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Sánchez-Silva JM, Ojeda-Galván HJ, Villabona-Leal EG, Labrada-Delgado GJ, Aguilar-Maruri SA, Fuentes-Ramírez R, González-Ortega O, López-Ramón MV, Ocampo-Pérez R. Synergistic photocatalysis of a hydrochar/CeO 2 composite for dye degradation under visible light. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16453-16472. [PMID: 38321273 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a hydrochar/CeO2 composite along with its evaluation in methylene blue degradation under visible light are presented. The methodology consisted of a single-pass hydrothermal method, having as synthesis conditions 9 h of reaction time, 210 °C, autogenous pressure, and a biomass/CeO2 ratio of 100:1. The composite characterization revealed good dispersion of CeO2 in the carbonaceous matrix and significant synergy in the composite activation using visible irradiation. The photodegradation experiments showed an efficiency of 98% for white LED light, 91% for UV light, 96% for solar irradiation, and 85% for blue LED light using as conditions pH 7.0, 50 mg of composite, 50 mL of solution, 10 mg/L of dye initial concentration, and 120 min of contact time. Meanwhile, the reusability experiments evidenced a reuse capacity of up to five times with a constant photodegradation efficiency (99%); moreover, it was determined that the presence of electrolytes at pH below 7.0 during degradation negatively affected methylene blue degradation. Finally, the results of this work demonstrate that the hydrochar/CeO2 composite can be synthesized by a green method and used for the efficient treatment of water contaminated with methylene blue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Michel Sánchez-Silva
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78260, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina (CICSAB), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Edgar Giovanny Villabona-Leal
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina (CICSAB), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Saul Alejandro Aguilar-Maruri
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78260, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Omar González-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78260, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina (CICSAB), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - María Victoria López-Ramón
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Raúl Ocampo-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78260, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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Kumar K, Kumar R, Kaushal S, Thakur N, Umar A, Akbar S, Ibrahim AA, Baskoutas S. Biomass waste-derived carbon materials for sustainable remediation of polluted environment: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140419. [PMID: 37848104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
In response to the growing global concern over environmental pollution, the exploration of sustainable and eco-friendly materials derived from biomass waste has gained significant traction. This comprehensive review seeks to provide a holistic perspective on the utilization of biomass waste as a renewable carbon source, offering insights into the production of environmentally benign and cost-effective carbon-based materials. These materials, including biochar, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have shown immense promise in the remediation of polluted soils, industrial wastewater, and contaminated groundwater. The review commences by elucidating the intricate processes involved in the synthesis and functionalization of biomass-derived carbon materials, emphasizing their scalability and economic viability. With their distinctive structural attributes, such as high surface areas, porous architectures, and tunable surface functionalities, these materials emerge as versatile tools in addressing environmental challenges. One of the central themes explored in this review is the pivotal role that carbon materials play in adsorption processes, which represent a green and sustainable technology for the removal of a diverse array of pollutants. These encompass noxious organic compounds, heavy metals, and organic matter, encompassing pollutants found in soils, groundwater, and industrial wastewater. The discussion extends to the underlying mechanisms governing adsorption, shedding light on the efficacy and selectivity of carbon-based materials in different environmental contexts. Furthermore, this review delves into multifaceted considerations, spanning the spectrum from biomass and biowaste resources to the properties and applications of carbon materials. This holistic approach aims to equip researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of the synergistic utilization of these materials, ultimately facilitating effective and affordable strategies for combatting industrial wastewater pollution, soil contamination, and groundwater impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University, Hamirpur, H.P., 176041, India; Centre for Nano-Science and Technology, Career Point University, Hamirpur, H.P., 176041, India.
