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Wenbo L, Yewei Y, Hui Z, Zhongyu L. Hijacking host cell vesicular transport: New insights into the nutrient acquisition mechanism of Chlamydia. Virulence 2024; 15:2351234. [PMID: 38773735 PMCID: PMC11123459 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2351234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia infection is an important cause of public health diseases, and no effective vaccine is currently available. Owing to its unique intracellular lifestyle, Chlamydia requires a variety of nutrients and substrates from host cells, particularly sphingomyelin, cholesterol, iron, amino acids, and the mannose-6-phosphate receptor, which are essential for inclusion development. Here, we summarize the recent advances in Chlamydia nutrient acquisition mechanism by hijacking host cell vesicular transport, which plays an important role in chlamydial growth and development. Chlamydia obtains the components necessary to complete its intracellular developmental cycle by recruiting Rab proteins (major vesicular trafficking regulators) and Rab effector proteins to the inclusion, interfering with Rab-mediated multivesicular trafficking, reorienting the nutrition of host cells, and reconstructing the intracellular niche environment. Consequently, exploring the role of vesicular transport in nutrient acquisition offers a novel perspective on new approaches for preventing and treating Chlamydia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wenbo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yewei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Hui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhongyu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
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2
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Herrera CM, McMahon E, Swaney DL, Sherry J, Pha K, Adams-Boone K, Johnson JR, Krogan NJ, Stevers M, Solomon D, Elwell C, Engel J. The Chlamydia trachomatis Inc Tri1 interacts with TRAF7 to displace native TRAF7 interacting partners. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0045324. [PMID: 38814079 PMCID: PMC11218536 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00453-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in the USA and of preventable blindness worldwide. This obligate intracellular pathogen replicates within a membrane-bound inclusion, but how it acquires nutrients from the host while avoiding detection by the innate immune system is incompletely understood. C. trachomatis accomplishes this in part through the translocation of a unique set of effectors into the inclusion membrane, the inclusion membrane proteins (Incs). Incs are ideally positioned at the host-pathogen interface to reprogram host signaling by redirecting proteins or organelles to the inclusion. Using a combination of co-affinity purification, immunofluorescence confocal imaging, and proteomics, we characterize the interaction between an early-expressed Inc of unknown function, Tri1, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7). TRAF7 is a multi-domain protein with a RING finger ubiquitin ligase domain and a C-terminal WD40 domain. TRAF7 regulates several innate immune signaling pathways associated with C. trachomatis infection and is mutated in a subset of tumors. We demonstrate that Tri1 and TRAF7 specifically interact during infection and that TRAF7 is recruited to the inclusion. We further show that the predicted coiled-coil domain of Tri1 is necessary to interact with the TRAF7 WD40 domain. Finally, we demonstrate that Tri1 displaces the native TRAF7 binding partners, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MEKK2), and MEKK3. Together, our results suggest that by displacing TRAF7 native binding partners, Tri1 has the capacity to alter TRAF7 signaling during C. trachomatis infection.IMPORTANCEChlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in the USA and preventable blindness worldwide. Although easily treated with antibiotics, the vast majority of infections are asymptomatic and therefore go untreated, leading to infertility and blindness. This obligate intracellular pathogen evades the immune response, which contributes to these outcomes. Here, we characterize the interaction between a C. trachomatis-secreted effector, Tri1, and a host protein involved in innate immune signaling, TRAF7. We identified host proteins that bind to TRAF7 and demonstrated that Tri1 can displace these proteins upon binding to TRAF7. Remarkably, the region of TRAF7 to which these host proteins bind is often mutated in a subset of human tumors. Our work suggests a mechanism by which Tri1 may alter TRAF7 signaling and has implications not only in the pathogenesis of C. trachomatis infections but also in understanding the role of TRAF7 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M. Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eleanor McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica Sherry
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Khavong Pha
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kathleen Adams-Boone
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Meredith Stevers
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Solomon
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cherilyn Elwell
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joanne Engel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Herrera CM, McMahon E, Swaney DL, Sherry J, Pha K, Adams-Boone K, Johnson JR, Krogan NJ, Stevers M, Solomon D, Elwell C, Engel J. The Chlamydia trachomatis Inc Tri1 interacts with TRAF7 to displace native TRAF7 interacting partners. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.581999. [PMID: 38464023 PMCID: PMC10925117 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.581999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in the US and of preventable blindness worldwide. This obligate intracellular pathogen replicates within a membrane-bound inclusion, but how it acquires nutrients from the host while avoiding detection by the innate immune system is incompletely understood. C. trachomatis accomplishes this in part through the translocation of a unique set of effectors into the inclusion membrane, the inc lusion membrane proteins (Incs). Incs are ideally positioned at the host-pathogen interface to reprogram host signaling by redirecting proteins or organelles to the inclusion. Using a combination of co-affinity purification, immunofluorescence confocal imaging, and proteomics, we characterize the interaction between an early-expressed Inc of unknown function, Tri1, and tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 7 (TRAF7). TRAF7 is a multi-domain protein with a RING finger ubiquitin ligase domain and a C-terminal WD40 domain. TRAF7 regulates several innate immune signaling pathways associated with C. trachomatis infection and is mutated in a subset of tumors. We demonstrate that Tri1 and TRAF7 specifically interact during infection and that TRAF7 is recruited to the inclusion. We further show that the predicted coiled-coil domain of Tri1 is necessary to interact with the TRAF7 WD40 domain. Finally, we demonstrate that Tri1 displaces the native TRAF7 binding partners, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MEKK2) and MEKK3. Together, our results suggest that by displacing TRAF7 native binding partners, Tri1 has the capacity to alter TRAF7 signaling during C. trachomatis infection. Importance Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in the US and preventable blindness worldwide. Although easily treated with antibiotics, the vast majority of infections are asymptomatic and therefore go untreated, leading to infertility and blindness. This obligate intracellular pathogen evades the immune response, which contributes to these outcomes. Here, we characterize the interaction between a C. trachomatis secreted effector, Tri1, and a host protein involved in innate immune signaling, TRAF7. We identified host proteins that bind to TRAF7 and demonstrate that Tri1 can displace these proteins upon binding to TRAF7. Remarkably, the region of TRAF7 to which these host proteins bind is often mutated in a subset of human tumors. Our work suggests a mechanism by which Tri1 may alter TRAF7 signaling and has implications not only in the pathogenesis of C. trachomatis infections, but also in understanding the role of TRAF7 in cancer.
