1
|
Santos NAC, Martins MM, Andrade AO, Bastos AS, Pontual JDC, Araújo JE, Rocha ML, Medeiros JF, Araujo MS. Effects of Carbohydrate Intake on Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles deaneorum Fitness under Lab-Reared Conditions. Insects 2024; 15:240. [PMID: 38667370 PMCID: PMC11050594 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of a highly productive colony of anopheline mosquitoes requires standardized methods in order to obtain a sufficient number of homogeneous individuals for malaria research. In this context, nutritional status may affect survival, fecundity, and the capacity to support pathogen development. Here we assess the effects of carbohydrate sources on fecundity, survival, and susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax infection in colonies of Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles deaneorum mosquitoes. Newly emerged females from each species were fed either 10% sugar or 15% honey solutions until the end of each experiment. The type of carbohydrate meal did not impact any entomological parameters for An. deaneorum, except for survival. For both species, honey meal significantly increased median survival post-emergence by three to four days, probably due to its nutritional value. For An. darlingi fed with honey, a higher mean frequency in stage 5 was observed at 48 h post-blood-meal, which could indicate a delay in the digestion process. However, no effects on fecundity parameters were observed. Regarding susceptibility, An. darlingi fed with sugar exhibited a low intensity of sporozoites, although any negative effects of sucrose on sporozoites invasions in the salivary glands are unknown. Based on the increase in mosquito survival, a carbohydrate source composed of 15% honey solution could be better for maintaining An. darlingi and An. deaneorum in the lab-rearing context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najara A. C. Santos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Mirilene M. Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil;
| | - Alice O. Andrade
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S. Bastos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - José D. C. Pontual
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Jéssica E. Araújo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil;
| | - Marina L. Rocha
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais—PPGReN, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Jansen F. Medeiros
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil;
| | - Maisa S. Araujo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais—PPGReN, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional e Clínica, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical (CEPEM), Porto Velho 76812-329, RO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Degefa T, Yewhalaw D, Yan G. Methods of sampling malaria vectors and their reliability in estimating entomological indices in Africa. J Med Entomol 2024:tjae015. [PMID: 38394375 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In efforts to intensify malaria control through vector control and hasten the progress towards elimination, the impact of control interventions needs to be evaluated. This requires sampling vector population using appropriate trapping methods. The aim of this article is to critically review methods of sampling malaria vectors and their reliability in estimating entomological indicators of malaria transmission in Africa. The standard methods are human landing catch (HLC), pyrethrum spray catch, and pit shelter for sampling host-seeking, indoor resting, and outdoor resting malaria vectors, respectively. However, these methods also have drawbacks such as exposure of collectors to infective mosquito bites, sampling bias, and feasibility issue. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps placed beside human-occupied bed nets have been used as an alternative to the HLC for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors. Efforts have been made to evaluate the CDC light traps against HLC to generate a conversion factor in order to use them as a proxy estimator of human biting rate and entomological inoculation rates in Africa. However, a reproducible conversion factor was not found, indicating that the trapping efficiency of the CDC light traps varies between different geographical locations. Several other alternative traps have also been developed and evaluated in different settings but most of them require further standardization. Among these, human-baited double net trap/CDC light trap combination and mosquito electrocuting trap have the potential to replace the HLC for routine malaria vector surveillance. Further research is needed to optimize the alternative sampling methods and/or develop new surveillance tools based on vector behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teshome Degefa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krzywinska E, Ribeca P, Ferretti L, Hammond A, Krzywinski J. A novel factor modulating X chromosome dosage compensation in Anopheles. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4697-4703.e4. [PMID: 37774706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Dosage compensation (DC), a process countering chromosomal imbalance in individuals with heteromorphic sex chromosomes, has been molecularly characterized only in mammals, Caenorhabditis elegans, and fruit flies.1 In Drosophila melanogaster males, it is achieved by an approximately 2-fold hypertranscription of the monosomic X chromosome mediated by the MSL complex.2,3 The complex is not assembled on female X chromosomes because production of its key protein MSL-2 is prevented due to intron retention and inhibition of translation by Sex-lethal, a female-specific protein operating at the top of the sex determination pathway.4 It remains unclear how DC is mechanistically regulated in other insects. In the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, an approximately 2-fold hypertranscription of the male X also occurs5 by a yet-unknown molecular mechanism distinct from that in D. melanogaster.6 Here we show that a male-specifically spliced gene we call 007, which arose by a tandem duplication in the Anopheles ancestral lineage, is involved in the control of DC in males. Homozygous 007 knockouts lead to a global downregulation of the male X, phenotypically manifested by a slower development compared to wild-type mosquitoes or mutant females-however, without loss of viability or fertility. In females, a 007 intron retention promoted by the sex determination protein Femaleless, known to prevent hypertranscription from both X chromosomes,7 introduces a premature termination codon apparently rendering the female transcripts non-productive. In addition to providing a unique perspective on DC evolution, the 007, with its conserved properties, may represent an important addition to a genetic toolbox for malaria vector control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Andrew Hammond
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Biocentis, S.r.l., Via Mazzieri, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trujillano F, Garay GJ, Alatrista-Salas H, Byrne I, Nunez-del-Prado M, Chan K, Manrique E, Johnson E, Apollinaire N, Kouame Kouakou P, Oumbouke WA, Tiono AB, Guelbeogo MW, Lines J, Carrasco-Escobar G, Fornace K. Mapping Malaria Vector Habitats in West Africa: Drone Imagery and Deep Learning Analysis for Targeted Vector Surveillance. Remote Sens (Basel) 2023; 15:2775. [PMID: 37324796 PMCID: PMC7614662 DOI: 10.3390/rs15112775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disease control programs are needed to identify the breeding sites of mosquitoes, which transmit malaria and other diseases, in order to target interventions and identify environmental risk factors. The increasing availability of very-high-resolution drone data provides new opportunities to find and characterize these vector breeding sites. Within this study, drone images from two malaria-endemic regions in Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire were assembled and labeled using open-source tools. We developed and applied a workflow using region-of-interest-based and deep learning methods to identify land cover types associated with vector breeding sites from very-high-resolution natural color imagery. Analysis methods were assessed using cross-validation and achieved maximum Dice coefficients of 0.68 and 0.75 for vegetated and non-vegetated water bodies, respectively. This classifier consistently identified the presence of other land cover types associated with the breeding sites, obtaining Dice coefficients of 0.88 for tillage and crops, 0.87 for buildings and 0.71 for roads. This study establishes a framework for developing deep learning approaches to identify vector breeding sites and highlights the need to evaluate how results will be used by control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fedra Trujillano