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University, Hamirpur, H.P., 176041, India; Centre for Nano-Science and Technology, Career Point University, Hamirpur, H.P., 176041, India
| | - Shweta Kaushal
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University, Hamirpur, H.P., 176041, India; Centre for Nano-Science and Technology, Career Point University, Hamirpur, H.P., 176041, India
| | - Naveen Thakur
- Department of Physics, Career Point University, Hamirpur, H.P., 176041, India; Centre for Nano-Science and Technology, Career Point University, Hamirpur, H.P., 176041, India
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Sheikh Akbar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ahmed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sotirios Baskoutas
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
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Franco DSP, Georgin J, Ramos CG, Eljaiek SM, Badillo DR, de Oliveira AHP, Allasia D, Meili L. The Synthesis and Evaluation of Porous Carbon Material from Corozo Fruit ( Bactris guineensis) for Efficient Propranolol Hydrochloride Adsorption. Molecules 2023; 28:5232. [PMID: 37446896 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the potential of the corozo fruit (Bactris guineensis) palm tree in the Colombian Caribbean as a source for porous carbon material. Its specific surface area, pore volume, and average pore size were obtained using N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The images of the precursor and adsorbent surface were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained to detect the main functional groups present and an X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was performed in order to analyze the structural organization of the materials. By carbonizing the fruit stone with zinc chloride, a porous carbon material was achieved with a substantial specific surface area (1125 m2 g⁻1) and pore volume (3.241 × 10-1 cm3 g⁻1). The material was tested for its adsorption capabilities of the drug propranolol. The optimal adsorption occurred under basic conditions and at a dosage of 0.7 g L⁻1. The Langmuir homogeneous surface model effectively described the equilibrium data and, as the temperature increased, the adsorption capacity improved, reaching a maximum of 134.7 mg g⁻1 at 328.15 K. The model constant was favorable to the temperature increase, increasing from 1.556 × 10-1 to 2.299 × 10-1 L mg-1. Thermodynamically, the adsorption of propranolol was found to be spontaneous and benefited from higher temperatures, indicating an endothermic nature (12.39 kJ mol⁻1). The negative ΔG0 values decreased from -26.28 to -29.99 kJ mol-1, with the more negative value occurring at 328 K. The adsorbent material exhibited rapid kinetics, with equilibrium times ranging from 30 to 120 min, depending on the initial concentration. The kinetics data were well-represented by the general order and linear driving force models. The rate constant of the general order model diminished from 1.124 × 10-3 to 9.458 × 10-14 with an increasing concentration. In summary, the leftover stone from the Bactris guineensis plant can be utilized to develop activated carbon, particularly when activated using zinc chloride. This material shows promise for efficiently adsorbing propranolol and potentially other emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dison Stracke Pfingsten Franco
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58# 55-66, Atlántico, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Jordana Georgin
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58# 55-66, Atlántico, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Claudete Gindri Ramos
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58# 55-66, Atlántico, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Salma Martinez Eljaiek
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58# 55-66, Atlántico, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Daniel Romero Badillo
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58# 55-66, Atlántico, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Daniel Allasia
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Meili
- Process Laboratory, Technology Center, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-870, AL, Brazil
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Grassi P, Georgin J, S P Franco D, Sá ÍMGL, Lins PVS, Foletto EL, Jahn SL, Meili L, Rangabhashiyam S. Removal of dyes from water using Citrullus lanatus seed powder in continuous and discontinuous systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 26:82-97. [PMID: 37345434 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2225615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a low-cost biosorbent using residual seeds of the Citrullus lanatus fruit for the removal of cationic dyes. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, adsorbent mass, contact time, and temperature were evaluated for their effects on dye removal. The biosorbent is composed of lignin and cellulose, exhibiting a highly heterogeneous surface with randomly distributed cavities and bulges. The adsorption of both dyes was most effective at natural pH with a dosage of 0.8 g L-1. Equilibrium was reached within 120 min, regardless of concentration, indicating rapid kinetics. The Elovich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics were observed for crystal violet and basic fuchsin dye, respectively. The Langmuir model fitted well with the equilibrium data of both dyes. However, the increased temperature had a negative impact on dye adsorption. The biosorbent also demonstrated satisfactory performance (R = 43%) against a synthetic mixture of dyes and inorganic salts, with a small mass transfer zone. The adsorption capacities for crystal violet and basic fuchsin dye were 48.13 mg g-1 and 44.26 mg g-1, respectively. Thermodynamic studies confirmed an exothermic nature of adsorption. Overall, this low-cost biosorbent showed potential for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Grassi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Jordana Georgin
