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Zhao X, Yan F, Li YM, Tang J, Hu XC, Feng Z, Gao J, Peng L, Zhang G. Comparative transcriptome analysis and identification of candidate R2R3-MYB genes involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis in Rheum palmatum L. Chin Med 2024; 19:23. [PMID: 38317158 PMCID: PMC10845799 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheum palmatum L. has important medicinal value because it contains biologically active anthraquinones. However, the key genes and TFs involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis and regulation in R. palmatum remain unclear. METHODS Based on full length transcriptome data, in this study, we screened the differentially expressed genes in the anthraquinone biosynthesis pathway. The R2R3-MYB family genes of R. palmatum were systematically identified based on full-length transcriptome sequencing followed by bioinformatics analyses. The correlation analysis was carried out by using co-expression analysis, protein interaction analysis, and real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis after MeJA treatment. The RpMYB81 and RpMYB98 genes were amplified by RT-PCR, and their subcellular localization and self-activation characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS Comparative transcriptome analysis results revealed a total of 3525 upregulated and 6043 downregulated DEGs in the CK versus MeJA group; 28 DEGs were involved in the anthraquinone pathway. Eleven CHS genes that belonged to the PKS family were differentially expressed and involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis. Twelve differentially expressed MYBs genes were found to be co-expressed and interact with CHS genes. Furthermore, 52 MYB genes were identified as positive regulators of anthraquinone biosynthesis and were further characterized. Three MYB genes including RpMYB81, RpMYB98, and RpMYB100 responded to MeJA treatment in R. palmatum, and the levels of these genes were verified by qRT-PCR. RpMYB81 was related to anthraquinone biosynthesis. RpMYB98 had an interaction with genes in the anthraquinone biosynthesis pathway. RpMYB81 and RpMYB98 were mainly localized in the nucleus. RpMYB81 had self-activation activity, while RpMYB98 had no self-activation activity. CONCLUSION RpMYB81, RpMYB98, and RpMYB100 were significantly induced by MeJA treatment. RpMYB81 and RpMYB98 are located in the nucleus, and RpMYB81 has transcriptional activity, suggesting that it might be involved in the transcriptional regulation of anthraquinone biosynthesis in R. palmatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yi-Min Li
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| | - Jing Tang
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Hu
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712083, China.
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Tan Z, Lu D, Yu Y, Li L, Dong W, Xu L, Yang Q, Wan X, Liang H. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the bHLH Gene Family and Its Response to Abiotic Stresses in Carthamus tinctorius. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3764. [PMID: 37960120 PMCID: PMC10648185 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors possess DNA-binding and dimerization domains and are involved in various biological and physiological processes, such as growth and development, the regulation of secondary metabolites, and stress response. However, the bHLH gene family in C. tinctorius has not been investigated. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification and analysis of bHLH transcription factors in C. tinctorius. A total of 120 CtbHLH genes were identified, distributed across all 12 chromosomes, and classified into 24 subfamilies based on their phylogenetic relationships. Moreover, the 120 CtbHLH genes were subjected to comprehensive analyses, including protein sequence alignment, evolutionary assessment, motif prediction, and the analysis of promoter cis-acting elements. The promoter region analysis revealed that CtbHLH genes encompass cis-acting elements and were associated with various aspects of plant growth and development, responses to phytohormones, as well as responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses. Expression profiles, sourced from transcriptome databases, indicated distinct expression patterns among these CtbHLH genes, which appeared to be either tissue-specific or specific to certain cultivars. To further explore their functionality, we determined the expression levels of fifteen CtbHLH genes known to harbor motifs related to abiotic and hormone responses. This investigation encompassed treatments with ABA, salt, drought, and MeJA. The results demonstrated substantial variations in the expression patterns of CtbHLH genes in response to these abiotic and hormonal treatments. In summary, our study establishes a solid foundation for future inquiries into the roles and regulatory mechanisms of the CtbHLH gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Tan
- Institute of Chinese Herbel Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.T.); (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (W.D.); (L.X.); (Q.Y.)
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dandan Lu
- Institute of Chinese Herbel Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.T.); (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (W.D.); (L.X.); (Q.Y.)
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongliang Yu
- Institute of Chinese Herbel Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.T.); (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (W.D.); (L.X.); (Q.Y.)
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Chinese Herbel Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.T.); (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (W.D.); (L.X.); (Q.Y.)
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Institute of Chinese Herbel Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.T.); (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (W.D.); (L.X.); (Q.Y.)
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lanjie Xu
- Institute of Chinese Herbel Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.T.); (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (W.D.); (L.X.); (Q.Y.)
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Institute of Chinese Herbel Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.T.); (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (W.D.); (L.X.); (Q.Y.)
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiufu Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng 100700, China;
| | - Huizhen Liang
- Institute of Chinese Herbel Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.T.); (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (W.D.); (L.X.); (Q.Y.)