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gabriel Jimenez Garay
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Alatrista-Salas
- Escuela de Posgrado Newman, Tacna 23001, Peru
- Science and Engineering School, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Lima 15088, Peru
| | - Isabel Byrne
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Miguel Nunez-del-Prado
- Peru Research, Development and Innovation Center (Peru IDI), Lima 15076, Peru
- The World Bank, Washington, DC 20433, USA
| | - Kallista Chan
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Edgar Manrique
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Emilia Johnson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nombre Apollinaire
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou 01 BP 2208, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Welbeck A. Oumbouke
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, London L3 5QA, UK
| | - Alfred B. Tiono
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Moussa W. Guelbeogo
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jo Lines
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santos NACD, Carvalho VRD, Souza-Neto JA, Alonso DP, Ribolla PEM, Medeiros JF, Araujo MDS. Bacterial Microbiota from Lab-Reared and Field-Captured Anopheles darlingi Midgut and Salivary Gland. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1145. [PMID: 37317119 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is a major malaria vector in the Amazon region and, like other vectors, harbors a community of microorganisms with which it shares a network of interactions. Here, we describe the diversity and bacterial composition from the midguts and salivary glands of lab-reared and field-captured An. darlingi using metagenome sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The libraries were built using the amplification of the region V3-V4 16S rRNA gene. The bacterial community from the salivary glands was more diverse and richer than the community from the midguts. However, the salivary glands and midguts only showed dissimilarities in beta diversity between lab-reared mosquitoes. Despite that, intra-variability was observed in the samples. Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were dominant in the tissues of lab-reared mosquitoes. Sequences of Wolbachia and Asaia were both found in the tissue of lab-reared mosquitoes; however, only Asaia was found in field-captured An. darlingi, but in low abundance. This is the first report on the characterization of microbiota composition from the salivary glands of An. darlingi from lab-reared and field-captured individuals. This study can provide invaluable insights for future investigations regarding mosquito development and interaction between mosquito microbiota and Plasmodium sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najara Akira Costa Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Departament of Medicine, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia/Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária-PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rafaela de Carvalho
- Multiuser Central Laboratory, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Jayme A Souza-Neto
- Multiuser Central Laboratory, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Peres Alonso
- Department of Biotecnology (IBTEC-Campus Botucatu), Instituto de Biotecnologia da UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla
- Department of Biotecnology (IBTEC-Campus Botucatu), Instituto de Biotecnologia da UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Departament of Medicine, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia/Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária-PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Maisa da Silva Araujo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária-PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais-PPGReN, Departament of Biology, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus José Ribeiro Filho, Porto Velho 76801-059, RO, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional e Clínica, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, Porto Velho 76812-329, RO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Small ST, Costantini C, Sagnon N, Guelbeogo MW, Emrich SJ, Kern AD, Fontaine MC, Besansky NJ. Standing genetic variation and chromosome differences drove rapid ecotype formation in a major malaria mosquito. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219835120. [PMID: 36881629 PMCID: PMC10089221 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219835120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Species distributed across heterogeneous environments often evolve locally adapted ecotypes, but understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved in their formation and maintenance in the face of gene flow is incomplete. In Burkina Faso, the major African malaria mosquito Anopheles funestus comprises two strictly sympatric and morphologically indistinguishable yet karyotypically differentiated forms reported to differ in ecology and behavior. However, knowledge of the genetic basis and environmental determinants of An. funestus diversification was impeded by lack of modern genomic resources. Here, we applied deep whole-genome sequencing and analysis to test the hypothesis that these two forms are ecotypes differentially adapted to breeding in natural swamps versus irrigated rice fields. We demonstrate genome-wide differentiation despite extensive microsympatry, synchronicity, and ongoing hybridization. Demographic inference supports a split only ~1,300 y ago, closely following the massive expansion of domesticated African rice cultivation ~1,850 y ago. Regions of highest divergence, concentrated in chromosomal inversions, were under selection during lineage splitting, consistent with local adaptation. The origin of nearly all variations implicated in adaptation, including chromosomal inversions, substantially predates the ecotype split, suggesting that rapid adaptation was fueled mainly by standing genetic variation. Sharp inversion frequency differences likely facilitated adaptive divergence between ecotypes by suppressing recombination between opposing chromosomal orientations of the two ecotypes, while permitting free recombination within the structurally monomorphic rice ecotype. Our results align with growing evidence from diverse taxa that rapid ecological diversification can arise from evolutionarily old structural genetic variants that modify genetic recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Small
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN46556
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN46556
- Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR97403
| | - Carlo Costantini
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou01 BP 2208, Burkina Faso
- Infectious Diseases and Vectors: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS 5290, Institute of Research for Development (IRD) 224, F-34394Montpellier, France
| | - N’Fale Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou01 BP 2208, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa W. Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou01 BP 2208, Burkina Faso
| | - Scott J. Emrich
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN46556
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN46556
| | - Andrew D. Kern
- Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR97403
| | - Michael C. Fontaine
- Infectious Diseases and Vectors: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS 5290, Institute of Research for Development (IRD) 224, F-34394Montpellier, France
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nora J. Besansky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN46556
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN46556
