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Baeshen R. Swarming Behavior in Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato): Current Knowledge and Future Outlook. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:56-66. [PMID: 34617121 PMCID: PMC8755986 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Effective management of insect disease vectors requires a detailed understanding of their ecology and behavior. In Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (Diptera: Culicidae) mating occurs during swarming, but knowledge of their mating behavior under natural conditions is limited. Mosquitoes mate in flight over specific landmarks, known as swarm markers, at particular locations. Swarms consist of males; the females usually approach the swarm and depart following copulation. The number of mating pairs per swarm is closely associated with swarm size. The shape and height of swarm markers vary and may depend on the environmental conditions at the swarm's location. Male-male interactions in mosquito swarms with similar levels of attractive flight activity can offer a mating advantage to some individuals. Flight tone is used by mosquitoes to recognize the other sex and choose a desirable mate. Clarifying these and other aspects of mosquito reproductive behavior can facilitate the development of population control measures that target swarming sites. This review describes what is currently known about swarming behavior in Anopheles gambiae s.l., including swarm characteristics; mating within and outside of swarms, insemination in females, and factors affecting and stimulating swarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowida Baeshen
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Portet A, Toulza E, Lokmer A, Huot C, Duval D, Galinier R, Gourbal B. Experimental Infection of the Biomphalaria glabrata Vector Snail by Schistosoma mansoni Parasites Drives Snail Microbiota Dysbiosis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051084. [PMID: 34070104 PMCID: PMC8158356 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite interaction can result in a strong alteration of the host-associated microbiota. This dysbiosis can affect the fitness of the host; can modify pathogen interaction and the outcome of diseases. Biomphalaria glabrata is the snail intermediate host of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of human schistosomiasis, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. Here, we present the first study of the snail bacterial microbiota in response to Schistosoma infection. We examined the interplay between B. glabrata, S. mansoni and host microbiota. Snails were infected and the microbiota composition was analysed by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing approach. We demonstrated that the microbial composition of water did not affect the microbiota composition. Then, we characterised the Biomphalaria bacterial microbiota at the individual scale in both naive and infected snails. Sympatric and allopatric strains of parasites were used for infections and re-infections to analyse the modification or dysbiosis of snail microbiota in different host-parasite co-evolutionary contexts. Concomitantly, using RNAseq, we investigated the link between bacterial microbiota dysbiosis and snail anti-microbial peptide immune response. This work paves the way for a better understanding of snail/schistosome interaction and should have critical consequences in terms of snail control strategies for fighting schistosomiasis disease in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Portet
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Ana Lokmer
- Laboratory of Eco-Anthropology UMR 7206 CNRS-MNHN-Paris 7, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Camille Huot
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - David Duval
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Richard Galinier
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang G, Vega-Rodríguez J, Diabate A, Liu J, Cui C, Nignan C, Dong L, Li F, Ouedrago CO, Bandaogo AM, Sawadogo PS, Maiga H, Alves e Silva TL, Pascini TV, Wang S, Jacobs-Lorena M. Clock genes and environmental cues coordinate Anopheles pheromone synthesis, swarming, and mating. Science 2021; 371:411-415. [PMID: 33479155 PMCID: PMC9854397 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles mating is initiated by the swarming of males at dusk followed by females flying into the swarm. Here, we show that mosquito swarming and mating are coordinately guided by clock genes, light, and temperature. Transcriptome analysis shows up-regulation of the clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim) in the head of field-caught swarming Anopheles coluzzii males. Knockdown of per and tim expression affects Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles stephensi male mating in the laboratory, and it reduces male An. coluzzii swarming and mating under semifield conditions. Light and temperature affect mosquito mating, possibly by modulating per and/or tim expression. Moreover, the desaturase gene desat1 is up-regulated and rhythmically expressed in the heads of swarming males and regulates the production of cuticular hydrocarbons, including heptacosane, which stimulates mating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guandong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abdoulaye Diabate
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jingnan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlai Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Charles Nignan
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ling Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Hamidou Maiga
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Thiago Luiz Alves e Silva
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tales Vicari Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sibao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Corresponding author. (S.W.); (M.J.-L.)
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Corresponding author. (S.W.); (M.J.-L.)
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