clear zone of inhibition. This study contributes to the design of reasonable composites to be under evaluation for their catalytic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr S. Ismail
- Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City 11727, Cairo, Egypt; (S.M.T.); (A.H.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.I.); (Y.-I.L.)
| | - Salah M. Tawfik
- Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City 11727, Cairo, Egypt; (S.M.T.); (A.H.M.)
| | - Amr H. Mady
- Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City 11727, Cairo, Egypt; (S.M.T.); (A.H.M.)
| | - Yong-Ill Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University (CNU), Changwon 51140, Korea
- Correspondence: (A.S.I.); (Y.-I.L.)
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14
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Almusawy AM, Al-Anbari RH, Alsalhy QF, Al-Najar AI. Carbon Nanotubes-Sponge Modified Electro Membrane Bioreactor (EMBR) and Their Prospects for Wastewater Treatment Applications. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120433. [PMID: 33348767 PMCID: PMC7766409 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel membrane bioreactor system utilizes Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated polyurethane sponge (PUs), an electrical field, and a nanocomposite membrane has been successfully designed to diminish membrane with fouling caused by activated sludge. The classical phase inversion was harnessed to prepare Zinc Oxide/Polyphenylsulfone (ZnO/PPSU) nanocomposite membranes using 1.5 g of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The prepared nanocomposite membrane surface was fully characterized by a series of experimental tools, e.g., Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle (CA), pore size, and pore size distribution. The testing procedure was performed through an Activated Sludge-Membrane Bioreactor (ASMBR) as a reference and results were compared with those obtained with nanotubes coated sponge-MBR (NSMBR) and nanotubes coated sponge-MBR in the presence of an electrical field (ENSMBR) system. Observed fouling reduction of the membrane has improved significantly and, thus, the overall long-term was increased by 190% compared with the control ASMBR configuration. The experimental results showcased that sponge-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were capable of adsorbing activated sludge and other contaminants to minimize the membrane fouling. At a dosage of 0.3 mg/mL CNT and 2 mg/mL of SDBS, the sponge-CNT was capable of eliminating nitrogen and phosphorus by 81% and >90%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Almusawy
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq; (A.M.A.); (R.H.A.-A.); (A.I.A.-N.)
| | - Riyad H. Al-Anbari
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq; (A.M.A.); (R.H.A.-A.); (A.I.A.-N.)
| | - Qusay F. Alsalhy
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +964-790-173-0181
| | - Arshed Imad Al-Najar
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Alsinaa Street 52, Baghdad 10066, Iraq; (A.M.A.); (R.H.A.-A.); (A.I.A.-N.)
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15
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Yang Z, Sun PF, Li X, Gan B, Wang L, Song X, Park HD, Tang CY. A Critical Review on Thin-Film Nanocomposite Membranes with Interlayered Structure: Mechanisms, Recent Developments, and Environmental Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15563-15583. [PMID: 33213143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The separation properties of polyamide reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, widely applied for desalination and water reuse, are constrained by the permeability-selectivity upper bound. Although thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes incorporating nanomaterials exhibit enhanced water permeance, their rejection is only moderately improved or even impaired due to agglomeration of nanomaterials and formation of defects. A novel type of TFN membranes featuring an interlayer of nanomaterials (TFNi) has emerged in recent years. These novel TFNi membranes show extraordinary improvement in water flux (e.g., up to an order of magnitude enhancement) along with better selectivity. Such enhancements can be achieved by a wide selection of nanomaterials, ranging from nanoparticles, one-/two-dimensional materials, to interfacial coatings. The use of nanostructured interlayers not only improves the formation of polyamide rejection layers but also provides an optimized water transport path, which enables TFNi membranes to potentially overcome the longstanding trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity. Furthermore, TFNi membranes can potentially enhance the removal of heavy metals and micropollutants, which is critical for many environmental applications. This review critically examines the recent developments of TFNi membranes and discusses the underlying mechanisms and design criteria. Their potential environmental applications are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Sun
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xianhui Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bowen Gan
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Centre for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- Centre for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
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16