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ali R, Wan Mohamad Ali WN, Wilson Putit P. Updating the Data on Malaria Vectors in Malaysia: Protocol for a Scoping Review. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e39798. [PMID: 36877567 PMCID: PMC10028518 DOI: 10.2196/39798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is still a public health threat. From 2015 to 2021, a total of 23,214 malaria cases were recorded in Malaysia. Thus, effective intervention and key entomological information are vital for interrupting or preventing malaria transmission. Therefore, the availability of malaria vector information is desperately needed. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study is to update the list of human and zoonotic malaria vectors in Malaysia. This work will include (1) the characterization of the key behavioral traits and breeding sites of malaria vectors and (2) the determination of new and potential malaria vectors in Malaysia. The findings of our scoping review will serve as decision-making evidence that stakeholders and decision makers can use to strengthen and intensify malaria surveillance in Malaysia. METHODS The scoping review will be conducted based on the following four electronic databases: Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. A search strategy was conducted for articles published from database inception to March 2022. The criteria for article inclusion were any malaria vector-related studies conducted in Malaysia (with no time frame restrictions) and peer-reviewed studies. The PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) will be used to guide our systematic approach. Data from published research literature will be extracted by using a standardized data extraction framework, including the titles, abstracts, characteristics, and main findings of the included studies. To assess the risk of bias, articles will be screened independently by 2 reviewers, and a third reviewer will make the final decision if disagreements occur. RESULTS The study commenced in June 2021, and it is planned to be completed at end of 2022. As of early 2022, we identified 631 articles. After accessing and evaluating the articles, 48 were found to be eligible. Full-text screening will be conducted in mid-2022. The results of the scoping review will be published as an open-access article in a peer-reviewed journal. CONCLUSIONS Our novel scoping review of malaria vectors in Malaysia will provide a comprehensive evidence summary of updated, relevant information. An understanding of the status of Anopheles as malaria vectors and the knowledge generated from the behavioral characteristics of malaria vectors are the key components in making effective interventions for eliminating malaria. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/39798.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Ali
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Najdah Wan Mohamad Ali
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Perada Wilson Putit
- Entomology and Pest Sector, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pollegioni P, Persampieri T, Minuz RL, Bucci A, Trusso A, Martino SD, Leo C, Bruttini M, Ciolfi M, Waldvogel A, Tripet F, Simoni A, Crisanti A, Müller R. Introgression of a synthetic sex ratio distortion transgene into different genetic backgrounds of Anopheles coluzzii. Insect Mol Biol 2023; 32:56-68. [PMID: 36251429 PMCID: PMC10092091 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of genetically modified mosquitoes (GMM) and their subsequent field release offers innovative approaches for vector control of malaria. A non-gene drive self-limiting male-bias Ag(PMB)1 strain has been developed in a 47-year-old laboratory G3 strain of Anopheles gambiae s.l. When Ag(PMB)1 males are crossed to wild-type females, expression of the endonuclease I-PpoI during spermatogenesis causes the meiotic cleavage of the X chromosome in sperm cells, leading to fertile offspring with a 95% male bias. However, World Health Organization states that the functionality of the transgene could differ when inserted in different genetic backgrounds of Anopheles coluzzii which is currently a predominant species in several West-African countries and thus a likely recipient for a potential release of self-limiting GMMs. In this study, we introgressed the transgene from the donor Ag(PMB)1 by six serial backcrosses into two recipient colonies of An. coluzzii that had been isolated in Mali and Burkina Faso. Scans of informative Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers and whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed a nearly complete introgression of chromosomes 3 and X, but a remarkable genomic divergence in a large region of chromosome 2 between the later backcrossed (BC6) transgenic offspring and the recipient paternal strains. These findings suggested to extend the backcrossing breeding strategy beyond BC6 generation and increasing the introgression efficiency of critical regions that have ecological and epidemiological implications through the targeted selection of specific markers. Disregarding differential introgression efficiency, we concluded that the phenotype of the sex ratio distorter is stable in the BC6 introgressed An. coluzzii strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pollegioni
- Research Institute on Terrestrial EcosystemsNational Research CouncilTerniItaly
- Genetics and Ecology Research CentrePolo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e BiologiaTerniItaly
| | - Tania Persampieri
- Genetics and Ecology Research CentrePolo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e BiologiaTerniItaly
| | - Roxana L. Minuz
- Genetics and Ecology Research CentrePolo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e BiologiaTerniItaly
| | - Alessandro Bucci
- Genetics and Ecology Research CentrePolo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e BiologiaTerniItaly
| | - Alessandro Trusso
- Genetics and Ecology Research CentrePolo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e BiologiaTerniItaly
| | - Salvatore Di Martino
- Genetics and Ecology Research CentrePolo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e BiologiaTerniItaly
| | - Chiara Leo
- Genetics and Ecology Research CentrePolo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e BiologiaTerniItaly
| | - Marco Bruttini
- Genetics and Ecology Research CentrePolo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e BiologiaTerniItaly
- Tuscan Centre of Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and NeurosciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Marco Ciolfi
- Research Institute on Terrestrial EcosystemsNational Research CouncilTerniItaly
| | | | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and ParasitologyKeele UniversityNewcastle‐under‐LymeUK
| | - Alekos Simoni
- Genetics and Ecology Research CentrePolo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e BiologiaTerniItaly
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Ruth Müller
- Genetics and Ecology Research CentrePolo d'Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e BiologiaTerniItaly
- Unit Entomology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar G, Pasi S, Yadav CP, Kaur J, Sharma A. Potential of ivermectin as an active ingredient of the attractive toxic sugar baits against the Indian malaria vectors Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:474-480. [PMID: 36176013 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) is a novel vector control tool that exploits the sugar feeding behavior of mosquitoes. The current study aims to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin-based ATSB against insecticide susceptible and resistant strains of major Indian malaria vectors - Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi. ATSB with different concentrations of ivermectin were tested against mosquito vectors under standard laboratory conditions. RESULTS Dose-response analysis of ivermectin-ATSB showed 7.8 and 19.8 ppm as 50% and 90% lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90 ) values for insecticide susceptible An. culicifacies. In the case of insecticide susceptible An. stephensi, the LC90 value was 35 ppm which was significantly higher in comparison to the LC90 for An. culicifacies. The LC50 of insecticide-resistant An. culicifacies and An. stephensi were 10.6 and 15.9 ppm respectively whereas LC90 values were 36.9 and 61.0. Ivermectin-ATSB resulted in 99 ± 0.8% mortality of An. culicifacies and 93 ± 3.8% mortality of An. stephensi at an ivermectin concentration of 25 ppm. In another set of experiments, the ATSB solution containing standardized dose of ivermectin was sprayed on Allysum plant and mortality of both Anopheline vectors was recorded. Here, we observed > 90% mortality in both An. stephensi and An. culicifacies. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the potential of ivermectin-based ATSB in killing Indian malaria vectors irrespective of the method of application. Further field trials with ivermectin containing ATSB may pave the way for its usage in the national vector control program. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Pasi