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Li Q, Wang G, Zhang L, Zhu S. AcbHLH144 transcription factor negatively regulates phenolic biosynthesis to modulate pineapple internal browning. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad185. [PMID: 37899952 PMCID: PMC10611554 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Internal browning (IB), a major physiological disorder of pineapples, usually happens in postharvest processes, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The bHLH transcription factors are involved in regulating various biological processes, but whether they could regulate tissue browning in fruit during storage remains unknown. Here we showed that the phenolic biosynthesis pathway was activated in pineapples showing IB following 9 days of storage. AcbHLH144 expression was the highest of the 180 transcription factors identified, downregulated in pineapple with IB, and negatively correlated with the major phenolic biosynthetic genes. AcbHLH144 was shown to be localized in the nucleus and its transient overexpression in pineapples and overexpression in Arabidopsis decreased phenolic biosynthesis. The yeast one-hybrid assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that AcbHLH144 directly bound to the Ac4CL5 promoter and the dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that it inactivated Ac4CL5 transcription. These results strongly suggest AcbHLH144 as a repressor for phenolic biosynthesis. Abscisic acid (ABA) alleviated IB, reduced phenolic accumulation, and downregulated phenolic biosynthetic genes, including Ac4CL5. Transcriptomic analysis showed that AcbHLH144 was the most upregulated of all 39 bHLHs in response to ABA. ABA enhanced AcbHLH144 expression, reduced phenolic contents, and downregulated phenolic biosynthetic genes in pineapples transiently overexpressing AcbHLH144. Moreover, ABA enhanced enzyme activity of GUS driven by the AcbHLH144 promoter. These results showed that AcbHLH144 as a repressor for phenolic biosynthesis could be activated by ABA. Collectively, the work demonstrated that AcbHLH144 negatively regulated phenolic biosynthesis via inactivating Ac4CL5 transcription to modulate pineapple IB. The findings provide novel insight into the role of AcbHLH144 in modulating pineapple IB during postharvest processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Fruit and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Fruit and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Fruit and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shijiang Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Fruit and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Zhang T, Zhang C, Zhang X, Liang Z, Xia P. Multi-algorithm cooperation research of WRKY genes under nitrogen stress in Panax notoginseng. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1081-1096. [PMID: 36564534 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors play an important role in the immune system and the innate defense response of plants. WRKY transcription factors have great feedback on nitrogen stress. In this study, bioinformatics was used to detect the WRKYs of Panax notoginseng (PnWRKYs). The response of PnWRKYs under nitrogen stress was also well studied. PnWRKYs were distributed on 11 chromosomes. According to PnWRKY and Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY (AtWRKY) domains, these PnWRKY proteins were divided into three groups by phylogenetic analysis. MEME analysis showed that almost every member contained motif 1 and motif 2. PlantCARE online predicted the cis-acting elements of the promoter. PnWRKY gene family members obtained 22 pairs of repeat fragments by collinearity analysis. The expression levels of PnWRKYs in different parts (roots, flowers, and leafs) were analyzed by the gene expression pattern. They reflected tissue-specific expressions. The qRT-PCR experiments were used to detect 74 PnWRKYs under nitrogen stress. The results showed that the expression levels of 8 PnWRKYs were significantly induced. The PnWRKY gene family may be involved in biotic/abiotic stresses and hormone induction. This study will not only lay the foundation to explore the functions of PnWRKYs but also provide candidate genes for the future improvement of P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Caijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Tianjin TASLY Modern Chinese Medicine Resources Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300402, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Pengguo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Lin C, Zhang L, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Li X, Song Z. Spatiotemporal and Transcriptional Characterization on Tanshinone Initial Synthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113607. [PMID: 36362395 PMCID: PMC9655840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinones are the bioactive constituents of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), which is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat cardiovascular and other diseases, and they synthesize and accumulate in the root periderm of S. miltiorrhiza. However, there is no relevant report on the initial stage of tanshinone synthesis, as well as the root structure and gene expression characteristics. The present study aims to provide new insights into how these bioactive principles begin to synthesize by characterizing possible differences in their biosynthesis and accumulation during early root development from both spatial and temporal aspects. The morphological characteristics and the content of tanshinones in roots of S. miltiorrhiza were investigated in detail by monitoring the seedlings within 65 days after germination (DAGs). The ONT transcriptome sequencing was applied to investigate gene expression patterns. The periderm of the S. miltiorrhiza storage taproot initially synthesized tanshinone on about 30 DAGs. Three critical stages of tanshinone synthesis were preliminarily determined: preparation, the initial synthesis, and the continuous rapid synthesis. The difference of taproots in the first two stages was the smallest, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in terpene synthesis. Most genes involved in tanshinone synthesis were up regulated during the gradual formation of the red taproot. Plant hormone signal transduction and ABC transport pathways were widely involved in S. miltiorrhiza taproot development. Five candidate genes that may participate in or regulate tanshinone synthesis were screened according to the co-expression pattern. Moreover, photosynthetic ferredoxin (FD), cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), and CCAAT binding transcription factor (CBF) were predicted to interact with the known downstream essential enzyme genes directly. The above results provide a necessary basis for analyzing the initial synthesis and regulation mechanism of Tanshinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caicai Lin
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xingfeng Li
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhenqiao Song
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.S.)