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Dison S P Franco
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Ícaro M G L Sá
- Laboratory of Processes, Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna V S Lins
- Laboratory of Processes, Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Edson L Foletto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sérgio L Jahn
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Lucas Meili
- Laboratory of Processes, Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - S Rangabhashiyam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
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Franco DSP, Georgin J, Ramos CG, Netto MS, Ojeda NJ, Vega NA, Meili L, Lima EC, Naushad M. The production of activated biochar using Calophyllum inophyllum waste biomass and use as an adsorbent for removal of diuron from the water in batch and fixed bed column. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:52498-52513. [PMID: 36840881 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Calophyllum inophyllum species annually produces a large volume of cylindrical fruits, which accumulate on the soil because they do not have nutritional value. This study sought to enable the use of this biomass by producing activated biochar with zinc chloride as an activating agent for further application as an adsorbent in batch and fixed bed columns. Different methodologies were used to characterize the precursor and the pyrolyzed material. Morphological changes were observed with the emergence of new spaces. The carbonaceous material had a surface area of 468 m2 g-1, Dp = 2.7 nm, and VT = 3.155 × 10-1 cm3 g-1. Scientific and isothermal studies of the adsorption of the diuron were conducted at the natural pH of the solution and adsorbent dosage of 0.75 g L-1. The kinetic curves showed a good fit to the Avrami fractional order model, with equilibrium reached after 150 min, regardless of the diuron concentration. The Liu heterogeneous surface model well represented the isothermal curves. By raising the temperature, adsorption was encouraged, and at 318 K, the Liu Qmax was reached at 250.1 mg g-1. Based on the Liu equilibrium constant, the nonlinear van't Hoff equation was employed, and the ΔG° were < 0 from 298 to 328 K; the process was exothermic nature (ΔH0 = -46.40 kJ mol-1). Finally, the carbonaceous adsorbent showed good removal performance (63.45%) compared to a mixture containing different herbicides used to control weeds. The stoichiometric column capacity (qeq) was 13.30 and 16.61 mg g-1 for concentrations of 100 and 200 mg L-1, respectively. The length of the mass transfer zone was 5.326 cm (100 mg L-1) and 4.946 cm (200 mg L-1). This makes employing the leftover fruits of the Calophyllum inophyllum species as biomass for creating highly porous adsorbents a very effective and promising option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dison S P Franco
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Jordana Georgin
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Claudete Gindri Ramos
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Matias S Netto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalia Jimenez Ojeda
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Natalia Alvarez Vega
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Lucas Meili
- Laboratory of Processes, Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas Campus A. C. Simões, Av. Lourival Melo MotaTabuleiro Dos Martins, Maceio, AL, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Eder C Lima
- Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Progress in Deployment of Biomass-Based Activated Carbon in Point-of-Use Filters for Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Water: A Review. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Functional Bimetal/Carbon Composites Co/Zr@AC for Pesticide Atrazine Removal from Water. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052071. [PMID: 36903313 PMCID: PMC10004218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrazine is a toxic and refractory herbicide that poses threats to human health and the ecological environment. In order to efficiently remove atrazine from water, a novel material, Co/Zr@AC, was developed. This novel material is prepared by loading two metal elements, cobalt and zirconium, onto activated carbon (AC) through solution impregnation and high-temperature calcination. The morphology and structure of the modified material were characterized, and its ability to remove atrazine was evaluated. The results showed that Co/Zr@AC had a large specific surface area and formed new adsorption functional groups when the mass fraction ratio of Co2+:Zr4+ in the impregnating solution was 1:2, the immersion time was 5.0 h, the calcination temperature was 500 °C, and the calcination time was 4.0 h. During the adsorption experiment on 10 mg/L atrazine, the maximum adsorption capacity of Co/Zr@AC was shown to be 112.75 mg/g and the maximum removal rate was shown to be 97.5% after 90 min of the reaction at a solution pH of 4.0, temperature of 25 °C, and Co/Zr@AC concentration of 60.0 mg/L. In the kinetic study, the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999). The fitting effects of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were excellent, indicating that the process of Co/Zr@AC adsorbing atrazine also conformed to two isotherm models, so the adsorption of atrazine by Co/Zr@AC had multiple effects including chemical adsorption, mono-molecular layer adsorption, and multi-molecular layer adsorption. After five experimental cycles, the atrazine removal rate was 93.9%, indicating that Co/Zr@AC is stable in water and is an excellent novel material that can be used repeatedly.