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jaspreet Kaur
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zengenene MP, Munhenga G, Okumu F, Koekemoer LL. Effect of larval density and additional anchoring surface on the life-history traits of a laboratory colonized Anopheles funestus strain. Med Vet Entomol 2022; 36:168-175. [PMID: 35015299 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optimal rearing conditions, inclusive of larval rearing density, are critical for sustained mosquito productivity. There is limited information on favourable conditions for the larval rearing of Anopheles funestus, the dominant malaria vector in east and southern Africa. This work investigated the effects of larval rearing densities and additional anchoring surface on An. funestus development using a life table approach. Larval cohorts were reared at four different larval densities using the same rearing surface area, larval food concentrations and temperature conditions. Rearing larvae at high densities extended the larval developmental time and reduced adult productivity. Adding an extra larval anchoring surface when rearing larvae at high density resulted in extended larval developmental time, increased larval survivorship and produced bigger adults. These findings improve our understanding of the relationship between larval density and developmental traits in An. funestus and provides baseline information for An. funestus rearing under laboratory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munyaradzi Prince Zengenene
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Lizette Leonie Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vezenegho SB, Issaly J, Carinci R, Gaborit P, Girod R, Dusfour I, Briolant S. Discrimination of 15 Amazonian Anopheline Mosquito Species by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:1060-1064. [PMID: 35139212 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Precise identification of anopheline species is paramount for incrimination of malaria vectors and implementation of a sustainable control program. Anopheline mosquitoes are routinely identified morphologically, a technique that is time-consuming, needs high level of expertise, and prone to misidentifications especially when considering Amazonian species. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a DNA-based identification technique to supplement traditional morphological identification methods for the discrimination of anopheline mosquitoes collected in French Guiana. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for anopheline species was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and digested with AluI/MspI restriction enzymes. PCR-restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was compared to sequencing of the ITS2 region for validation. Fifteen Anopheles species have shown distinct PCR-RFLP profiles. A concordance of 100% was obtained when identification by PCR-RFLP was compared to sequencing of ITS2. A high throughput, fast, and cost-effective PCR-RFLP assay has been developed for unambiguous discrimination of fifteen anopheline mosquito species from French Guiana including primary and suspected secondary malaria vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Vezenegho
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - J Issaly
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - R Carinci
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - P Gaborit
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - R Girod
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Département de Santé Globale, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S Briolant
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) , 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Effective management of insect disease vectors requires a detailed understanding of their ecology and behavior. In Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (Diptera: Culicidae) mating occurs during swarming, but knowledge of their mating behavior under natural conditions is limited. Mosquitoes mate in flight over specific landmarks, known as swarm markers, at particular locations. Swarms consist of males; the females usually approach the swarm and depart following copulation. The number of mating pairs per swarm is closely associated with swarm size. The shape and height of swarm markers vary and may depend on the environmental conditions at the swarm's location. Male-male interactions in mosquito swarms with similar levels of attractive flight activity can offer a mating advantage to some individuals. Flight tone is used by mosquitoes to recognize the other sex and choose a desirable mate. Clarifying these and other aspects of mosquito reproductive behavior can facilitate the development of population control measures that target swarming sites. This review describes what is currently known about swarming behavior in Anopheles gambiae s.l., including swarm characteristics; mating within and outside of swarms, insemination in females, and factors affecting and stimulating swarming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowida Baeshen
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yamany AS, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al Quraishy S, Al-Amri O, Mehlhorn H, Abdel-Gaber R. Histological technique to detect the physiological age of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles pharoensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1580-1587. [PMID: 34883537 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The risk of malaria recurrence increases due to the main vector, Anopheles pharoensis. The physiological age of the mosquito population is needed to expect malaria vector dynamics. The number of completed gonotrophic cycles is of great importance in determining the physiological age of females. A technique has been described that focuses on the number of dilatations remaining in the ovarioles after each oviposition to determine how many blood meals have been taken. At each gonotrophic cycle, the chances of infection of the vectors are repeated. The histological changes that occur immediately in the ovarioles and ovulation itself were studied. Under the influence of the contractions of the ovarian muscles, the eggs begin to move over the distal end of the ovariole into the inner oviduct. The terminal pedicle is markedly dilated near the diameter of the eggs. After the expulsion of the mature eggs, ovariole dilations were found at the point of their development in the terminal pedicle due to the accumulation of nurse cell remnants and follicular epithelium. The results were used to develop epidemiological localization and to evaluate the effectiveness of antimalaria interventions. The ovarian inspection often provides a technique to distinguish nulliparous from parous female anophelines. In addition, this study can provide basic entomological knowledge on the physiological age of mosquitoes by considering the histological changes in the ovaries, which allow the evaluation of vector management strategies in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer S Yamany
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Biology, University College, Hafr Al-Batin University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saleh Al Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud Al-Amri
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heinz Mehlhorn
