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Wang A, Li Z, Wang J, Liu H, Fu X, Chen Y, Guo H. Quantification and holistic quality evaluation of Wulingzhi extract by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS coupled with chemometric approaches. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5726. [PMID: 37651744 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The excreta of Trogopterus xanthipes ("Wulingzhi" in Chinese, WLZ) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine. It has been used for centuries to treat amenorrhea, menstruation and postpartum abdominal pain. However, a systematic quality study on WLZ chemical markers has yet to be conducted. This study aimed to establish an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid quadruple extraction Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS) method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of 20 compounds in 53 batches of WLZ; the method rapidly and sensitively determined the 20 plant- or animal-derived compounds. Firstly, the proposed approach was validated to satisfy the method's linearity, detection limits, precision, repeatability, stability and accuracy. Subsequently, multivariate analysis was used to identify correlations between the samples and feed, processing and regions. Finally, this method was used to further identify chemical markers for quality control in combination with chemometrics. This is the first report on pinusolide, betaine, hippuric acid, 4-oxorentinoic acid, 15-methoxypinusolidic acid and 4-oxoisotrentinoin in WLZ; the quality of WLZ became homogeneous after processing with vinegar (V-WLZ). Moreover, we screened for potential component markers, including uridine, allantoin, amentoflavone, hippuric acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, pinusolide, quercetin and kaempferol. These results were practical and efficient for the chemical clarification of WLZ and V-WLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xintong Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yougen Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhu Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
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Exploration of Habitat-Related Chemical Markers for Stephania tetrandra Applying Multiple Chromatographic and Chemometric Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217224. [PMID: 36364050 PMCID: PMC9654923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Geo-authentic herbs refer to medicinal materials produced in a specific region with superior quality. Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (S. tetrandra) is cultivated in many provinces of China, including Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, and Taiwan, among which Jiangxi is the geo-authentic origin. To explore habitat-related chemical markers of herbal medicine, an integrated chromatographic technique including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) combined with chemometric analysis was established. The established methods manifested that they were clearly divided into two groups according to non-authentic origins and geo-authentic origins, suggesting that the metabolites were closely related to their producing areas. A total of 70 volatile compounds and 50 non-volatile compounds were identified in S. tetrandra. Meanwhile, tetrandrine, fangchinoline, isocorydine, magnocurarine, magnoflorine, boldine, and higenamine as chemical markers were accurately quantified and suggested importance in grouping non-authentic origins and geo-authentic origins samples. The discriminatory analysis also indicated well prediction performance with an accuracy of 80%. The results showed that the multiple chromatographic and chemometric analysis technique could be used as an effective approach for discovering the chemical markers of herbal medicine to fulfill the evaluation of overall chemical consistency among samples from different producing areas.
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Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Chemical Constituents of Scrophulariae Radix as Revealed by 2D NMR-Based Metabolomics. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154687. [PMID: 35897871 PMCID: PMC9331298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrophulariae Radix (SR) is one of the oldest and most frequently used Chinese herbs for oriental medicine in China. Before clinical use, the SR should be processed using different methods after harvest, such as steaming, “sweating”, and traditional fire-drying. In order to investigate the difference in chemical constituents using different processing methods, the two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum correlation (1H-13C HSQC)-based metabolomics approach was applied to extensively characterize the difference in the chemical components in the extracts of SR processed using different processing methods. In total, 20 compounds were identified as potential chemical markers that changed significantly with different steaming durations. Seven compounds can be used as potential chemical markers to differentiate processing by sweating, hot-air drying, and steaming for 4 h. These findings could elucidate the change of chemical constituents of the processed SR and provide a guide for the processing. In addition, our protocol may represent a general approach to characterizing chemical compounds of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and therefore might be considered as a promising approach to exploring the scientific basis of traditional processing of TCM.