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de Oliveira C, Renda CG, Moreira AJ, Pereira OAP, Pereira EC, Freschi GPG, Bertholdo R. Evaluation of a graphitic porous carbon modified with iron oxides for atrazine environmental remediation in water by adsorption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115054. [PMID: 36521534 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the growth of world agricultural activity has significantly contributed to the increased presence of emerging pollutants such as atrazine (ATZ) in aquatic ecosystems. Due to its high stability to the natural or artificial degradation processes, the ATZ environmental remediation by adsorption has been investigated. In this study, a graphitic-porous-carbon- (GPC) based material with magnetic domains was applied to remove ATZ from aqueous solution. ATZ high adsorption efficiency in a reduced time was achieved in the presence of the GPC adsorbent, leading to a detailed investigation of the mechanisms involved in the adsorption processes. Pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), Ritchie, Elovich, and Weber-Morris models were applied to calculate the kinetic process efficiency. Likewise, adsorption isotherms based on Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich-Peterson models were applied for a detailed understanding of the adsorption mechanisms. GPC was successfully applied for ATZ remediation in natural waters, confirming its high potential for treating natural waters contaminated by ATZ using adsorption process. The material can also be recovered and reused for up to 4 application cycles due to its magnetic properties, showing that in addition to ATZ adsorption efficiency, its sustainable use can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Oliveira
- Federal University of Alfenas, Poços de Caldas - MG Campus, Rod. José Aurelio Vilela, BR 267, Km 533, 11999, University City, Zip Code, 37715-400, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
| | - Carmem G Renda
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, Zip Code, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ailton J Moreira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, Zip Code, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Otávio A P Pereira
- Federal University of Alfenas, Poços de Caldas - MG Campus, Rod. José Aurelio Vilela, BR 267, Km 533, 11999, University City, Zip Code, 37715-400, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
| | - Ernesto C Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, Zip Code, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gian P G Freschi
- Federal University of Alfenas, Poços de Caldas - MG Campus, Rod. José Aurelio Vilela, BR 267, Km 533, 11999, University City, Zip Code, 37715-400, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto Bertholdo
- Federal University of Alfenas, Poços de Caldas - MG Campus, Rod. José Aurelio Vilela, BR 267, Km 533, 11999, University City, Zip Code, 37715-400, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil.
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Ramirez R, Schnorr CE, Georgin J, Netto MS, Franco DSP, Carissimi E, Wolff D, Silva LFO, Dotto GL. Transformation of Residual Açai Fruit ( Euterpe oleracea) Seeds into Porous Adsorbent for Efficient Removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Herbicide from Waters. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227781. [PMID: 36431881 PMCID: PMC9695194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brazil's production and consumption of açai pulp (Euterpe oleracea) occur on a large scale. Most of the fruit is formed by the pit, which generates countless tons of residual biomass. A new purpose for this biomass, making its consumption highly sustainable, was presented in this study, where activated carbon (AC) was produced with zinc chloride for later use as an adsorbent. AC carbon formed by carbon and with a yield of 28 % was satisfactorily used as an adsorbent in removing the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Removal efficiency was due to the highly porous surface (Vp = 0.467 cm3 g-1; Dp = 1.126 nm) and good surface área (SBET = 920.56 m2 g-1). The equilibrium data fit the Sips heterogeneous and homogeneous surface model better. It was observed that the increase in temperature favored adsorption, reaching a maximum experimental capacity of 218 mg g-1 at 328 K. The thermodynamic behavior indicated a spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic behavior. The magnitude of the enthalpy of adsorption was in agreement with the physical adsorption. Regardless of the herbicide concentration, the adsorbent displayed fast kinetics, reaching equilibrium within 120 min. The linear driving force (LDF) model provided a strong statistical match to the kinetic curves. AC with zinc chloride (ZnCl2), created from leftover açai biomass, is a potential alternative as an adsorbent for treating effluents containing 2,4-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Ramirez
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Schnorr
- Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55–66, Barranquilla 080002, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Jordana Georgin
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Matias Schadeck Netto
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Dison S. P. Franco
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Elvis Carissimi
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Delmira Wolff
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis F. O. Silva
- Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55–66, Barranquilla 080002, Atlántico, Colombia
- Correspondence: (L.F.O.S.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Guilherme Luiz Dotto
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.F.O.S.); (G.L.D.)
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Microporous activated carbon from the fruits of the invasive species Hovenia dulcis to remove the herbicide atrazine from waters. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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