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Valeyre D, Brauner M, Bernaudin JF, Carbonnelle E, Duchemann B, Rotenberg C, Berger I, Martin A, Nunes H, Naccache JM, Jeny F. Differential diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis: a review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1150751. [PMID: 37250639 PMCID: PMC10213276 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1150751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing pulmonary sarcoidosis raises challenges due to both the absence of a specific diagnostic criterion and the varied presentations capable of mimicking many other conditions. The aim of this review is to help non-sarcoidosis experts establish optimal differential-diagnosis strategies tailored to each situation. Alternative granulomatous diseases that must be ruled out include infections (notably tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, and histoplasmosis), chronic beryllium disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, granulomatous talcosis, drug-induced granulomatosis (notably due to TNF-a antagonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies, and interferons), immune deficiencies, genetic disorders (Blau syndrome), Crohn's disease, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and malignancy-associated granulomatosis. Ruling out lymphoproliferative disorders may also be very challenging before obtaining typical biopsy specimen. The first step is an assessment of epidemiological factors, notably the incidence of sarcoidosis and of alternative diagnoses; exposure to risk factors (e.g., infectious, occupational, and environmental agents); and exposure to drugs taken for therapeutic or recreational purposes. The clinical history, physical examination and, above all, chest computed tomography indicate which differential diagnoses are most likely, thereby guiding the choice of subsequent investigations (e.g., microbiological investigations, lymphocyte proliferation tests with metals, autoantibody assays, and genetic tests). The goal is to rule out all diagnoses other than sarcoidosis that are consistent with the clinical situation. Chest computed tomography findings, from common to rare and from typical to atypical, are described for sarcoidosis and the alternatives. The pathology of granulomas and associated lesions is discussed and diagnostically helpful stains specified. In some patients, the definite diagnosis may require the continuous gathering of information during follow-up. Diseases that often closely mimic sarcoidosis include chronic beryllium disease and drug-induced granulomatosis. Tuberculosis rarely resembles sarcoidosis but is a leading differential diagnosis in regions of high tuberculosis endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Valeyre
- Pulmonology Department, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1272, Sorbonne University Paris-Nord, Paris, France
| | - Michel Brauner
- Radiology Department, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Jean-François Bernaudin
- INSERM UMR 1272, Sorbonne University Paris-Nord, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne University Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Boris Duchemann
- INSERM UMR 1272, Sorbonne University Paris-Nord, Paris, France
- Thoracic and Oncology Department, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Cécile Rotenberg
- INSERM UMR 1272, Sorbonne University Paris-Nord, Paris, France
- Pulmonology Department, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Ingrid Berger
- Pulmonology Department, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Martin
- Pathology Department, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Hilario Nunes
- INSERM UMR 1272, Sorbonne University Paris-Nord, Paris, France
- Pulmonology Department, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Jean-Marc Naccache
- Pulmonology Department, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Paris, France
| | - Florence Jeny
- INSERM UMR 1272, Sorbonne University Paris-Nord, Paris, France
- Pulmonology Department, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France
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Vlasov DV, Vasil'chuk JY, Kosheleva NE, Kasimov NS. Contamination levels and source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in size-fractionated road dust of Moscow. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:38099-38120. [PMID: 36576630 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) among PM1, PM1-10, PM10-50, and PM50-1000 fractions of the road dust were studied in the western and eastern parts of Moscow, impacted mainly by the road transport and the industrial sector, respectively. The partitioning of PTEs in road dust can provide more precise information on pollution sources and its further interpretation regarding human health risks. The concentrations of PTEs were analyzed by mass and atomic emission inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Differences in the results between the western and eastern parts of the city were caused by the dissimilarity between traffic and industrial emissions. The source apportionment of the PTEs was carried out using absolute principal component analysis with multiple linear regressions (PCA/APCS-MLR). The contribution from anthropogenic sources was significant to PM1 and PM1-10 particles. In coarser fractions (PM10-50, PM50-1000), it decreased due to the input with the wind-induced resuspension of soil and rock particles. In the eastern part of the city, the accumulation of PTEs (especially Mo, Sb, Cd, Sn, Bi, Co, and As) is the most active in PM1-10, while in the