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Kulicke CA, Swarbrick GM, Ladd NA, Cansler M, Null M, Worley A, Lemon C, Ahmed T, Bennett J, Lust TN, Heisler CM, Huber ME, Krawic JR, Ankley LM, McBride SK, Tafesse FG, Olive AJ, Hildebrand WH, Lewinsohn DA, Adams EJ, Lewinsohn DM, Harriff MJ. Delivery of loaded MR1 monomer results in efficient ligand exchange to host MR1 and subsequent MR1T cell activation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:228. [PMID: 38402309 PMCID: PMC10894271 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
MR1-restricted T cells have been implicated in microbial infections, sterile inflammation, wound healing and cancer. Similar to other antigen presentation molecules, evidence supports multiple, complementary MR1 antigen presentation pathways. To investigate ligand exchange pathways for MR1, we used MR1 monomers and tetramers loaded with 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU) to deliver the antigen. Using MR1-deficient cells reconstituted with wild-type MR1 or MR1 molecules that cannot bind 5-OP-RU, we show that presentation of monomer-delivered 5-OP-RU is dependent on cellular MR1 and requires the transfer of ligand from the soluble molecule onto MR1 expressed by the antigen presenting cell. This mode of antigen delivery strengthens the evidence for post-ER ligand exchange pathways for MR1, which could represent an important avenue by which MR1 acquires antigens derived from endocytosed pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna A Kulicke
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Swarbrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nicole A Ladd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Meghan Cansler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Megan Null
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Aneta Worley
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Chance Lemon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tania Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Joshua Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Taylor N Lust
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Chelsea M Heisler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Megan E Huber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jason R Krawic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Laurisa M Ankley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Andrew J Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - William H Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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5
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Yu X, Xu Q, Chen W, Mai Z, Mo L, Su X, Ou J, Lan Y, Zheng H, Xue Y. Rhein inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infection by regulating pathogen-host cell. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1002029. [PMID: 36238249 PMCID: PMC9552556 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection increased rapidly as the primary available treatment of C. trachomatis infection being the use of antibiotics. However, the development of antibiotics resistant stain and other treatment failures are often observed in patients. Consequently, novel therapeutics are urgently required. Rhein is a monomer derivative of anthraquinone compounds with an anti-infection activity. This study investigated the effects of rhein on treating C. trachomatis infection. Rhein showed significant inhibitory effects on the growth of C. trachomatis in multiple serovars of C. trachomatis, including D, E, F and L1, and in various host cells, including HeLa, McCoy and Vero. Rhein could not directly inactivate C. trachomatis but could inhibit the growth of C. trachomatis by regulating pathogen-host cell interactions. Combined with azithromycin, the inhibitory effect of rehin was synergistic both in vitro and in vivo. Together these findings suggest that rhein could be developed for the treatment of C. trachomatis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhida Mai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Mo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangli Ou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinyuan Lan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heping Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Heping Zheng
| | - Yaohua Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, China,Yaohua Xue
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Shetty S, Kouskouti C, Schoen U, Evangelatos N, Vishwanath S, Satyamoorthy K, Kainer F, Brand A. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections in the era of genomic medicine. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1327-1339. [PMID: 34164797 PMCID: PMC8221097 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chlamydial genital infections constitute significant sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The often asymptomatic status of C. trachomatis (CT) infections leads to an increased burden on human reproductive health, especially in middle- and low-income settings. Early detection and management of these infections could play a decisive role in controlling this public health burden. The objective of this review is to provide an insight into the evolution of diagnostic methods for CT infections through the development of new molecular technologies, emphasizing on -omics' technologies and their significance as diagnostic tools both for effective patient management and control of disease transmission. METHODS Narrative review of the diagnostic methodologies of CT infections and the impact of the introduction of -omics' technologies on their diagnosis by review of the literature. RESULTS Various methodologies are discussed with respect to working principles, required specifications, advantages, and disadvantages. Implementing the most accurate methods in diagnosis is highlighted as the cornerstone in managing CT infections. CONCLUSION Diagnostics based on -omics' technologies are considered to be the most pertinent modalities in CT testing when compared to other available methods. There is a need to modify these effective and accurate diagnostic tools in order to render them more available and feasible in all settings, especially aiming on turning them to rapid point-of-care tests for effective patient management and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Shetty
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
- United Nations University - Maastricht Economics and Social Research Institute On Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, 6211, AX, The Netherlands.
