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Prakash J, Goel R, Mu Y, Rosner B, Stoklosa H. Risk Prediction Model for Child Sex Trafficking Among Female Child Welfare-Involved Youth: Welfare-Involved Female Sexual Exploitation Risk Assessment Tool. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024. [PMID: 39286874 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2024.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Female child welfare-involved youths who are removed from the home are at risk of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). The aim of this study was to develop a prediction model to identify those at greatest risk of trafficking. Methods: Data were from the Florida Department of Children and Families' Florida Safe Families Network Database. A Cox proportional hazard regression of 60 cases and 3857 controls generated the proposed risk model. Results: Factors found to be associated with a higher risk of trafficking were quantified into point scores, generating the Welfare-Involved Female Sexual Exploitation Risk Assessment (WISER) tool with a cutoff of 20 points: first out-of-home placement at ≥15 years of age (11 points); run away from home in past year and age <15 years (40 points) or ≥15 years (16 points); English spoken as other language (14 points); on a psychotropic drug (17 points); congregate first placement (14 points); runaway/abducted status first "placement" (16 points); psychiatric facility experience (9 points); residential facility experience (7 points); and no time in temporary shelter (9 points). Of those who experienced CSEC, 92% had a WISER score above 20. Discussion: The WISER tool achieved good discrimination and calibration ability with a receiver operating characteristic for the validation data set of 0.923. The WISER tool can (1) inform risk assessment for CSEC among child welfare-involved females and (2) identify youths at greatest risk before they are harmed by trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prakash
- HEAL Trafficking, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rishi Goel
- HEAL Trafficking, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi Mu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hanni Stoklosa
- HEAL Trafficking, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Schiff SJ, Meza J, Bath E, Lee SS. Commercially Sexually Exploited Adolescent Girls: The Association Between Externalizing Disorders and Parental Incarceration with Suicide Attempts. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-024-01730-1. [PMID: 38935209 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) is a significant public health concern disproportionately affecting ethnoracially minoritized girls. Despite strong associations of CSE with suicide attempts, little is known about correlates of suicide among girls with CSE histories. Elevated rates of externalizing disorders (i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], disruptive behavior disorders [DBD], conduct disorder [CD]) were observed among CSE youth, particularly in ethnoracially minoritized samples. Youth with CSE histories are frequently affected by parental incarceration, which is correlated with risk for suicide attempts. We tested cross-sectional simultaneous associations of externalizing disorders and parental incarceration with number of suicide attempts among 360 ethnoracially diverse girls affected by CSE (Mean age = 18.86). ADHD, DBD, and maternal incarceration were positively associated with number of suicide attempts. Findings implicate clinical/familial correlates of suicide attempts in this marginalized group, suggesting early suicide prevention efforts may improve traction on this problem by focusing on individual and family level factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Schiff
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA.
| | - Jocelyn Meza
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve S Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA
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Garcia A, Crosland K, Reyes C, Del Vecchio M, Pannone C. Prevention and Intervention Strategies for the Sexual Abuse and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Who Run Away from Foster Care: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2024:1-29. [PMID: 38910372 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2024.2363821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Literature on human trafficking suggests the vulnerability to commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) and child sexual abuse (CSA) changes by the prevalence of certain risk factors (e.g., runaway), trafficker-used lures (e.g., isolation), and the environmental conditions present at the time of victimization (e.g., foster care). Often, youth in foster care are at high risk for CSEC and CSA victimization associated with runaway instances. This scoping review aims to identify prevention and intervention strategies for CSEC/CSA of youth who run away from foster care. PRISMA scoping review guidelines were followed to review the literature across two search parameters (CSEC; CSA). An electronic review was conducted between August 2022 and January 2023 across four databases: PubMed, SAGE Journals Online, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. The CSEC and CSA search parameters comprised three domains (sexual exploitation, foster care, and runaway; sexual abuse, foster care, and runaway, respectively). Literature published between 2012 and 2022 was included regardless of the methodological approach. Literature not concerning youth who run from foster care was excluded. Database searches yielded 206 publications for CSEC and 351 for CSA, reduced to 185 and 212, respectively, after removing duplicates. Seventy-one articles were identified, of which, 64 articles (28 CSEC, 36 CSA) were categorized as prevention strategies and seven (five CSEC, two CSA) as interventions. The intersection and dual victimization of CSEC and CSA of youth who run away from foster care are discussed. This paper also discusses applied behavior analysis principles for developing function-based interventions.