western part, it is most pronounced in PM1 (especially Pb, Cu, Cr, and W) which is associated with differences in the size of particles coming from traffic and industrial sources. In the eastern part of Moscow, in comparison with the western part, the contribution from industrial sources to the accumulation of PTEs in all particle size fractions was higher by 10-30%. In the western part of Moscow, the finest particles PM1 and PM1-10 demonstrate the trend of rising pollution levels with the increase in road size, while in the eastern part of the city, only coarse particles PM50-1000 show the same trend. In the fractions PM1 and PM1-10 of road dust, a significant contribution was made by anthropogenic sources; however, its role decreased in the coarse fractions-PM10-50 and especially in PM50-1000- due to the influence of roadside soils and their parent material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii V Vlasov
- Department of Landscape Geochemistry and Soil Geography, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Jessica Yu Vasil'chuk
- Department of Landscape Geochemistry and Soil Geography, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia E Kosheleva
- Department of Landscape Geochemistry and Soil Geography, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay S Kasimov
- Department of Landscape Geochemistry and Soil Geography, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Elemental analysis of contemporary dental materials regarding potential beryllium content. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19119. [PMID: 36351929 PMCID: PMC9646908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to beryllium (Be) can lead to lung pathologies, such as chronic beryllium disease (CBD). This occupational illness has been more prevalent among dental technicians compared to the non-exposed population. Although most manufacturers state that dental materials are Be-free, this prevalence raises the question of whether the materials are completely devoid of Be-traces. Thus, the objective of the present study was to analyze the elemental composition, with emphasis on Be, of a wide range of commercially available dental materials frequently used by dental laboratories. Samples of 32 different materials were collected and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that the Be content was below the limit of quantification in all included samples (< 0.00005 mass-%). Therefore, it can be concluded that possible traces of Be were below clinical relevance in dental materials. Exposure of dental technicians to alternative Be sources should be further evaluated.
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Watterson A, Beck M. An Exploratory Study of Beryllium and UK Soft Touch Regulation: An Enduring Example of Weaknesses of UK Occupational Health and Safety Governance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912771. [PMID: 36232071 PMCID: PMC9564749 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Smart regulation, better regulation, responsive regulation, business-friendly regulation and voluntary 'self-regulation' have their origins deeply embedded in UK policies in the 20th century. Their aim generally is to reduce workplace regulatory obligations on employers. This can overtly or covertly undermine efforts to improve working conditions. In the UK, the historical control and regulation of beryllium (a toxic metal used in industry) illustrates this problem, and as we illustrate through an exploratory analysis of original archival material and official publications. Soft touch regulation of the metal beryllium was developed within the UK semiconductor industry when tighter controls were proposed in the 1960s and 1970s. Historical industry, government and science responses to health and safety information about beryllium provide important lessons for current debates on occupational health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Watterson
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Stirling University, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthias Beck
- Department of Management & Marketing, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, T12 K8F Cork, Ireland
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Cloeren M, Dement J, Gaitens J, Hines S, Diaz L, Tembunde Y, Cranford K, Shorter J, Mosier T, Ringen K. Beryllium disease among construction trade workers at Department of Energy nuclear sites: A follow-up. Am J Ind Med 2022; 65:708-720. [PMID: 35833586 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Construction workers at U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) nuclear weapons facilities are screened to identify DOE-related occupational illnesses, including beryllium sensitization (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD). The study objectives were to estimate beryllium disease risks and the CBD claims acceptance rate in the energy workers' benefits program. METHODS Workers diagnosed with BeS via beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) included in screening examinations were interviewed about subsequent diagnosis of CBD. We estimated the proportion who developed CBD based on the ratio of CBD cases, based on self-reported compensation claim status, to all workers with BeS interviewed. We used stratified analyses to explore trends in disease frequency by age, race, sex, DOE employment duration, site, trade group, and cigarette smoking history. RESULTS Between 1998 and 2020, 21,854 workers received a BeLPT; 262 (1.20%) had BeS (two abnormals or one abnormal plus one borderline test); 212 (0.97%) had a single abnormal BeLPT. Of 177 BeS workers interviewed, 35 (19.8%) reported an accepted CBD compensation claim. The claims acceptance rate among BeS workers increased with years of DOE employment, from 8.4% with <5 years to 33.3% for >25 or more years. Five of 68 interviewed workers with a single positive BeLPT reported CBD claim acceptance; an additional CBD case was confirmed by chart review (8.8%). CONCLUSIONS Years of DOE work predict the risk of developing CBD among those sensitized and getting a claim for CBD accepted. Ongoing surveillance and increased awareness of the risk of beryllium exposure and CBD as an occupational disease among construction workers are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Cloeren