- Manipal Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Christina Kouskouti
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Klinik Hallerwiese, St. Johannis-Muhlgasse 19, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mt. Sinai Hospital University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Uwe Schoen
- BioMedHeliX (Pty) Ltd., 3 Conifer Road, Cape Town, 8005, South Africa
| | - Nikolaos Evangelatos
- United Nations University - Maastricht Economics and Social Research Institute On Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, 6211, AX, The Netherlands
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dr. TMA Pai Endowment Chair in Research Policy in Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Prasanna School of Public Health (PSPH), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashidhar Vishwanath
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Franz Kainer
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Klinik Hallerwiese, St. Johannis-Muhlgasse 19, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Angela Brand
- United Nations University - Maastricht Economics and Social Research Institute On Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, 6211, AX, The Netherlands
- Dr. TMA Pai Endowment Chair in Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
- Department of International Health, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229, GT, The Netherlands
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Yang X, Siddique A, Khan AA, Wang Q, Malik A, Jan AT, Rudayni HA, Chaudhary AA, Khan S. Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Their potential implication in the Etiology of Cervical Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:4891-4900. [PMID: 34234859 PMCID: PMC8247366 DOI: 10.7150/jca.58582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacterial strains can alter the normal function of cells and induce different levels of inflammatory responses that are connected to the development of different diseases, such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, cancer etc. Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is an intracellular obligate gram-negative bacterium which has been connected with the cervical cancer etiology. Nevertheless, establishment of causality and the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis of cervical cancer associated with C. trachomatis remain unclear. Studies reveal the existence of C. trachomatis in cervical cancer patients. The DNA repair pathways including mismatch repair, nucleotide excision, and base excision are vital in the abatement of accumulated mutations that can direct to the process of carcinogenesis. C. trachomatis recruits DDR proteins away from sites of DNA damage and, in this way, impedes the DDR. Therefore, by disturbing host cell-cycle control, chromatin and DDR repair, C. trachomatis makes a situation favorable for malignant transformation. Inflammation originated due to infection directs over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative DNA damage. This review may aid our current understanding of the etiology of cervical cancer in C. trachomatis-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Yang
- Department of Nursing, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 271199, China
| | - Anam Siddique
- Department of Biosciences, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar 251001, India
| | - Abdul Arif Khan
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Fifth People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185236, India
| | - Hassan Ahmed Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar 251001, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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8
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Khan AA, A Abuderman A, Ashraf MT, Khan Z. Protein-protein interactions of HPV- Chlamydia trachomatis-human and their potential in cervical cancer. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:509-520. [PMID: 32476479 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: HPV is an important cause of cervical cancer, but Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is suspiciously involved in this disease ranging from direct to its involvement as a cofactor with HPV. We performed this study to understand the interaction of HPV and C. trachomatis with humans and its contribution to cervical cancer. Materials & methods: Host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen protein-protein interaction maps of HPV/CT/human were prepared and compared to analyze interactions during single/coinfection of C. trachomatis and HPV. The interacting human proteins were detected by their involvement in cervical cancer. Results: C. trachomatis may interact with several cancer associated proteins while HPV and C. trachomatis largely interact with different human proteins, suggesting different pathogenesis. Conclusion: C. trachomatis coinfection with HPV may modulate cervical cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Arif Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, PO Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab A Abuderman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Tashfeen Ashraf
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Baverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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9
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Sah P, Nelson NH, Shaw JH, Lutter EI. Chlamydia trachomatis recruits protein kinase C during infection. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5606786. [PMID: 31647538 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a significant pathogen with global and economic impact. As an obligate intracellular pathogen, C. trachomatis resides inside the inclusion, a parasitophorous vacuole, and depends on the host cell for survival and transition through a biphasic development cycle. During infection, C. trachomatis is known to manipulate multiple signaling pathways and recruit an assortment of host proteins to the inclusion membrane, including host kinases. Here, we show recruitment of multiple isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) including active phosphorylated PKC isoforms to the chlamydial inclusion colocalizing with active Src family kinases. Pharmacological inhibition of PKC led to a modest reduction of infectious progeny production. PKC phosphorylated substrates were seen recruited to the entire periphery of the inclusion membrane. Infected whole cell lysates showed altered PKC phosphorylation of substrates during the course of infection. Assessment of different chlamydial species showed recruitment of PKC and PKC phosphorylated substrates were limited to C. trachomatis. Taken together, PKC and PKC substrate recruitment may provide significant insights into how C. trachomatis manipulates multiple host signaling cascades during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Sah
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 307 Life Science East, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Nicholas H Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 307 Life Science East, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer H Shaw
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, South Georgia, 2050 Tallokas Road, Moultrie, GA 31768, USA
| | - Erika I Lutter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 307 Life Science East, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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10
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Lin Y, Ali Abuderman AW, Aldakheel FM, Ahmad M. Bioinformatics approach to understand the mode of microbial pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis and their implications in gynecologic malignancy. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 140:103127. [PMID: 32311665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis has a say on the target gene i.e., modulating the expression of target gene in the host so that it is given protection from the immune cells and so its survival and replication are not arrested by the host. The current study reports a wide range of C. trachomatis proteins that target the cellular as well as sub-cellular components of the host in gynecologic malignancy. Various bioinformatics tools was used to conduct an in-depth analysis on nuclear and eukaryotic sub cellular localization signal to find the sequences of the predicted proteins of C. trachomatis strain G. A total of 411 proteins was identified with 79.54% maximum expected accuracy and 51.02% least expected accuracy. There were uneven prediction of proteins along with redundancies between BaCeILo and HSLpred in the determination of sub-cellular localization of the CT proteins. The highest molecular weight proteins (>80 kDa) were observed to be the targeted proteins to nucleus of host cell. There was no constant patterns observed in the values of isoelectric point (pI) in case of mitochondrial targeting. The expression of eight proteins were significant with different fold changes. The in-silico study provided much detailed insights for further research in gynecological cancer. However, further experiments should be conducted to validate the specificity and confirmatory roles played by these predicted proteins in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Lin