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Scaggs SJA, Starseed SC, Kluckman M, Tueller S, Yu L. A state-wide analysis of characteristics and predictors of dual system involvement among child victims of human trafficking. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 147:106530. [PMID: 37979486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The child welfare system is pivotal in identifying and responding to child (younger than age 18) human trafficking victims. Children who have experienced human trafficking-or are at risk of victimization-are increasingly recognized as also being served in the juvenile justice system. Yet little is known about human trafficking victimization among children in the juvenile justice population or among children with child welfare and juvenile justice involvement. OBJECTIVE Building on previous research with child welfare-and juvenile justice-involved children, we investigated characteristics and system experiences among children who have experienced a human trafficking abuse allegation in Florida. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The overall study population included all children born on or after January 1, 1993, who had at least one DCF-documented maltreatment allegation before March 1, 2020. This study examined a total of 12,167 allegations in the first set of analyses and the first human trafficking allegation for each child (N = 9300) in the second set of analyses. METHODS Analyses are based on linked administrative data for a cohort of children involved with Florida's Departments of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) and/or Children and Families (DCF). We used descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses to document the characteristics of single and dual system-involved children and examine predictors of child welfare, juvenile justice, and dual system involvement. RESULTS (1) Nearly half of children with a human trafficking abuse allegation are involved in DCF at the time of the allegation, (2) females who experienced trafficking are more likely to be involved in DCF (with or without DJJ involvement) than involved in no system, (3) Black children with an alleged trafficking incident were more likely than White children to be involved in both systems compared with DCF only, and (4) children who experienced labor trafficking abuse allegations were less likely than those who experienced sex trafficking to be involved with either system. CONCLUSIONS This study depicts child victims of sex and labor trafficking who are involved with one or both systems in one state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J A Scaggs
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Stacey Cutbush Starseed
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Marianne Kluckman
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Stephen Tueller
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Lilly Yu
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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Kim BKE, Dierkhising CB, De Leon J, Sandoval J, Brissett A, Bounds D. Evaluation of Services for the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Youth: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3236-3250. [PMID: 36197082 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221126185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) of youth is a public health issue with multiple negative consequences. Despite the complexities and comprehensiveness of service needs for youth experiencing CSE, the evidence base of effective services and programs lags far behind. This scoping review seeks to identify the most up-to-date evidence on programs for youth experiencing CSE that have been evaluated and found to be effective. We conducted a scoping review of current literature, including peer-reviewed articles as well as gray literature using a scientific approach to identify programs and service provisions specifically focused on youth experiencing CSE and examine empirical evidence for their effectiveness. A comprehensive search of five databases was completed in September 2020 then updated in April 2021 to identify relevant publications from January 1, 2000 to present. Additional program mining was conducted on evaluations of programs mentioned in the search results. A total of 3,597 citations from the database searches were screened for title and abstract and 190 citations were included for full-text review. The search process yielded 11 eligible articles with one additional report found through program mining. Identified programs targeted youth, providers, and consumers of CSE. While scientific rigor was not high, all included studies reported positive outcomes. Evidence base for effective services and programs is sparse. While more programs and services are being developed, studies should use rigorous research designs to test the effectiveness of these programs and services. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
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Laird JJ, Klettke B, Hall K, Hallford D. Toward a Global Definition and Understanding of Child Sexual Exploitation: The Development of a Conceptual Model. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2243-2264. [PMID: 35603675 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221090980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a serious and persistent global issue affecting up to 5% of the child and youth population worldwide; yet there is no universally accepted definition. To develop a theoretically robust definition of CSE, this review systematically synthesized literature examining CSE definitions aiming to develop a conceptual model and typology. Electronic databases were searched to February 2021, yielding 384 nonduplicative records. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed and grey literature investigations of sexual exploitation, with a mean sample age of 18 years or younger, available in the English language. Literature review and data extraction followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Sixty-six studies met final inclusion criteria. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data and used an epistemological approach to thematically analyse meaning and patterns across CSE definitions. Key findings demonstrate that CSE nomenclature is widely inconsistent, and despite growing awareness of this severe form of abuse, language continues to perpetuate stigma and criminalisation, utilising terms such as 'adolescent or child prostitute'. Our findings propose a scientifically and trauma-informed definition and conceptualisation of CSE, based on the following four-dimensional components: (1) A child/young person; (2) sexual acts; (3) abuse; and (4) exploitation (abuse + exchange). In this systematic review, a unified definition and conceptual model aims to advance knowledge and understanding of CSE, contributing to the progression of social norms which embrace nuances of trauma-informed practice and support for the identification and recovery of children, young people and families affected by sexual exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Laird
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bianca Klettke
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Hall
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Addictive and Anti-social behavior Research, Deakin University Centre for Drug Use, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - David Hallford
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Mak J, Bentley A, Paphtis S, Huq M, Zimmerman C, Osrin D, Devakumar D, Abas M, Kiss L. Psychosocial interventions to improve the mental health of survivors of human trafficking: a realist review. Lancet Psychiatry 2023; 10:557-574. [PMID: 37353265 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
More than 50 million people globally are subjected to modern slavery and human trafficking. Adverse mental health consequences of extreme exploitation are prevalent and often severe. We conducted a systematic and realist review on evaluations of psychosocial interventions for survivors of human trafficking. The review aimed to identify the influence of these interventions on the mental health and wellbeing of trafficked people and examine how they worked for which survivors in which contexts. We searched eight databases (MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, Embase, PsycINFO, Global Health, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, and Cochrane) for published evaluations of psychosocial interventions for survivors of human-trafficking. We followed a realist approach to analyse the data and report on the limitations of the studies identified. We identified four mechanisms of change as being triggered by the various intervention activities: (1) awareness and understanding; (2) trust, safety, and security; (3) agency, autonomy, empowerment, and social connections; and (4) self-reflection, self-expression, and self-care. Improving mental health after traumatic events is an ongoing, nonlinear process. Intervention effectiveness and transferability would benefit from more transparent programme theories and well articulated assumptions that identify the pathways to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Mak
- Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Abigail Bentley
- Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sharli Paphtis
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mita Huq
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy Zimmerman
- Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David Osrin
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Melanie Abas
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ligia Kiss
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Godoy SM, Perris GE, Thelwell M, Osuna-Garcia A, Barnert E, Bacharach A, Bath EP. A Systematic Review of Specialty Courts in the United States for Adolescents Impacted by Commercial Sexual Exploitation. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1344-1362. [PMID: 35001766 PMCID: PMC9262992 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nationwide efforts to enhance services for adolescents experiencing commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) in the judicial system have led to the emergence of specialty courts, including human trafficking and girls' courts. Given that prior research has documented competing stances on the effectiveness of specialty courts for CSE-impacted populations, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify key characteristics of programming, profiles of adolescents served, and effectiveness of these courts. To identify relevant research and information, we systematically searched scholarly databases and information sources, conducted reference harvesting, and forwarded citation chaining. Articles presenting primary data with quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methodologies or programmatic descriptions of specialty courts serving adolescents at risk or with confirmed histories of CSE that were published after 2004 were included. We identified 39 articles on 21 specialty courts serving adolescents at risk or with confirmed histories of CSE, including seven specialty courts with evaluation or outcome data. Across specialty courts, adolescents benefited from an increase in linkage to specialized services, improved residential placement stability, and reduction in recidivism-measured by new criminal charges. Specialty court participation was also associated with improved educational outcomes and decreased instances of running away. A lack of empirical data, specifically of evaluation studies, emerged as a weakness in the literature. Still, findings support that specialty courts can be an integral judicial system response to CSE. Multidisciplinary collaboration can help target and respond to the multifaceted needs of adolescents, encourage healthy behaviors, and promote their overall wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Godoy
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Tate-Turner-Kuralt Building, 325 Pittsboro Street, Room 400-I, Chapel Hill, NC United States, 27599