- Parasitology Institute, Düsseldorf University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smitz N, De Wolf K, Gheysen A, Deblauwe I, Vanslembrouck A, Meganck K, De Witte J, Schneider A, Verlé I, Dekoninck W, Gombeer S, Vanderheyden A, De Meyer M, Backeljau T, Müller R, Van Bortel W. DNA identification of species of the Anopheles maculipennis complex and first record of An. daciae in Belgium. Med Vet Entomol 2021; 35:442-450. [PMID: 33951205 PMCID: PMC8453948 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at identifying the members of the Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae) occurring in Belgium. Therefore, the second internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2) and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) loci were sequenced in 175 and 111 specimens, respectively, collected between 2007 and 2019. In parallel, the suitability of two species-diagnostic PCR-RFLP assays was tested. The identified specimens included: An. maculipennis s.s. (N = 105), An. daciae (N = 62), An. atroparvus (N = 6) and An. messeae (N = 2). Each species was characterized by unique ITS2 haplotypes, whereas COI only supported the monophyly of An. atroparvus, a historical malaria vector in Belgium. Species identification results were further supported by unique PCR-RFLP banding patterns. We report for the first time An. daciae in Belgium, where it was found to co-occur with An. maculipennis s.s. The latter was the most prevalent in the collection studied (60%) and appears to have the widest distribution in Belgium. As in other studies, An. daciae and An. messeae appeared the most closely related species, up to the point that their species status remains debatable, while their ecological differences, including vector competences, need further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Smitz
- Royal Museum for Central Africa (BopCo & Biology Department)TervurenBelgium
| | - K. De Wolf
- The Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - A. Gheysen
- Royal Museum for Central Africa (BopCo & Biology Department)TervurenBelgium
| | - I. Deblauwe
- The Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - A. Vanslembrouck
- The Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (BopCo & Scientific Heritage Service)BrusselsBelgium
| | - K. Meganck
- Royal Museum for Central Africa (BopCo & Biology Department)TervurenBelgium
| | - J. De Witte
- The Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - A. Schneider
- The Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - I. Verlé
- The Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - W. Dekoninck
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (BopCo & Scientific Heritage Service)BrusselsBelgium
| | - S. Gombeer
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (BopCo & Scientific Heritage Service)BrusselsBelgium
| | - A. Vanderheyden
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (BopCo & Scientific Heritage Service)BrusselsBelgium
| | - M. De Meyer
- Royal Museum for Central Africa (BopCo & Biology Department)TervurenBelgium
| | - T. Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (BopCo & Scientific Heritage Service)BrusselsBelgium
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - R. Müller
- The Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - W. Van Bortel
- The Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
- Outbreak Research TeamInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nicholas K, Bernard G, Bryson N, Mukabane K, Kilongosi M, Ayuya S, Mulama DH. Abundance and Distribution of Malaria Vectors in Various Aquatic Habitats and Land Use Types in Kakamega County, Highlands of Western Kenya. Ethiop J Health Sci 2021; 31:247-256. [PMID: 34158776 PMCID: PMC8188073 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v31i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Management of malaria transmission relies heavily on vector control. Implementation and sustenance of effective control measures require regular monitoring of malaria vector occurrences, species abundance and distribution. The study assessed mosquito larval species composition, distribution and productivity in Kakamega County, western Kenya. Methods A cross-sectional survey of Anopheline larvae was conducted in various aquatic habitats and land use types in Kakamega County, highlands of western Kenya between the month of March and June 2019. Results One thousand, five hundred and seventy six aquatic habitats were sampled in various land use types. The mean densities of An. gambiae s.l (46.2), An. funestus (5.3), An. coustani (1.7), An. implexus (0.13) and An. squamosus (2.0) were observed in fish ponds, burrow pits, drainage ditches, and tire tracks, respectively. High mean densities of An. gambiae s.l was reported in farmland (20.4) while high mean abundance of An. funestus s.l (8.2) and An. coustani s.l (4.0) were observed in artificial forests. Conclusion The study revealed that the productivity of anopheles larvae varied across various habitat types and land use types. Therefore, treatment of potential breeding sites should be considered as an additional strategy for malaria vector control in Kakamega County, western Kenya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kitungulu Nicholas
- School of Public Health & Community Development, Maseno University, Kenya.,School of Natural Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology, Kenya
| | - Guyah Bernard
- School of Public Health & Community Development, Maseno University, Kenya
| | - Ndenga Bryson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kipcho Mukabane
- School of Natural Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology, Kenya
| | | | - Stephen Ayuya
- School of Natural Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology, Kenya
| | - David Hughes Mulama
- School of Natural Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Arruda A, Ferreira GEM, Santos Júnior A, Matos NB, Carvalho TS, Ozaki LS, Stabeli RG, Silva AAE. Diversity of Culturable Bacteria Isolated From the Feces of Wild Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes From the Brazilian Amazon. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1900-1907. [PMID: 33704463 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms living in the midgut of Anopheles mosquitoes have been studied to fight vector-borne diseases, such as malaria. Studies on the microbiota of the Neotropical Anopheles darlingi, the most important Brazilian vector for malaria, have been reported for the same purpose. Our aims were to isolate and identify culturable bacteria from An. darlingi mosquito guts through their feces and to estimate the species richness and the frequency distribution of the sampled bacteria. Sixty wild females of An. darlingi mosquitoes were captured at two rural locations, near Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. Bacteria were isolated from mosquito feces, which were collected using cages which permit the collection of feces on LB nutrient agar plates. Sixty bacterial colonies were isolated and stored in glycerol at -80°C. Bacteria were identified by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene obtained using PCR and Sanger sequencing. To aid in species identification, MALDI-TOF, VITEK2, and BBL Crystal were used as complementary protocols. The sequences obtained from the 60 bacterial isolates were compared to sequences deposited in GenBank (NCBI) using BLAST. Homology greater than 97% between the query and the subject was used as the criteria for assigning the identity of each isolate. Fourteen species from eight different genera were identified among the 60 isolates. The most frequent species were Serratia liquefaciens (20%) and Serratia marcescens (15%). Due to their established apathogenicity and according to previous studies, we suggest Serratia and Pantoea species as suitable for paratransgenesis development to fight malaria in Brazilian Amazon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Najla B Matos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ RONDÔNIA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Tatiane S Carvalho
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Luiz S Ozaki
- Virginia Commonwealth University, CSBC, Life Sciences, Richmond - Virginia, USA