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Zhangzhou Health Vocational College, Synergistic innovation center of transformation medical testing application technology of Zhangzhou Health Vocational College (TMTSIC), Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Abdul Wahab Ali Abuderman
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahad M Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- Medical Surgical Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, P.O. Box 642, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Zadora PK, Chumduri C, Imami K, Berger H, Mi Y, Selbach M, Meyer TF, Gurumurthy RK. Integrated Phosphoproteome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Chlamydia-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Host Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1286-1302.e8. [PMID: 30699355 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr) causes a range of infectious diseases and is epidemiologically associated with cervical and ovarian cancers. To obtain a panoramic view of Ctr-induced signaling, we performed global phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic analyses. We identified numerous Ctr phosphoproteins and Ctr-regulated host phosphoproteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these proteins were predominantly related to transcription regulation, cellular growth, proliferation, and cytoskeleton organization. In silico kinase substrate motif analysis revealed that MAPK and CDK were the most overrepresented upstream kinases for upregulated phosphosites. Several of the regulated host phosphoproteins were transcription factors, including ETS1 and ERF, that are downstream targets of MAPK. Functional analysis of phosphoproteome and transcriptome data confirmed their involvement in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a phenotype that was validated in infected cells, along with the essential role of ERK1/2, ETS1, and ERF for Ctr replication. Our data reveal the extent of Ctr-induced signaling and provide insights into its pro-carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K Zadora
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cindrilla Chumduri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Koshi Imami
- Proteome Dynamics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilmar Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Mi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Proteome Dynamics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Cheok YY, Lee CYQ, Cheong HC, Looi CY, Wong WF. Chronic Inflammatory Diseases at Secondary Sites Ensuing Urogenital or Pulmonary Chlamydia Infections. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010127. [PMID: 31963395 PMCID: PMC7022716 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae are members of the Chlamydiaceae family of obligate intracellular bacteria. The former causes diseases predominantly at the mucosal epithelial layer of the urogenital or eye, leading to pelvic inflammatory diseases or blindness; while the latter is a major causative agent for pulmonary infection. On top of these well-described diseases at the respective primary infection sites, Chlamydia are notoriously known to migrate and cause pathologies at remote sites of a host. One such example is the sexually acquired reactive arthritis that often occurs at few weeks after genital C. trachomatis infection. C. pneumoniae, on the other hand, has been implicated in an extensive list of chronic inflammatory diseases which include atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, asthma, and primary biliary cirrhosis. This review summarizes the Chlamydia infection associated diseases at the secondary sites of infection, and describes the potential mechanisms involved in the disease migration and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (C.Y.Q.L.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Chalystha Yie Qin Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (C.Y.Q.L.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (C.Y.Q.L.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (C.Y.Q.L.); (H.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-7967-6672
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13
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Fuchs G, Dianova E, Patel S, Kamanda S, Verma RP. Sirenomelia and maternal chlamydia trachomatis infection: a case report and review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2019; 38:524-533. [PMID: 31213098 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1627623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sirenomelia is a lethal congenital anomaly, presenting with fusion of lower extremities and malformed perineum. The pathogenesis is unclear, and "defective blastogenesis" is the proposed mechanism. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is an obligate intracellular pathogen which reportedly invades placenta and may result in fetal demise. It has documented cytopathogenic effects, specifically, cellular disruption, tissue dysgenesis, and genomic instability.Case report: An infant with sirenomelia was born as a product of 30 weeks of pregnancy, which was normal except for a persistent maternal CT infection. The infant expired shortly after birth.Conclusion: Fetal invasion by CT, conceivably, may induce structural anomalies, such as sirenomelia by virtue of its cytopathic effects. We intend to draw attention to such a possibility by reporting this case. This association, however, is speculative and more cases of sirenomelia with CT positive mothers need to be described in order to make definite conclusions about such a relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunny Patel
- Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY, USA
| | - Sonia Kamanda
- Cohen Children Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
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14
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Chlamydia and Its Many Ways of Escaping the Host Immune System. J Pathog 2019; 2019:8604958. [PMID: 31467721 PMCID: PMC6699355 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8604958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of new cases of Chlamydia infection worldwide may be attributed to the pathogen's ability to evade various host immune responses. Summarized here are means of evasion utilized by Chlamydia enabling survival in a hostile host environment. The pathogen's persistence involves a myriad of molecular interactions manifested in a variety of ways, e.g., formation of membranous intracytoplasmic inclusions and cytokine-induced amino acid synthesis, paralysis of phagocytic neutrophils, evasion of phagocytosis, inhibition of host cell apoptosis, suppression of antigen presentation, and induced expression of a check point inhibitor of programmed host cell death. Future studies could focus on the targeting of these molecules associated with immune evasion, thus limiting the spread and tissue damage caused by this pathogen.
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15
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Chlamydiaceae: Diseases in Primary Hosts and Zoonosis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050146. [PMID: 31137741 PMCID: PMC6560403 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the Chlamydiaceae family are a type of Gram-negative microorganism typified by their obligate intracellular lifestyle. The majority of the members in the Chlamydiaceae family are known pathogenic organisms that primarily infect the host mucosal surfaces in both humans and animals. For instance, Chlamydia trachomatis is a well-known etiological agent for ocular and genital sexually transmitted diseases, while C. pneumoniae has been implicated in community-acquired pneumonia in humans. Other chlamydial species such as C. abortus, C. caviae, C. felis, C. muridarum, C. pecorum, and C. psittaci are important pathogens that are associated with high morbidities in animals. Importantly, some of these animal pathogens have been recognized as zoonotic agents that pose a significant infectious threat to human health through cross-over transmission. The current review provides a succinct recapitulation of the characteristics as well as transmission for the previously established members of the Chlamydiaceae family and a number of other recently described chlamydial organisms.
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16