| | - Georgia E. Perris
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90024
| | - Mikiko Thelwell
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90024
| | - Antonia Osuna-Garcia
- Health and Life Sciences Library, UCLA Science Libraries, 12-077 Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90095
| | - Elizabeth Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Mattel Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, UCLA Pediatrics, Box 951752, 12-467 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90095-1752
| | - Amy Bacharach
- Center for Families, Children, and the Courts, Judicial Council of California, 455 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102
| | - Eraka P. Bath
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-228, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90024
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Nichols AJ, Gerassi LB, Gilbert K, Taylor E. Provider challenges in responding to retrafficking of juvenile justice-involved domestic minor sex trafficking survivors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 126:105521. [PMID: 35121439 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) survivors are disproportionately involved in the juvenile justice system, but frequently run away and experience retrafficking. However, little research explores how practitioners who work with juvenile justice-involved DMST survivors address such dynamics. OBJECTIVE This study examines challenges related to chronic runaway behaviors and related retrafficking of juvenile justice-involved DMST survivors from the perspective of practitioners. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 35 in-depth interviews were conducted with social service and justice system practitioners working with DMST survivors in a Midwestern metropolitan area. METHODS Inductive analysis of the transcribed interviews involved a multi-phase, independent co-coding process conducted by three members of the research team, including selective coding, open coding, and taxonomic analysis to identify recurring themes and subthemes. Core themes that focused on challenges experienced by practitioners working with minors who chronically ran away and returned to a trafficking situation were further developed. RESULTS Practitioners reported that their ability to provide care to minors returning to trafficking situations was limited because of their informal authority in the juvenile justice system, inaccessibility of residential therapeutic care and drug treatment, and punitive measures directed toward parents seeking assistance from Children's Division. Provider narratives indicated that without effective interventions, minors typically exit a retrafficking situation only after experiencing emotional distress, extreme violence, pregnancy or birth, or contracting an STI. CONCLUSIONS Non-punitive responses to address chronic runaway behaviors and retrafficking of minors in the justice system include: placement with foster families trained in dynamics of sex trafficking, trauma, and runaway behaviors; safety planning including risk assessments and providing resource information about drop in centers and healthcare; revising hotlining procedures for concerned parents; and increasing minors' access to trauma-informed residential care, therapeutic care, and substance use treatment by legislatively expanding healthcare coverage under Safe Harbor laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Nichols
- Brown School of Social Work, Women Gender and Sexuality Studies Department, Washington University in St. Louis, 212 McMillan Hall, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America.
| | - Lara B Gerassi
- Sex Trafficking and Exploitation Research, School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1350 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America.
| | - Kourtney Gilbert
- Social Policy Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America.
| | - Emily Taylor
- The Women's Center of Southeastern Michigan, 1100 Victors Way, #10, Ann Arbor, MI 48108-5220, United States of America
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Bath EP, Godoy SM, Perris GE, Morris TC, Hayes MD, Bagot K, Barnert E, Tolou-Shams M. Perspectives of Girls and Young Women Affected by Commercial Sexual Exploitation: mHealth as a Tool to Increase Engagement in Care. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2021; 32:128-147. [PMID: 34194195 PMCID: PMC8238115 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2021.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective We gathered the perspectives of girls and young women affected by commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) to understand the acceptability and feasibility of mobile health (mHealth) for enhancing access and engagement in health and social services during judicial involvement. Methods We conducted four focus groups with 14 girls and young women (ages 14 to 21) with self-identified CSE histories. Results Participants perceived mHealth as viable for accessing and engaging providers, and health and social services, and navigating judicial systems. Participants expressed that mHealth tools increased self-efficacy and self-navigation of required services. Recommendations to improve mHealth functionality included push-notification appointment reminders, wellness and safety promotion, enhancement of provider communication, peer-to-peer support, and access to health education and community resources. Conclusions Findings provide insight for how mHealth may be leveraged to increase self-management skills, fulfill judicial obligations, and improve access and engagement in health and social services for CSE-affected girls and young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraka P Bath
- ERAKA P. BATH, SARAH M. GODOY, GEORGIA E. PERRIS, TAYLOR C. MORRIS, and MADISON D. HAYES are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute. MARINA TOLOU-SHAMS is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. KARA BAGOT is affiliated with the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai-Center on Addiction Alliance and the Department of Psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. ELIZABETH BARNERT is affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Sarah M Godoy