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Mao Y, Chen X, Yan K, Liang Z, Xia P. Multi-algorithm cooperation comprehensive research of bZIP genes under Nitrogen stress in Panax notoginseng. Gene X 2022; 841:146768. [PMID: 35905849 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play an irreplaceable position in the regulation of plant secondary metabolism, growth and development, and resistance to abiotic stress. Panax notoginseng is a traditional medicinal plant in China, but the systematic identification and the resistance of Panax notoginseng bZIP (PnbZIP) family under nitrogen stress have not been reported before, considering the excessive application of N fertilizers. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide identification of the PnbZIP family and analyzed its phylogeny, tissue selectivity, and abiotic resistence. 74 PnbZIPs were distributed on 12 chromosomes and 8 were not successfully located. Through phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis and Panax notoginseng, we divided them into 14 subgroups. In the same subgroup, bZIPs had similiar intron/exon structure and conserved motifs. In the analysis of chromosome structure, two PnbZIP genes were duplicated in tandem on chromosome 3. Intraspecific collinearity analysis showed that 28 PnbZIPs participated in segmental replication. Each PnbZIP promoter contained at least one stress response element or stress-related hormone response element. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR methods were used to analyze the expression patterns of the PnbZIP gene in different tissues (roots, flowers, and leaves) and under different nitrogen stresses. The results showed that the PnbZIP gene had the highest expression level in flowers and reflected tissue-specific expressions. Meanwhile, under the stress of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, PnbZIPs in roots were differently expressed. 10 PnbZIP stress-responsive genes were screened for significant expression, among which PnbZIP46 was significantly up-regulated, which could be a candidate gene for resistance to Nitrogen stress. This study laid the foundation for functional identification of PnbZIPs and improved the cultivation of Panax notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kaijing Yan
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pengguo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Guo M, Chen H, Dong S, Zhang Z, Luo H. CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology and its application prospect in medicinal plants. Chin Med 2022; 17:33. [PMID: 35246186 PMCID: PMC8894546 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas gene editing technology has opened a new era of genome interrogation and genome engineering because of its ease operation and high efficiency. An increasing number of plant species have been subjected to site-directed gene editing through this technology. However, the application of CRISPR-Cas technology to medicinal plants is still in the early stages. Here, we review the research history, structural characteristics, working mechanism and the latest derivatives of CRISPR-Cas technology, and discussed their application in medicinal plants for the first time. Furthermore, we creatively put forward the development direction of CRISPR technology applied to medicinal plant gene editing. The aim is to provide a reference for the application of this technology to genome functional studies, synthetic biology, genetic improvement, and germplasm innovation of medicinal plants. CRISPR-Cas is expected to revolutionize medicinal plant biotechnology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoxian Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuting Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Liu S, Wang Y, Shi M, Maoz I, Gao X, Sun M, Yuan T, Li K, Zhou W, Guo X, Kai G. SmbHLH60 and SmMYC2 antagonistically regulate phenolic acids and anthocyanins biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. J Adv Res 2022; 42:205-219. [PMID: 36513414 PMCID: PMC9788942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salvia miltiorrhiza is a renowned traditional Chinese medicinal plant with extremely high medicinal value, especially for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway plays an important role in the improved biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which is mediated by a major transcriptional regulator, MYC2. However, the JA regulatory mechanism of secondary metabolites biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza is still largely unknown. OBJECTIVES Our work focuses on the dissection of the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation in MeJA-mediated biosynthesis of medicinal components of S. miltiorrhiza. We examined the role of MeJA-responsive bHLH transcription factors (TFs) in improving bioactive secondary metabolites accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza. METHODS Hairy root transformation based on CRISPR/Cas9 technique was used to decipher gene function(s). Changes in the content of phenolic acids were evaluated by HPLC. Y1H, EMSA and dual-LUC assays were employed to analyze the molecular mechanism of SmbHLH60 in the regulation on the biosynthesis of phenolic acids and anthocyanins. Y2H, BiFC and pull-down affinity assays were used to corroborate the interaction between SmbHLH60 and SmMYC2. RESULTS Being one of the most significantly negatively regulated bHLH genes by MeJA, a new transcription factor SmbHLH60 was discovered and characterized. Over-expression of SmbHLH60 resulted in significant inhibition of phenolic acid and anthocyanin biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza by transcriptionally repressing of target genes such as SmTAT1 and SmDFR, whereas CRISPR/Cas9-generated knockout of SmbHLH60 resulted in the opposite effect. In addition, SmbHLH60 and SmMYC2 formed a heterodimer to antagonistically regulate phenolic acid and anthocyanin biosynthesis. CONCLUSION Our results clarified that SmbHLH60 is a negativeregulator on the biosynthesis of phenolic acids and anthocyanins. SmbHLH60 competed with SmMYC2 in an antagonistic manner, providing new insights for the molecular mechanism of MeJA-mediated regulation on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucan Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China,Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China,Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Rd 68, POB 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Xiankui Gao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Meihong Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Tingpan Yuan
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Kunlun Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Xinhong Guo
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China,Corresponding authors.
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