| | - Rodrigo G Stabeli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A E Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zengenene MP, Munhenga G, Chidumwa G, Koekemoer LL. Characterization of life-history parameters of an Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) laboratory strain. J Vector Ecol 2021; 46:24-29. [PMID: 35229578 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-46.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of the African malaria vector Anopheles funestus has been hampered by inadequate knowledge of its mating and development under laboratory conditions. Life-tables are routinely used to provide baseline biological characteristics needed for colonization. This study characterized age-specific life-table attributes of an existing An. funestus laboratory strain to gain insight into factors that are critical for its colonization. To achieve this, the An. funestus laboratory strain was reared from eggs to adulthood under standard insectary conditions, monitoring and characterizing each developmental stage. The mean insemination rate of females was 74.8% with an average egg load of 67.1 eggs/female and a mean fertility of 86.7%. The mean developmental time from 1st instar larvae (L1) to pupation was 16.4 days. The mean proportion of L1 that survived to pupation was 72.9%. On average, 78.8% of the pupae successfully eclosed as adults. The median longevity for adult males and females was 44 and 28 days, respectively. This work constitutes the first report on life-table characterization of an An. funestus strain. The larval developmental time was within the range reported for wild An. funestus while adult longevity was higher compared to survivorship observed in wild populations. These data demonstrate that the colonized An. funestus strain has potential to be re-colonized under standard insectary conditions. The study provides base-line information for further studies on identifying critical parameters for the maintenance of An. funestus under artificial conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munyaradzi Prince Zengenene
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Glory Chidumwa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette Leonie Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,
- Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Athrey G, Popkin-Hall ZR, Takken W, Slotman MA. The Expression of Chemosensory Genes in Male Maxillary Palps of Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae) and An. quadriannulatus. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1012-1020. [PMID: 33576414 PMCID: PMC8122237 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Because of its importance as a malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii's Coetzee & Wilkerson olfactory system has been studied extensively. Among this work is a series of studies comparing the expression of chemosensory genes in olfactory organs in females and/or males of these species. These have identified species- and female-biased chemosensory gene expression patterns. However, many questions remain about the role of chemosensation in male anopheline biology. To pave the way for future work we used RNAseq to compare chemosensory gene expression in the male maxillary palps of An. coluzzii and its sibling species An. quadriannulatus Theobald. As expected, the chemosensory gene repertoire is small in the male maxillary palps. Both species express the tuning receptors Or8 and Or28 at relatively high levels. The CO2 receptor genes Gr22-Gr24 are present in both species as well, although at much lower level than in females. Additionally, several chemoreceptors are species-specific. Gr37 and Gr52 are exclusive to An. coluzzii, whereas Or9 and Gr60 were detected only in An. quadriannulatus. Furthermore, several chemosensory genes show differential expression between the two species. Finally, several Irs, Grs, and Obps that show strong differential expression in the female palps, are absent or lowly expressed in the male palps. While many questions remain about the role of chemosensation in anopheline male biology, these results suggest that the male maxillary palps could have both a sex- and species-specific role in the perception of chemical stimuli. This work may guide future studies on the role of the male maxillary palp in these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giridhar Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A Slotman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Caputo B, Pichler V, Bottà G, De Marco C, Hubbart C, Perugini E, Pinto J, Rockett KA, Miles A, Della Torre A. Novel genotyping approaches to easily detect genomic admixture between the major Afrotropical malaria vector species, Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1504-1516. [PMID: 33590707 PMCID: PMC8252489 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The two most efficient and most recently radiated Afrotropical vectors of human malaria - Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae - are identified by single-locus diagnostic PCR assays based on species-specific markers in a 4 Mb region on chromosome-X centromere. Inherently, these diagnostic assays cannot detect interspecific autosomal admixture shown to be extensive at the westernmost and easternmost extremes of the species range. The main aim of this study was to develop novel, easy-to-implement tools for genotyping An. coluzzii and An. gambiae-specific ancestral informative markers (AIMs) identified from the Anopheles gambiae 1000 genomes (Ag1000G) project. First, we took advantage of this large set of data in order to develop a multilocus approach to genotype 26 AIMs on all chromosome arms valid across the species range. Second, we tested the multilocus assay on samples from Guinea Bissau, The Gambia and Senegal, three countries spanning the westernmost hybridization zone, where conventional species diagnostic is problematic due to the putative presence of a novel "hybrid form". The multilocus assay was able to capture patterns of admixture reflecting those revealed by the whole set of AIMs and provided new original data on interspecific admixture in the region. Third, we developed an easy-to-use, cost-effective PCR approach for genotyping two AIMs on chromosome-3 among those included in the multilocus approach, opening the possibility for advanced identification of species and of admixed specimens during routine large scale entomological surveys, particularly, but not exclusively, at the extremes of the range, where WGS data highlighted unexpected autosomal admixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Giordano Bottà
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo De Marco
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Christina Hubbart
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleonora Perugini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Joao Pinto
- Global Health & Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kirk A Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Alistair Miles
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lukindu M, Love RR, Guelbeogo MW, Small ST, Stephens MT, Campbell NR, Sagnon N, Costantini C, Besansky NJ. High-Throughput Genotyping of Common Chromosomal Inversions in the Afrotropical Malaria Mosquito Anopheles Funestus. Insects 2020; 11:E693. [PMID: 33065978 PMCID: PMC7650614 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic chromosomal inversions have been implicated in local adaptation. In anopheline mosquitoes, inversions also contribute to epidemiologically relevant phenotypes such as resting behavior. Progress in understanding these phenotypes and their mechanistic basis has been hindered because the only available method for inversion genotyping relies on traditional cytogenetic karyotyping, a rate-limiting and technically difficult approach that is possible only for the fraction of the adult female population at the correct gonotrophic stage. Here, we focus on an understudied malaria vector of major importance in sub-Saharan Africa, Anopheles funestus. We ascertain and validate tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using high throughput molecular assays that allow rapid inversion genotyping of the three most common An. funestus inversions at scale, overcoming the cytogenetic karyotyping barrier. These same inversions are the only available markers for distinguishing two An. funestus ecotypes that differ in indoor resting behavior, Folonzo and Kiribina. Our new inversion genotyping tools will facilitate studies of ecotypic differentiation in An. funestus and provide a means to improve our understanding of the roles of Folonzo and Kiribina in malaria transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lukindu
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.L.); (R.R.L.); (S.T.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - R. Rebecca Love
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.L.); (R.R.L.); (S.T.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Moussa W. Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; (M.W.G.); (N.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Scott T. Small
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.L.); (R.R.L.); (S.T.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Melissa T. Stephens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | | | - N’Fale Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; (M.W.G.); (N.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlo Costantini
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; (M.W.G.); (N.S.); (C.C.)