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Tietzel I, Quayle AJ, Carabeo RA. Alternatively Activated Macrophages Are Host Cells for Chlamydia trachomatis and Reverse Anti-chlamydial Classically Activated Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:919. [PMID: 31134002 PMCID: PMC6524708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr) is the causative agent of the most common form of sexually transmitted disease in the United States. Genital infections with C. trachomatis can lead to inflammatory tissue damage followed by scarring and tissue remodeling during wound healing. Extensive scarring can lead to ectopic pregnancy or infertility. Classically activated macrophages (CA mϕ), with their anti-microbial effector mechanisms, are known to be involved in acute inflammatory processes during the course of infection. In contrast, alternatively activated macrophages (AA mϕ) contribute to tissue repair at sites of wound healing, and have reduced bactericidal functions. They are present during infection, and thus potentially can provide a growth niche for C. trachomatis during a course of infection. To address this question, macrophages derived from CD14-positive monocytes magnetically isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were treated with interferon-γ or interleukin-4 to produce CA mϕ or AA mϕ, respectively. Confocal microscopy of chlamydial inclusions and quantification of infectious yields revealed better pathogen growth and development in AA mϕ than CA mϕ, which correlated with the reduced expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, a known anti-chlamydial effector of the host. Furthermore, AA mϕ stained strongly for transferrin receptor and secreted higher amounts of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 compared to CA mϕ, characteristics that indicate its suitability as host to C. trachomatis. CA, AA, and resting mϕ were infected with Ctr serovar L2. The data suggest that IL-10 produced by infected AA mϕ attenuated the anti-chlamydial function of CA mϕ with growth recovery observed in infected CA mϕ in the presence of infected, but not mock-infected AA mϕ. This could be related to our observation that IL-10 treatment of infected CA mϕ promoted better chlamydial growth. Thus, in addition to serving as an additional niche, AA mϕ might also serve as a means to modulate the immediate environment by attenuating the anti-chlamydial functions of nearby CA mϕ in a manner that could involve IL-10 produced by infected AA mϕ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illya Tietzel
- Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Alison J Quayle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rey A Carabeo
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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17
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Ohmer M, Tzivelekidis T, Niedenführ N, Volceanov-Hahn L, Barth S, Vier J, Börries M, Busch H, Kook L, Biniossek ML, Schilling O, Kirschnek S, Häcker G. Infection of HeLa cells with Chlamydia trachomatis inhibits protein synthesis and causes multiple changes to host cell pathways. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e12993. [PMID: 30551267 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis replicates in a cytosolic vacuole in human epithelial cells. Infection of human cells with C. trachomatis causes substantial changes to many host cell-signalling pathways, but the molecular basis of such influence is not well understood. Studies of gene transcription of the infected cell have shown altered transcription of many host cell genes, indicating a transcriptional response of the host cell to the infection. We here describe that infection of HeLa cells with C. trachomatis as well as infection of murine cells with Chlamydia muridarum substantially inhibits protein synthesis of the infected host cell. This inhibition was accompanied by changes to the ribosomal profile of the infected cell indicative of a block of translation initiation, most likely as part of a stress response. The Chlamydia protease-like activity factor (CPAF) also reduced protein synthesis in uninfected cells, although CPAF-deficient C. trachomatis showed no defect in this respect. Analysis of polysomal mRNA as a proxy of actively transcribed mRNA identified a number of biological processes differentially affected by chlamydial infection. Mapping of differentially regulated genes onto a protein interaction network identified nodes of up- and down-regulated networks during chlamydial infection. Proteomic analysis of protein synthesis further suggested translational regulation of host cell functions by chlamydial infection. These results demonstrate reprogramming of the host cell during chlamydial infection through the alteration of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Ohmer
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tina Tzivelekidis
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nora Niedenführ
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Larisa Volceanov-Hahn
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Barth
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Vier
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Börries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Luebeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology; Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lucas Kook
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kirschnek
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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18
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CPAF, HSP60 and MOMP antigens elicit pro-inflammatory cytokines production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from genital Chlamydia trachomatis-infected patients. Immunobiology 2018; 224:34-41. [PMID: 30477893 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent inflammation caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in the female genital compartment represents one of the major causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy and infertility in females. Here, we examined the pro-inflammatory cytokine response following stimulation with three different types of C. trachomatis antigens, viz. chlamydial protease-like factor (CPAF), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and major outer membrane protein (MOMP). METHODS A total of 19 patients with genital C. trachomatis infection and 10 age-matched healthy controls were recruited for the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from genital C. trachomatis-infected females were cultured in the presence of CPAF, HSP60 and MOMP antigens, and cytokines were measured by ELISA assay. RESULTS We reported that pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were robustly secreted following antigenic exposure. Notably, CPAP and MOMP were more potent in triggering IL-1β, as compared to HSP60. Elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines were also noted in the samples infected with plasmid-bearing C. trachomatis as compared to those infected with plasmid-free strains. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights distinct ability of chlamydial antigens in triggering pro-inflammatory response in the host immune cells.
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19
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Wang X, Hybiske K, Stephens RS. Orchestration of the mammalian host cell glucose transporter proteins-1 and 3 by Chlamydia contributes to intracellular growth and infectivity. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:4411801. [PMID: 29040458 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia are gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria that replicate within a discrete cellular vacuole, called an inclusion. Although it is known that Chlamydia require essential nutrients from host cells to support their intracellular growth, the molecular mechanisms for acquiring these macromolecules remain uncharacterized. In the present study, it was found that the expression of mammalian cell glucose transporter proteins 1 (GLUT1) and glucose transporter proteins 3 (GLUT3) were up-regulated during chlamydial infection. Up-regulation was dependent on bacterial protein synthesis and Chlamydia-induced MAPK kinase activation. GLUT1, but not GLUT3, was observed in close proximity to the inclusion membrane throughout the chlamydial developmental cycle. The proximity of GLUT1 to the inclusion was dependent on a brefeldin A-sensitive pathway. Knockdown of GLUT1 and GLUT3 with specific siRNA significantly impaired chlamydial development and infectivity. It was discovered that the GLUT1 protein was stabilized during infection by inhibition of host-dependent ubiquitination of GLUT1, and this effect was associated with the chlamydial deubiquitinase effector protein CT868. This report demonstrates that Chlamydia exploits host-derived transporter proteins altering their expression, turnover and localization. Consequently, host cell transporter proteins are manipulated during infection as a transport system to fulfill the carbon source requirements for Chlamydia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Program in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 51 Koshland Hall, CA 94720, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Hybiske
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Richard S Stephens
- Program in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 51 Koshland Hall, CA 94720, USA
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20