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Dement
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joanna Gaitens
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stella Hines
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liliana Diaz
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yazmeen Tembunde
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kim Cranford
- Zenith American Solutions, Covina, California, USA
| | | | - Terry Mosier
- Zenith American Solutions, Covina, California, USA
| | - Knut Ringen
- Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Adduri RSR, Vasireddy R, Mroz MM, Bhakta A, Li Y, Chen Z, Miller JW, Velasco-Alzate KY, Gopalakrishnan V, Maier LA, Li L, Konduru NV. Realistic biomarkers from plasma extracellular vesicles for detection of beryllium exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2022; 95:1785-1796. [PMID: 35551477 PMCID: PMC9489591 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Exposures related to beryllium (Be) are an enduring concern among workers in the nuclear weapons and other high-tech industries, calling for regular and rigorous biological monitoring. Conventional biomonitoring of Be in urine is not informative of cumulative exposure nor health outcomes. Biomarkers of exposure to Be based on non-invasive biomonitoring could help refine disease risk assessment. In a cohort of workers with Be exposure, we employed blood plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) to discover novel biomarkers of exposure to Be. Methods EVs were isolated from plasma using size-exclusion chromatography and subjected to mass spectrometry-based proteomics. A protein-based classifier was developed using LASSO regression and validated by ELISA. Results We discovered a dual biomarker signature comprising zymogen granule protein 16B and putative protein FAM10A4 that differentiated between Be-exposed and -unexposed subjects. ELISA-based quantification of the biomarkers in an independent cohort of samples confirmed higher expression of the signature in the Be-exposed group, displaying high predictive accuracy (AUROC = 0.919). Furthermore, the biomarkers efficiently discriminated high- and low-exposure groups (AUROC = 0.749). Conclusions This is the first report of EV biomarkers associated with Be exposure and exposure levels. The biomarkers could be implemented in resource-limited settings for Be exposure assessment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00420-022-01871-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju S R Adduri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, TX75708, USA
| | - Ravikiran Vasireddy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, TX75708, USA
| | - Margaret M Mroz
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Anisha Bhakta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, TX75708, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Miller
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Y Velasco-Alzate
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, TX75708, USA
| | - Vanathi Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa A Maier
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Nagarjun V Konduru
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, TX75708, USA.
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Soriano D, Quartucci C, Agarwal P, Müller-Quernheim J, Frye BC. Sarkoidose und Berylliose. Internist (Berl) 2022; 63:557-565. [DOI: 10.1007/s00108-022-01323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Previous studies mainly described a role for organic agents as possible triggers for sarcoidosis. In this review, we address recent studies suggesting a possible role for inorganic elements, such as metals or silica in sarcoidosis pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Several epidemiological papers suggest that inorganic agents, either by environmental exposures or occupational activities, could trigger sarcoidosis. Association between inorganics and sarcoidosis is also described in several recently published case reports and studies demonstrating immunological sensitization to inorganic agents in sarcoidosis patients.Studies comparing chronic beryllium disease (CBD) and sarcoidosis suggest that although antigenic triggers may differ, underlying processes may be comparable.Besides the fact that a growing number of studies show a possible role for inorganic triggers, it is also suggested that inorganic triggered sarcoidosis may result in a more severe phenotype, including pulmonary fibrosis. SUMMARY We can use the knowledge already gained on CBD pathogenesis to conduct further research into role of inorganics, such as metals and silica as antigens in sarcoidosis. Given the importance of a lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) in diagnosing CBD, it seems obvious to also implement this test in the diagnostic work-up of sarcoidosis to identify patients with an inorganic antigenic trigger of their disease.