- 5 MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS 5290, IRD 224, F-34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Nora J. Besansky
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.L.); (R.R.L.); (S.T.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Campos M, Crepeau M, Lee Y, Gripkey H, Rompão H, Cornel AJ, Pinto J, Lanzaro GC. Complete mitogenome sequence of Anopheles coustani from São Tomé island. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2020; 5:3376-3378. [PMID: 33458175 PMCID: PMC7782027 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1823273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We report the first complete mitogenome (Mt) sequence of Anopheles coustani, an understudied malaria vector in Africa. The sequence was extracted from one individual mosquito from São Tomé island. The length of the A. coustani Mt genome was 15,408 bp with 79.3% AT content. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. coustani is most closely related to A. sinensis (93.5% of identity); and 90.1% identical to A. gambiae complex members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Campos
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marc Crepeau
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - Hans Gripkey
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Herodes Rompão
- Programa Nacional de Luta Contra o Paludismo, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Anthony J Cornel
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Love RR, Pombi M, Guelbeogo MW, Campbell NR, Stephens MT, Dabire RK, Costantini C, Della Torre A, Besansky NJ. Inversion Genotyping in the Anopheles gambiae Complex Using High-Throughput Array and Sequencing Platforms. G3 (Bethesda) 2020; 10:3299-307. [PMID: 32680855 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal inversion polymorphisms have special importance in the Anopheles gambiae complex of malaria vector mosquitoes, due to their role in local adaptation and range expansion. The study of inversions in natural populations is reliant on polytene chromosome analysis by expert cytogeneticists, a process that is limited by the rarity of trained specialists, low throughput, and restrictive sampling requirements. To overcome this barrier, we ascertained tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are highly correlated with inversion status (inverted or standard orientation). We compared the performance of the tag SNPs using two alternative high throughput molecular genotyping approaches vs. traditional cytogenetic karyotyping of the same 960 individual An. gambiae and An. coluzzii mosquitoes sampled from Burkina Faso, West Africa. We show that both molecular approaches yield comparable results, and that either one performs as well or better than cytogenetics in terms of genotyping accuracy. Given the ability of molecular genotyping approaches to be conducted at scale and at relatively low cost without restriction on mosquito sex or developmental stage, molecular genotyping via tag SNPs has the potential to revitalize research into the role of chromosomal inversions in the behavior and ongoing adaptation of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii to environmental heterogeneities.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ahadji-Dabla KM, Romero-Alvarez D, Djègbè I, Amoudji AD, Apétogbo GY, Djouaka R, Oboussoumi K, Aawi A, Atcha-Oubou T, Peterson AT, Ketoh GK. Potential Roles of Environmental and Socio-Economic Factors in the Distribution of Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (Culicidae: Diptera) Across Togo, West Africa. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:1168-1175. [PMID: 32112104 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vector control strategies recommended by the World Health Organization are threatened by resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes to insecticides. Information on the distribution of resistant genotypes of malaria vectors is increasingly needed to address the problem. Ten years of published and unpublished data on malaria vector susceptibility/resistance and resistance genes have been collected across Togo. Relationships between the spatial distribution of resistance status and environmental, socio-economic, and landscape features were tested using randomization tests, and calculating Spearman rank and Pearson correlation coefficients between mosquito mortality and different gridded values. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was resistant to DDT, pyrethroids, and the majority of carbamates and organophosphates. Three sibling species were found (i.e., An. gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, and Anopheles arabiensis) with four resistance genes, including kdr (L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y) and ace1 (G119S). The most frequent resistance gene was L1014F. Overall, no association was found between the susceptibility/resistance status and environmental features, suggesting that evolution of resistance may be most closely related to extreme selection from local insecticide use. Nevertheless, further research is necessary for firm conclusions about this lack of association, and the potential role of landscape characteristics such as presence of crops and percentage of tree cover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koffi Mensah Ahadji-Dabla
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Daniel Romero-Alvarez
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP, Benin
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adjovi Djifa Amoudji
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Georges Yawo Apétogbo
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP, Benin
| | | | - Agnidoufèyi Aawi
- National Malaria Control Programme/Ministry of Health, Lomé Togo
| | | | - A Townsend Peterson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Guillaume Koffivi Ketoh
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Araújo MDS, Andrade AO, Dos Santos NAC, Castro RB, Pereira DB, Rodrigues MMDS, Costa GDS, Júnior AMP, Carvalho LPC, de Medeiros JF, Pereira-da-Silva LH. First Observation of Experimental Plasmodium vivax Infection of Three Malaria Vectors from the Brazilian Amazon. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:517-523. [PMID: 32255759 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although malaria is endemic to the Amazon region, little is known about the susceptibility of potential parasite vectors in Brazil. Assessing the vector susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes will increase our understanding of parasite-vector interactions and aid the design of vector control strategies. This study assessed the susceptibility of three Anopheles species to midgut infection by Plasmodium vivax, the predominant malaria species in Rondônia State, Brazil. Blood from P. vivax infected patients was fed to Anopheles aquasalis, Anopheles darlingi, and Anopheles deaneorum mosquitoes using a membrane feeding assay (MFA). Gametocytemia was estimated by microscopic examination of blood smears and oocyst prevalence, and infection intensity was assessed. The presence of oocysts was determined by microscopy, and the infection rates and infection intensity were determined for all species. Data from six MFAs showed that An. darlingi and An. deaneorum exhibited the highest infection rates (97% and 90%, respectively) and developed a similar median number of P. vivax oocysts (142 and 123, respectively), while An. aquasalis exhibited the smallest infection rates (77%) and the median number of oocysts (88). Established laboratory colonies of An. darlingi and An. deaneorum and susceptibility to plasmodial infection would be beneficial for modeling P. vivax vector-parasite interactions in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maisa da Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental-INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Alice Oliveira Andrade
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Najara Akira Costa Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Raphael Brum Castro