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Suzaimi ND, Goh PS, Ismail AF, Mamah SC, Malek NANN, Lim JW, Wong KC, Hilal N. Strategies in Forward Osmosis Membrane Substrate Fabrication and Modification: A Review. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E332. [PMID: 33171847 PMCID: PMC7695145 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) has been recognized as the preferred alternative membrane-based separation technology for conventional water treatment technologies due to its high energy efficiency and promising separation performances. FO has been widely explored in the fields of wastewater treatment, desalination, food industry and bio-products, and energy generation. The substrate of the typically used FO thin film composite membranes serves as a support for selective layer formation and can significantly affect the structural and physicochemical properties of the resultant selective layer. This signifies the importance of substrate exploration to fine-tune proper fabrication and modification in obtaining optimized substrate structure with regards to thickness, tortuosity, and porosity on the two sides. The ultimate goal of substrate modification is to obtain a thin and highly selective membrane with enhanced hydrophilicity, antifouling propensity, as well as long duration stability. This review focuses on the various strategies used for FO membrane substrate fabrication and modification. An overview of FO membranes is first presented. The extant strategies applied in FO membrane substrate fabrications and modifications in addition to efforts made to mitigate membrane fouling are extensively reviewed. Lastly, the future perspective regarding the strategies on different FO substrate layers in water treatment are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Diyana Suzaimi
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81310, Malaysia; (N.D.S.); (P.S.G.); (A.F.I.); (S.C.M.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Pei Sean Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81310, Malaysia; (N.D.S.); (P.S.G.); (A.F.I.); (S.C.M.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81310, Malaysia; (N.D.S.); (P.S.G.); (A.F.I.); (S.C.M.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Stanley Chinedu Mamah
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81310, Malaysia; (N.D.S.); (P.S.G.); (A.F.I.); (S.C.M.); (K.C.W.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ebonyi State 84001, Nigeria
| | - Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik Malek
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Kar Chun Wong
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81310, Malaysia; (N.D.S.); (P.S.G.); (A.F.I.); (S.C.M.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Nidal Hilal
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, UAE
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Kim S, Heath DE, Kentish SE. Composite Membranes with Nanofibrous Cross-Hatched Supports for Reverse Osmosis Desalination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44720-44730. [PMID: 32941731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel membrane structure composed of cross-hatched electrospun nanofibers is developed. We illustrate that this novel structure allows for much higher water permeability when used as a support for reverse osmosis thin-film composite membranes. Reinforcement and lamination of the aligned nanofibers generates mechanically robust structures that retain very high porosity and low tortuosity when applied to high pressure desalination operations. The cross-hatched nanofiber layers support the polyamide active layer firmly and reduce resistance to water flow due to the high porosity, low tortuosity, high mechanical strength, and minimal thickness of the structures. The nanofiber composite membrane gives a water flux significantly greater than when a traditional support layer is used, at 99 ± 5 m-2 h-1 with NaCl rejection of 98.7% at 15.5 bar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungju Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel E Heath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sandra E Kentish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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18
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Improving water flux and salt rejection by a tradeoff between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of sublayer in TFC FO membrane. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Bali Eslami A, Peyravi M, Jahanshahi M, Hosseinpour H. Polysulfonamide coating layer polymerized by1,3-disulfonyl chloride and polyethylenimine to achieve acid resistant TFC membranes. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Bisheh MG, Ghorbani M, Peyravi M, Jahanshahi M. Static and dynamic filtration of nickel and lead ions by adsorptive membrane induced by POP via layer by layer technique. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Aframehr WM, Molki B, Bagheri R, Heidarian P, Davodi SM. Characterization and enhancement of the gas separation properties of mixed matrix membranes: Polyimide with nickel oxide nanoparticles. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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CuBTC metal organic framework incorporation for enhancing separation and antifouling properties of nanofiltration membrane. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Recent advances in nanomaterial-modified polyamide thin-film composite membranes for forward osmosis processes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Shakeri A, Salehi H, Razavi SR, Mirahmadi Babaheydari SM. Blue lemon@quaternary graphene oxide open frameworks: As a novel nanostructure for performance enhancement of thin film nanocomposite forward osmosis membrane. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Modified forward osmosis membranes by two amino-functionalized ZnO nanoparticles: A comparative study. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Khajouei M, Najafi M, Jafari SA. Development of ultrafiltration membrane via in-situ grafting of nano-GO/PSF with anti-biofouling properties. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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Ghaemi N, Khodakarami Z. Nano-biopolymer effect on forward osmosis performance of cellulosic membrane: High water flux and low reverse salt. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 204:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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