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Chronic Beryllium Disease Finding Requires Reexamination. Chest 2021; 159:2508-2509. [PMID: 34099137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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MacMurdo MG, Dweik RA. Cluster of Beryllium-Sensitized Individuals May Be Related to Environmental Exposure to Beryllium-Containing Concrete Dust. Chest 2021; 159:900-901. [PMID: 33678270 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hayashi F, Kido T, Sakamoto N, Zaizen Y, Ozasa M, Yokoyama M, Yura H, Hara A, Ishimoto H, Yamaguchi H, Miyazaki T, Obase Y, Ishimatsu Y, Eishi Y, Fukuoka J, Mukae H. Pneumoconiosis with a Sarcoid-Like Reaction Other than Beryllium Exposure: A Case Report and Literature Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56110630. [PMID: 33266389 PMCID: PMC7700418 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a granulomatous disease that resembles sarcoidosis but is caused by beryllium. Clinical manifestations similar to those observed in CBD have occasionally been reported in exposure to dusts of other metals. However, reports describing the clinical, radiographic, and pathological findings in conditions other than beryllium-induced granulomatous lung diseases, and detailed information on mineralogical analyses of metal dusts, are limited. Case presentation: A 51-year-old Japanese man with rapidly progressing nodular shadows on chest radiography, and a 10-year occupation history of underground construction without beryllium exposure, was referred to our hospital. High-resolution computed tomography showed well-defined multiple centrilobular and perilobular nodules, and thickening of the intralobular septa in the middle and lower zones of both lungs. No extrathoracic manifestations were observed. Pathologically, the lung specimens showed 5–12 mm nodules with dust deposition and several non-necrotizing granulomas along the lymphatic routes. X-ray analytical electron microscopy of the same specimens revealed aluminum, iron, titanium, and silica deposition in the lung tissues. The patient stopped smoking and changed his occupation to avoid further dust exposure; the chest radiography shadows decreased 5 years later. Conclusion: The radiological appearances of CBD and sarcoidosis are similar, although mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy is less common in CBD and is usually seen in the presence of parenchymal opacities. Extrathoracic manifestations are also rare. Despite limited evidence, these findings are similar to those observed in pneumoconiosis with a sarcoid-like reaction due to exposure to dust other than of beryllium. Aluminum is frequently detected in patients with pneumoconiosis with a sarcoid-like reaction and is listed as an inorganic agent in the etiology of sarcoidosis. It was also detected in our patient and may have contributed to the etiology. Additionally, our case suggests that cessation of dust exposure may contribute to improvement under the aforementioned conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Hayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (F.H.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (H.Y.); (A.H.); (H.I.); (H.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Takashi Kido
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (F.H.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (H.Y.); (A.H.); (H.I.); (H.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7273; Fax: +81-95-849-7285
| | - Noriho Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (F.H.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (H.Y.); (A.H.); (H.I.); (H.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Yoshiaki Zaizen
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan; (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Mutsumi Ozasa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (F.H.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (H.Y.); (A.H.); (H.I.); (H.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan; (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Mitsuru Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan;
| | - Hirokazu Yura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (F.H.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (H.Y.); (A.H.); (H.I.); (H.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Atsuko Hara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (F.H.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (H.Y.); (A.H.); (H.I.); (H.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Hiroshi Ishimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (F.H.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (H.Y.); (A.H.); (H.I.); (H.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (F.H.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (H.Y.); (A.H.); (H.I.); (H.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Taiga Miyazaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan;
| | - Yasushi Obase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (F.H.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (H.Y.); (A.H.); (H.I.); (H.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Yuji Ishimatsu
- Department of Nursing, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan;
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan;
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan; (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (F.H.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (H.Y.); (A.H.); (H.I.); (H.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.M.)
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