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Zhang T, Xu F, Ruhsam M, Feng L, Zhang M, Wang Z, Wang X. A nucleotide signature for the identification of Pinelliae Rhizoma (Banxia) and its products. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7753-7763. [PMID: 35670929 PMCID: PMC9171473 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Ensuring the authenticity of raw materials is a key step prior to producing Chinese patent medicines. Pinelliaternata (Thunb.) Breit. is the botanical origin of Pinelliae Rhizoma (Banxia), a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat cough, insomnia, nausea, inflammation, epilepsy, and so on. Unfortunately, authentic Pinelliae Rhizoma is often adulterated by morphologically indistinguishable plant material due to the insufficient regulatory procedures of processed medicinal plant products. Thus, it is important to develop a molecular assay based on species-specific nucleotide signatures and primers to efficiently distinguish authentic Pinelliae Rhizoma from its adulterants. Methods and results The ITS2 region of 67 Pinelliae Rhizoma and its common adulterants were sequenced. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms within a 28–43 bp stretch of ITS2 were used to develop six primer pairs to amplify these species-specific regions. We assayed 56 Pinelliae Rhizoma products sold on the Chinese market, including medicinal slices, powder and Chinese patent medicines, which revealed that about 66% of products were adulterated. The most common adulterants were Pinelliapedatisecta (found in 57% of the assayed products), Arisaemaerubescens (9%), Typhoniumgiganteum (2%) and Typhoniumflagelliforme (2%). Conclusions A severe adulteration condition was revealed in the traditional medicine market. The species-specific nucleotide assays developed in this study can be applied to reliably identify Pinelliae Rhizoma and its adulterants, aiding in the authentication and quality control of processed products on the herbal market. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11033-022-07600-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Qiyao Resources and Anti-Tumor Activities, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 10061, China
| | - Fusheng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Markus Ruhsam
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Li Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Qiyao Resources and Anti-Tumor Activities, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 10061, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Lixian Spring Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Longnan, 742200, China
| | - Zhengwei Wang
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Xumei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Key Laboratory of Qiyao Resources and Anti-Tumor Activities, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 10061, China.
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Xiang Z, Wang Y, Liu S. The chemical and metabolite profiles of Gualou-Xiebai-Banxia decoction, a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and in-house software. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114994. [PMID: 35033623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.114994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gualou-Xiebai-Banxia decoction (GXBD) was a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula for the treatment of coronary heart disease. However, the current study on the chemical and metabolite profiles of GXBD did not follow the ancient prescription and extraction method, which hindered the discovery of effective compounds and quality control. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we prepared GXBD by ancient prescription and extraction methods, and then analysed the chemical components and xenobiotics of GXBD in vivo using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and in-house software. RESULTS 49 chemical constituents were preliminarily identified, including 7 terpenoids, 6 flavonoids, 5 alkaloids, 17 organic acids, 8 steroids and steroidal saponins, 2 nucleosides and 4 other types of compounds, of which 10 constituents were confirmed unambiguously with authentic standards. Moreover, 129 metabolites were tentatively identified, including 83 metabolites in plasma, 39 metabolites in urine, 25 metabolites in bile and 9 metabolites in feces. Our study speculated that luteolin, adenosine, vanillic acid and curbitacin B might be possible effective components of GXBD for the treatment of coronary heart disease. Dehydration, deglycosylation, dehydrogenation, acetylation and taurine regulation were the main biotransformation reactions of GXBD. CONCLUSION Our results provided an important basis for the discovery of effective compounds and quality control of GXBD. In addition, in-house software was an useful tool for identifcation of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- Medical School, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Shundi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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Zhang C, Liu C, Wu H, Wang J, Sun Y, Liu R, Li T, Yu X, Geng D, Sun YK. Global Analysis the Potential Medicinal Substances of Shuangxia Decoction and the Process In Vivo via Mass Spectrometry Technology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:654807. [PMID: 33995072 PMCID: PMC8120809 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.654807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shuangxia decoction is an effective traditional Chinese medicine formula for treating insomnia. Up to now, there has not been any report about the effective substances. An omics data processing method based on mass spectrometry technology is used to explore the chemical composition changes of Shuangxia decoction, the components absorbed into the blood and brain, and to explore the anti-insomnia mechanism based on molecular docking technology. Forty-nine chemical components in Shuangxia decoction have been identified, and 51 new components generated by co-decoction have been discovered. It was found that 7,404 compounds of Shuangxia decoction were absorbed into the blood. Forty kinds of known compounds were quickly identified, and 