- ERAKA P. BATH, SARAH M. GODOY, GEORGIA E. PERRIS, TAYLOR C. MORRIS, and MADISON D. HAYES are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute. MARINA TOLOU-SHAMS is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. KARA BAGOT is affiliated with the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai-Center on Addiction Alliance and the Department of Psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. ELIZABETH BARNERT is affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Georgia E Perris
- ERAKA P. BATH, SARAH M. GODOY, GEORGIA E. PERRIS, TAYLOR C. MORRIS, and MADISON D. HAYES are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute. MARINA TOLOU-SHAMS is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. KARA BAGOT is affiliated with the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai-Center on Addiction Alliance and the Department of Psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. ELIZABETH BARNERT is affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Taylor C Morris
- ERAKA P. BATH, SARAH M. GODOY, GEORGIA E. PERRIS, TAYLOR C. MORRIS, and MADISON D. HAYES are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute. MARINA TOLOU-SHAMS is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. KARA BAGOT is affiliated with the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai-Center on Addiction Alliance and the Department of Psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. ELIZABETH BARNERT is affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Madison D Hayes
- ERAKA P. BATH, SARAH M. GODOY, GEORGIA E. PERRIS, TAYLOR C. MORRIS, and MADISON D. HAYES are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute. MARINA TOLOU-SHAMS is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. KARA BAGOT is affiliated with the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai-Center on Addiction Alliance and the Department of Psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. ELIZABETH BARNERT is affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Kara Bagot
- ERAKA P. BATH, SARAH M. GODOY, GEORGIA E. PERRIS, TAYLOR C. MORRIS, and MADISON D. HAYES are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute. MARINA TOLOU-SHAMS is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. KARA BAGOT is affiliated with the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai-Center on Addiction Alliance and the Department of Psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. ELIZABETH BARNERT is affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Elizabeth Barnert
- ERAKA P. BATH, SARAH M. GODOY, GEORGIA E. PERRIS, TAYLOR C. MORRIS, and MADISON D. HAYES are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute. MARINA TOLOU-SHAMS is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. KARA BAGOT is affiliated with the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai-Center on Addiction Alliance and the Department of Psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. ELIZABETH BARNERT is affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- ERAKA P. BATH, SARAH M. GODOY, GEORGIA E. PERRIS, TAYLOR C. MORRIS, and MADISON D. HAYES are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute. MARINA TOLOU-SHAMS is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. KARA BAGOT is affiliated with the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai-Center on Addiction Alliance and the Department of Psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. ELIZABETH BARNERT is affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
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Josenhans V, Kavenagh M, Smith S, Wekerle C. Gender, rights and responsibilities: The need for a global analysis of the sexual exploitation of boys. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 110:104291. [PMID: 31806378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child confirmed child and youth rights globally. Their right to participation is a critical driver for the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Youth prioritize the need to end violence against them, charging adults with safeguarding, and identify gender inequality as an underlying cause of child sexual exploitation (CSE). SDG 5 includes targets for ending sexual exploitation of girls; however, it is critical to review whether we are supporting both boys and girls adequately. Based on recent research, it is clear that male victims of CSE are prevalent, yet they have been relatively excluded in policy, research, and interventions. The aim is not to minimize the importance of understanding and eliminating CSE of girls, but to acknowledge that vulnerable sub-groups of boys exist in community (street-connected boys, refugees, sexual minorities) and service systems (justice, child welfare, humanitarian aid). Gender-based challenges persist in protection, disclosure, help-seeking, professional recognition, programming and prevention. In this discussion article, we outline responsibilities in human rights law to understand and address boys' CSE and overview key literature on its impact on boys. It is argued that gender-, trauma-, and violence-informed approaches are expanded to address the contribution of harmful gender norms, and to target prevention in the adolescent years for sexually transmitted infections, mental health, and substance abuse and violence problems. This discussion advances a pressing need for a global analysis of CSE among boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Josenhans
- ECPAT International, 328/1 Phaya Thai Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Mark Kavenagh
- ECPAT International, 328/1 Phaya Thai Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.
| | - Savanah Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Wekerle
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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