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Malet JK, Impens F, Carvalho F, Hamon MA, Cossart P, Ribet D. Rapid Remodeling of the Host Epithelial Cell Proteome by the Listeriolysin O (LLO) Pore-forming Toxin. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1627-1636. [PMID: 29752379 PMCID: PMC6072537 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens use various strategies to interfere with host cell functions. Among these strategies, bacteria modulate host gene transcription, thereby modifying the set of proteins synthetized by the infected cell. Bacteria can also target pre-existing host proteins and modulate their post-translational modifications or trigger their degradation. Analysis of protein levels variations in host cells during infection allows to integrate both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations induced by pathogens. Here, we focused on host proteome alterations induced by the toxin Listeriolysin O (LLO), secreted by the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. We showed that a short-term treatment with LLO remodels the host cell proteome by specifically decreasing the abundance of 149 proteins. The same decrease in host protein levels was observed in different epithelial cell lines but not in macrophages. We show in particular that this proteome remodeling affects several ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like ligases and that LLO leads to major changes in the host ubiquitylome. Strikingly, this toxin-induced proteome remodeling involves only post-transcriptional regulations, as no modification in the transcription levels of the corresponding genes was observed. In addition, we could show that Perfringolysin O, another bacterial pore-forming toxin similar to LLO, also induces host proteome changes. Taken together, our data reveal that different bacterial pore-forming toxins induce important host proteome remodeling, that may impair epithelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Karim Malet
- From the ‡Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, F-75015 Paris, France.,§INSERM, U604, F-75015 Paris, France.,¶INRA, USC2020, F-75015 Paris, France.,‖University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Francis Impens
- **VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,‡‡Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,§§VIB Proteomics Core, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filipe Carvalho
- From the ‡Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, F-75015 Paris, France.,§INSERM, U604, F-75015 Paris, France.,¶INRA, USC2020, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Pascale Cossart
- From the ‡Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, F-75015 Paris, France; .,§INSERM, U604, F-75015 Paris, France.,¶INRA, USC2020, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - David Ribet
- From the ‡Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, F-75015 Paris, France; .,§INSERM, U604, F-75015 Paris, France.,¶INRA, USC2020, F-75015 Paris, France
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21
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Soupene E, Kuypers FA. Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase CT699, lysophospholipid acyltransferase CT775, and acyl-ACP synthase CT776 provide membrane lipid diversity to Chlamydia trachomatis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15767. [PMID: 29150677 PMCID: PMC5693948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo lipid synthesis and scavenging of fatty acids (FA) are processes essential for the formation of the membrane of the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.). Host FA are assimilated via esterification by the bacterial acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase AasC but inhibitors of the host acyl-CoA synthetase enymes ACSL also impaired growth of C.t. in human cells. In E. coli, activity of AasC was sensitive to triacsin C and rosiglitazone G. The absence of a triacsin C-insensitive pathway and the increased inhibition by rosiglitazone G confirmed the sensitivity of the bacterial acyl-ACP synthase to these drugs in infected human cells. We found no evidence that the human ACSL enzymes are required for lipid formation by C.t. The broad substrate specificity of acyltransferase CT775 provides C.t. with the capacity to incorporate straight-chain and bacterial specific branched-chain fatty acids. CT775 accepts both acyl-ACP and acyl-CoA as acyl donors and, 1- or 2-acyl isomers of lysophosphoplipids as acyl acceptors. The enzyme responsible for remodeling of human phosphatidylserine to bacterial phosphatidylethanolamine was identified as CT699. These findings provide evidence that the pathogen has the ability to extend the lipid diversity of its membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Soupene
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | - Frans A Kuypers
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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22
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Al-Zeer MA, Xavier A, Abu Lubad M, Sigulla J, Kessler M, Hurwitz R, Meyer TF. Chlamydia trachomatis Prevents Apoptosis Via Activation of PDPK1-MYC and Enhanced Mitochondrial Binding of Hexokinase II. EBioMedicine 2017; 23:100-110. [PMID: 28803120 PMCID: PMC5605330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular human bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis pursues effective strategies to protect infected cells against death-inducing stimuli. Here, we show that Chlamydia trachomatis infection evokes 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1) signaling to ensure the completion of its developmental cycle, further leading to the phosphorylation and stabilization of MYC. Using biochemical approaches and imaging we demonstrate that Chlamydia-induced PDPK1-MYC signaling induces host hexokinase II (HKII), which becomes enriched and translocated to the mitochondria. Strikingly, preventing the HKII interaction with mitochondria using exogenous peptides triggers apoptosis of infected cells as does inhibiting either PDPK1 or MYC, which also disrupts intracellular development of Chlamydia trachomatis. These findings identify a previously unknown pathway activated by Chlamydia infection, which exhibits pro-carcinogenic features. Targeting the PDPK1-MYC-HKII-axis may provide a strategy to overcome therapeutic resistance of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir A Al-Zeer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Audrey Xavier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; The Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad Abu Lubad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Mu'tah University, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Janine Sigulla
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Hurwitz
- Protein Purification Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Häcker G. The role of septins in infections with vacuole-dwelling intracellular bacteria. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:25-31. [PMID: 28784332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Septins are a relatively little understood group of GTPases that form large assemblies in cells from all eukaryotes other than plants. Septins were first identified in cell division but have also been implicated in microbial infections. Septins often associate with cytoskeletal proteins - most often described for filamentous (F-) actin - and are considered cytoskeletal components themselves. Septins have increasingly been found to partake in processes that are linked to intracellular membranes, from mitochondria to phagosomes, and evidence is accumulating that septins specifically bind to membranes. Since a number of microorganisms have specialized to live and grow inside membranous vacuoles in the cytosol of mammalian cells, this membrane-association of septins suggests that septins may also be involved in the membranous, vacuolar structures that develop around these microbes. However, data are limited on this issue: septins have been identified by proteome analysis on some microbe-bearing vacuoles, but more extensive experimental data are only available for infections with the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. In this review article I will discuss the available data and speculate about the mechanisms of recruitment and potential functions of septins for vacuole-dwelling microorganisms, which may be peculiar to Chlamydia or may pertain more generally to this class of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
Chlamydia spp. are important causes of human disease for which no effective vaccine exists. These obligate intracellular pathogens replicate in a specialized membrane compartment and use a large arsenal of secreted effectors to survive in the hostile intracellular environment of the host. In this Review, we summarize the progress in decoding the interactions between Chlamydia spp. and their hosts that has been made possible by recent technological advances in chlamydial proteomics and genetics. The field is now poised to decipher the molecular mechanisms that underlie the intimate interactions between Chlamydia spp. and their hosts, which will open up many exciting avenues of research for these medically important pathogens.