15 new compounds generated by co-decoction were also found to be absorbed into the blood. By using UPLC-MS/MS method, it was confirmed that 10 compounds were absorbed into the blood and 9 compounds were absorbed into the brain. Furthermore, it is found that rosmarinic acid is mainly distributed in the hypothalamus and striatum, and caffeic acid is mainly distributed in the hypothalamus, striatum, and hippocampus. Molecular docking results showed rosmarinic acid, danshensu, and HMLA with GABAA receptor have excellent binding characteristics, even surpassing the proligand. Danshensu and HMLA with dopamine D2 receptor also showed good binding energy. Our findings will help to further confirm the mechanism of Shuangxia decoction for relieving insomnia, and we also establish a novel data processing method for supplementing the mechanism of the efficacy of other traditional Chinese medicine formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenning Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Runhua Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Di Geng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Kun Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Chen J, Gai X, Xu X, Liu Y, Ren T, Liu S, Ma T, Tian C, Liu C. Research on Quality Markers of Guizhi Fuling Prescription for Endometriosis Treatment Based on Gray Correlation Analysis Strategy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:588549. [PMID: 33510637 PMCID: PMC7835882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Guizhi Fuling prescription (GFP), a prestigious prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) recorded in “Jingui Yaolue,” was composed of five Chinese medicines, including Moutan Cortex, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Persicae Semen, Poria Cocos, and Cinnamomi Ramulus. It was used for the treatment of endometriosis, primary dysmenorrhea, and blood stasis for centuries. However, its Quality Markers of treating endometriosis have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, a rapid ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS) method was established for Quality Markers investigation on GFP, and a total of 50 potentially bioactive constituents including triterpenoids, paeoniflorin and its derivatives, phenolic acids, and other species were identified based on their retention time, fragmentation pattern, and accurately measured mass value. Furthermore, regularity of recipe composition and gray correlation analysis revealed that all of the characteristic peaks contributed to the treatment of endometriosis. The relative correlation degrees were greater than 0.6. Among them, peaks 1 and 10, which were most closely correlated to the endometriosis, were identified as amygdalin and cinnamic acid. Finally, all of the active ingredients were molecularly docked with proteins associated with endometriosis by Schrodinger method. Among them, amygdalin, cinnamic acid, paeonol, gallic acid, and paeoniflorin had the lower binding energies. It was proposed that these constituents could be directed at Quality Markers for GFP. Thus, the integrated approach describing for revealing Quality Markers of GFP could be expected to provide a method for quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Markers, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Markers, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Markers, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Markers, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Markers, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Suxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Markers, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Ma
- University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Office of Academic Research, Jinan, China
| | - Chengwang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Markers, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Markers, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
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Mi R, Li X, Zhang Z, Cheng T, Tian S, Xu X, Zhang Y, Yuan W, Ye J, Liu L, Zhang X. Chemical profiling of Honghua Xiaoyao tablet and simultaneous determination of its quality markers by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics methods. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4263-4280. [PMID: 32990401 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Discovering marker components of traditional Chinese medicine formulas is challenging because of the hundreds of components they inherently contain. This study first proposed a reliable and validated method for the comprehensive profiling of chemical constituents in Honghua Xiaoyao tablet by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. After searching within the in-house library, a total of 55 constituents were unambiguously characterized or tentatively identified through reference standards and by comparing mass spectrometry data with literature values. Quantitative analysis of 14 compounds, which were selected as the quality marker components based on a serum pharmacochemistry study, has been performed by triple-quardrupole mass spectrometry technique. Multiple chemometric methods, including principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were subsequently used to analyze the quantitative results, classify samples from three manufacturers, and distinguish the analytical markers. In method validation results, 14 quality marker compounds have shown good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9965) with a relative wide concentration range and acceptable recovery at 98.39-102.46%. The proposed approach provides the chemical evidence for revealing the material basis of Honghua Xiaoyao tablet, and establishes a reliable statistical analysis-based strategy of quality marker investigation for controlling its quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Mi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Taofang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Saisai Tian
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xike Xu
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenlin Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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