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25
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Tan GMY, Lim HJ, Yeow TC, Movahed E, Looi CY, Gupta R, Arulanandam BP, Abu Bakar S, Sabet NS, Chang LY, Wong WF. Temporal proteomic profiling of Chlamydia trachomatis-infected HeLa-229 human cervical epithelial cells. Proteomics 2016; 16:1347-60. [PMID: 27134121 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading causative agent of bacterial sexually transmitted infections worldwide which can lead to female pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. A greater understanding of host response during chlamydial infection is essential to design intervention technique to reduce the increasing incidence rate of genital chlamydial infection. In this study, we investigated proteome changes in epithelial cells during C. trachomatis infection by using an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling technique coupled with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(3) ) analysis. C. trachomatis (serovar D, MOI 1)-infected HeLa-229 human cervical carcinoma epithelial cells (at 2, 4 and 8 h) showed profound modifications of proteome profile which involved 606 host proteins. MGST1, SUGP2 and ATXN10 were among the top in the list of the differentially upregulated protein. Through pathway analysis, we suggested the involvement of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in host cells upon C. trachomatis infection. Network analysis underscored the participation of DNA repair mechanism during C. trachomatis infection. In summary, intense modifications of proteome profile in C. trachomatis-infected HeLa-229 cells indicate complex host-pathogen interactions at early phase of chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Min Yi Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui Jing Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tee Cian Yeow
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elaheh Movahed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rishein Gupta
- Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, South Texas Center For Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Bernard P Arulanandam
- Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, South Texas Center For Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sazaly Abu Bakar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Li-Yen Chang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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26
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Fischer A, Rudel T. Subversion of Cell-Autonomous Host Defense by Chlamydia Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 412:81-106. [PMID: 27169422 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obligate intracellular bacteria entirely depend on the metabolites of their host cell for survival and generation of progeny. Due to their lifestyle inside a eukaryotic cell and the lack of any extracellular niche, they have to perfectly adapt to compartmentalized intracellular environment of the host cell and counteract the numerous defense strategies intrinsically present in all eukaryotic cells. This so-called cell-autonomous defense is present in all cell types encountering Chlamydia infection and is in addition closely linked to the cellular innate immune defense of the mammalian host. Cell type and chlamydial species-restricted mechanisms point a long-term evolutionary adaptation that builds the basis of the currently observed host and cell-type tropism among different Chlamydia species. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the strategies pathogenic Chlamydia species have developed to subvert and overcome the multiple mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells defend themselves against intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology and Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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27
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Messinger JE, Nelton E, Feeney C, Gondek DC. Chlamydia Infection Across Host Species Boundaries Promotes Distinct Sets of Transcribed Anti-Apoptotic Factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:96. [PMID: 26779446 PMCID: PMC4688367 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae, obligate intracellular bacteria, cause significant human and veterinary associated diseases. Having emerged an estimated 700-million years ago, these bacteria have twice adapted to humans as a host species, causing sexually transmitted infection (C. trachomatis) and respiratory associated disease (C. pneumoniae). The principle mechanism of host cell defense against these intracellular bacteria is the induction of cell death via apoptosis. However, in the "arms race" of co-evolution, Chlamydiae have developed mechanisms to promote cell viability and inhibit cell death. Herein we examine the impact of Chlamydiae infection across multiple host species on transcription of anti-apoptotic genes. We found mostly distinct patterns of gene expression (Mcl1 and cIAPs) elicited by each pathogen-host pair indicating Chlamydiae infection across host species boundaries does not induce a universally shared host response. Understanding species specific host-pathogen interactions is paramount to deciphering how potential pathogens become emerging diseases.
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28
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Enhanced Direct Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Self-Antigen Presentation Induced by Chlamydia Infection. Infect Immun 2015; 84:480-90. [PMID: 26597986 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01254-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation pathway ensures intracellular peptides are displayed at the cellular surface for recognition of infected or transformed cells by CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Chlamydia spp. are obligate intracellular bacteria and, as such, should be targeted by CD8(+) T cells. It is likely that Chlamydia spp. have evolved mechanisms to avoid the CD8(+) killer T cell responses by interfering with MHC class I antigen presentation. Using a model system of self-peptide presentation which allows for posttranslational control of the model protein's stability, we tested the ability of various Chlamydia species to alter direct MHC class I antigen presentation. Infection of the JY lymphoblastoid cell line limited the accumulation of a model host protein and increased presentation of the model-protein-derived peptides. Enhanced self-peptide presentation was detected only when presentation was restricted to defective ribosomal products, or DRiPs, and total MHC class I levels remained unaltered. Skewed antigen presentation was dependent on a bacterial synthesized component, as evidenced by reversal of the observed phenotype upon preventing bacterial transcription, translation, and the inhibition of bacterial lipooligosaccharide synthesis. These data suggest that Chlamydia spp. have evolved to alter the host antigen presentation machinery to favor presentation of defective and rapidly degraded forms of self-antigen, possibly as a mechanism to diminish the presentation of peptides derived from bacterial proteins.
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29
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Mirrashidi KM, Elwell CA, Verschueren E, Johnson JR, Frando A, Von Dollen J, Rosenberg O, Gulbahce N, Jang G, Johnson T, Jäger S, Gopalakrishnan AM, Sherry J, Dunn JD, Olive A, Penn B, Shales M, Cox JS, Starnbach MN, Derre I, Valdivia R, Krogan NJ, Engel J. Global Mapping of the Inc-Human Interactome Reveals that Retromer Restricts Chlamydia Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:109-21. [PMID: 26118995 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a leading cause of genital and ocular infections for which no vaccine exists. Upon entry into host cells, C. trachomatis resides within a membrane-bound compartment—the inclusion—and secretes inclusion membrane proteins (Incs) that are thought to modulate the host-bacterium interface. To expand our understanding of Inc function(s), we subjected putative C. trachomatis Incs to affinity purification-mass spectroscopy (AP-MS). We identified Inc-human interactions for 38/58 Incs with enrichment in host processes consistent with Chlamydia's intracellular life cycle. There is significant overlap between Inc targets and viral proteins, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms among obligate intracellular microbes. IncE binds to sorting nexins (SNXs) 5/6, components of the retromer, which relocalizes SNX5/6 to the inclusion membrane and augments inclusion membrane tubulation. Depletion of retromer components enhances progeny production, revealing that retromer restricts Chlamydia infection. This study demonstrates the value of proteomics in unveiling host-pathogen interactions in genetically challenging microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Mirrashidi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cherilyn A Elwell
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Erik Verschueren
- QB3, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- QB3, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andrew Frando
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John Von Dollen
- QB3, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Oren Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Natali Gulbahce
- QB3, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Jang
- QB3, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tasha Johnson
- QB3, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stefanie Jäger
- QB3, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Jessica Sherry
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joe Dan Dunn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Olive
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bennett Penn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael Shales
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffery S Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Isabelle Derre
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Raphael Valdivia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- QB3, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94148, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Joanne Engel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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30
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Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Leads to Defined Alterations to the Lipid Droplet Proteome in Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124630. [PMID: 25909443 PMCID: PMC4409204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is a major human pathogen and a main cause of genital and ocular diseases. During its intracellular cycle, C. trachomatis replicates inside a membrane-bound vacuole termed an “inclusion”. Acquisition of lipids (and other nutrients) from the host cell is a critical step in chlamydial replication. Lipid droplets (LD) are ubiquitous, ER-derived neutral lipid-rich storage organelles surrounded by a phospholipids monolayer and associated proteins. Previous studies have shown that LDs accumulate at the periphery of, and eventually translocate into, the chlamydial inclusion. These observations point out to Chlamydia-mediated manipulation of LDs in infected cells, which may impact the function and thereby the protein composition of these organelles. By means of a label-free quantitative mass spectrometry approach we found that the LD proteome is modified in the context of C. trachomatis infection. We determined that LDs isolated from C. trachomatis-infected cells were enriched in proteins related to lipid metabolism, biosynthesis and LD-specific functions. Interestingly, consistent with the observation that LDs intimately associate with the inclusion, a subset of inclusion membrane proteins co-purified with LD protein extracts. Finally, genetic ablation of LDs negatively affected generation of C. trachomatis infectious progeny, consistent with a role for LD biogenesis in optimal chlamydial growth.
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31
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Subbarayal P, Karunakaran K, Winkler AC, Rother M, Gonzalez E, Meyer TF, Rudel T. EphrinA2 receptor (EphA2) is an invasion and intracellular signaling receptor for Chlamydia trachomatis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004846. [PMID: 25906164 PMCID: PMC4408118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis invades into host cells to replicate inside a membrane-bound vacuole called inclusion. Multiple different host proteins are recruited to the inclusion and are functionally modulated to support chlamydial development. Invaded and replicating Chlamydia induces a long-lasting activation of the PI3 kinase signaling pathway that is required for efficient replication. We identified the cell surface tyrosine kinase EphrinA2 receptor (EphA2) as a chlamydial adherence and invasion receptor that induces PI3 kinase (PI3K) activation, promoting chlamydial replication. Interfering with binding of C. trachomatis serovar L2 (Ctr) to EphA2, downregulation of EphA2 expression or inhibition of EphA2 activity significantly reduced Ctr infection. Ctr interacts with and activates EphA2 on the cell surface resulting in Ctr and receptor internalization. During chlamydial replication, EphA2 remains active accumulating around the inclusion and interacts with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K to support the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway that is required for normal chlamydial development. Overexpression of full length EphA2, but not the mutant form lacking the intracellular cytoplasmic domain, enhanced PI3K activation and Ctr infection. Despite the depletion of EphA2 from the cell surface, Ctr infection induces upregulation of EphA2 through the activation of the ERK pathway, which keeps the infected cell in an apoptosis-resistant state. The significance of EphA2 as an entry and intracellular signaling receptor was also observed with the urogenital C. trachomatis-serovar D. Our findings provide the first evidence for a host cell surface receptor that is exploited for invasion as well as for receptor-mediated intracellular signaling to facilitate chlamydial replication. In addition, the engagement of a cell surface receptor at the inclusion membrane is a new mechanism by which Chlamydia subverts the host cell and induces apoptosis resistance. Chlamydia trachomatis are major human pathogens causing ocular and sexually transmitted diseases with hundreds of millions of cases per year. Chlamydia replicate inside the host cell in a membrane bound vacuole called inclusion. The current concept on how Chlamydia communicates with the host cell during its replication is based on the identification of the host protein that interacts with Chlamydia. Here, we describe that C. trachomatis-serovar L2 and D use EphA2, a member of the largest class of human receptor tyrosine kinases, as an adherence and entry receptor that is endocytosed together with the bacteria. Cell surface EphA2 receptor is adopted by Chlamydia to function also at the inclusion to support growth and replication and to keep the infected cell in an apoptosis resistant state. Thus, we show that EphA2 is an undiscovered important surface and intracellular signaling receptor that is crucial for chlamydial infection and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema Subbarayal
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Karthika Karunakaran
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Winkler
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marion Rother
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Steinbeis Innovation gGmbH, Center for Systems Biomedicine, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Erik Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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AP-1 Transcription Factor Serves as a Molecular Switch between Chlamydia pneumoniae Replication and Persistence. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2651-60. [PMID: 25895972 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03083-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes acute or chronic respiratory infections. As obligate intracellular pathogens, chlamydiae efficiently manipulate host cell processes to ensure their intracellular development. Here we focused on the interaction of chlamydiae with the host cell transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) and its consequence on chlamydial development. During Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, the expression and activity of AP-1 family proteins c-Jun, c-Fos, and ATF-2 were regulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We observed that the c-Jun protein and its phosphorylation level significantly increased during C. pneumoniae development. Small interfering RNA knockdown of the c-Jun protein in HEp-2 cells reduced the chlamydial load, resulting in smaller inclusions and significantly lower chlamydial recovery. Furthermore, inhibition of the c-Jun-containing AP-1 complexes using tanshinone IIA changed the replicative infection phenotype into a persistent one. Tanshinone IIA-dependent persistence was characterized by smaller, aberrant inclusions, a strong decrease in the chlamydial load, and significantly reduced chlamydial recovery, as well as by the reversibility of the reduced recovery after the removal of tanshinone IIA. Interestingly, not only was tanshinone IIA treatment accompanied by a significant decrease of ATP levels, but fluorescence live cell imaging analysis by two-photon microscopy revealed that tanshinone IIA treatment also resulted in a decreased fluorescence lifetime of protein-bound NAD(P)H inside the chlamydial inclusion, indicating that chlamydial reticulate bodies have decreased metabolic activity. In all, these data demonstrate that the AP-1 transcription factor is involved in C. pneumoniae development, with tanshinone IIA treatment resulting in persistence.
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33
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Chlamydia infection depends on a functional MDM2-p53 axis. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5201. [PMID: 25392082 PMCID: PMC4243245 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia, a major human bacterial pathogen, assumes effective strategies to protect infected cells against death-inducing stimuli, thereby ensuring completion of its developmental cycle. Paired with its capacity to cause extensive host DNA damage, this poses a potential risk of malignant transformation, consistent with circumstantial epidemiological evidence. Here we reveal a dramatic depletion of p53, a tumor suppressor deregulated in many cancers, during Chlamydia infection. Using biochemical approaches and live imaging of individual cells, we demonstrate that p53 diminution requires phosphorylation of Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2; a ubiquitin ligase) and subsequent interaction of phospho-MDM2 with p53 before induced proteasomal degradation. Strikingly, inhibition of the p53-MDM2 interaction is sufficient to disrupt intracellular development of Chlamydia and interferes with the pathogen's anti-apoptotic effect on host cells. This highlights the dependency of the pathogen on a functional MDM2-p53 axis and lends support to a potentially pro-carcinogenic effect of chlamydial infection.
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