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Dhélio Batista Pereira
- Ambulatório de Malária, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | | | - Glaucilene da Silva Costa
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Antonio Marques Pereira Júnior
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental-INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Luís Paulo Costa Carvalho
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Jansen Fernandes de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental-INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR. Climate Change and the Risk of Malaria Transmission in Iran. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:50-64. [PMID: 31429469 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is an important factor affecting the dynamics of the vectors population and, hence, the risk of vector-borne diseases. This study aimed to predict the environmental suitability for malaria vectors in Iran under climate change scenarios in 2030s and 2050s. Literature search was performed to find documents on the spatial distribution of Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901, Anopheles culicifacies s.l. Giles, 1901, Anopheles fluviatilis s.l. James, 1902, Anopheles superpictus s.l. Grassi, 1899, Anopheles dthali Patton, 1905, Anopheles maculipennis s.l. Meigen, 1818, and Anopheles sacharovi Favre, 1903 (Diptera: Culicidae) published between 1970 and 2017. The bioclimatic data under three climate change scenarios (representative concentration pathway 2.6 [RCP2.6], RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) and MaxEnt model were used to predict the ecological niches for each species. Comparison between the two study periods under the three scenarios for each species revealed that RCP8.5 would reduce the area at risk for An. culicifacies s.l., An. dthali and An. superpictus s.l. in the 2050s compared to the 2030s, but the reverse will be induced by RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 scenarios. For An. fluviatilis s.l., RCP2.6 will reduce the risk areas in the 2050s, whereas an increase is expected under the two other scenarios. Moreover, all scenarios would decrease the high-risk areas of An. maculipennis s.l. in the 2050s. For An. sacharovi, RCP2.6 would increase its high-risk areas, whereas RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 would decrease its exposure. The high-risk area of An. stephensi is expected to increase under RCP8.5 in the 2030s and RCP4.5 in 2050s, but it will be almost unchanged or reduced under other scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Love RR, Redmond SN, Pombi M, Caputo B, Petrarca V, Della Torre A, Besansky NJ. In Silico Karyotyping of Chromosomally Polymorphic Malaria Mosquitoes in the Anopheles gambiae Complex. G3 (Bethesda) 2019; 9:3249-3262. [PMID: 31391198 PMCID: PMC6778791 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal inversion polymorphisms play an important role in adaptation to environmental heterogeneities. For mosquito species in the Anopheles gambiae complex that are significant vectors of human malaria, paracentric inversion polymorphisms are abundant and are associated with ecologically and epidemiologically important phenotypes. Improved understanding of these traits relies on determining mosquito karyotype, which currently depends upon laborious cytogenetic methods whose application is limited both by the requirement for specialized expertise and for properly preserved adult females at specific gonotrophic stages. To overcome this limitation, we developed sets of tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside inversions whose biallelic genotype is strongly correlated with inversion genotype. We leveraged 1,347 fully sequenced An. gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii genomes in the Ag1000G database of natural variation. Beginning with principal components analysis (PCA) of population samples, applied to windows of the genome containing individual chromosomal rearrangements, we classified samples into three inversion genotypes, distinguishing homozygous inverted and homozygous uninverted groups by inclusion of the small subset of specimens in Ag1000G that are associated with cytogenetic metadata. We then assessed the correlation between candidate tag SNP genotypes and PCA-based inversion genotypes in our training sets, selecting those candidates with >80% agreement. Our initial tests both in held-back validation samples from Ag1000G and in data independent of Ag1000G suggest that when used for in silico inversion genotyping of sequenced mosquitoes, these tags perform better than traditional cytogenetics, even for specimens where only a small subset of the tag SNPs can be successfully ascertained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rebecca Love
- Eck Institute for Global Health & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Seth N Redmond
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Petrarca
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nora J Besansky
- Eck Institute for Global Health & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, are controlled primarily by suppressing mosquito vector populations using insecticides. The current control programmes are seriously threatened by the emergence and rapid spread of resistance to approved insecticides. Genetic approaches proposed to complement the existing control efforts may be a more sustainable solution to mosquito control. All such approaches would rely on releases of modified male mosquitoes, because released females would contribute to biting and pathogen transmission. However, no sufficiently large-scale methods for sex separation in mosquitoes exist. RESULTS Here we exploited the female embryo-killing property of the sex determining gene Yob from the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, to evaluate the feasibility of creating transgenic An. gambiae sexing strains with a male-only phenotype. We generated An. gambiae lines with Yob expression, in both sexes, controlled by the vas2 promoter. Penetrance of the female-lethal phenotype was highly dependent on the location of the transgenic construct within the genome. A strong male bias was observed in one of the lines. All the females that survived to adulthood in that line possessed masculinized head appendages and terminal abdominal segments. They did not feed on blood, lacked host-seeking behavior, and thus were effectively sterile. Males, however, were not affected by Yob overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that ectopic expression of Yob results in a recovery of viable, fertile males, and in death, or otherwise strongly deleterious effects, in females. This result shows potential for generation of transgenic sexing strains of Anopheles gambiae with a conditional male-only phenotype.
Collapse
|
28
|
Assogba BS, Alout H, Koffi A, Penetier C, Djogbénou LS, Makoundou P, Weill M, Labbé P. Adaptive deletion in resistance gene duplications in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1245-1256. [PMID: 30151037 PMCID: PMC6099818 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While gene copy-number variations play major roles in long-term evolution, their early dynamics remains largely unknown. However, examples of their role in short-term adaptation are accumulating: identical repetitions of a locus (homogeneous duplications) can provide a quantitative advantage, while the association of differing alleles (heterogeneous duplications) allows carrying two functions simultaneously. Such duplications often result from rearrangements of sometimes relatively large chromosome fragments, and even when adaptive, they can be associated with deleterious side effects that should, however, be reduced by subsequent evolution. Here, we took advantage of the unique model provided by the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.l. to investigate the early evolution of several duplications, heterogeneous and homogeneous, segregating in natural populations from West Africa. These duplications encompass ~200 kb and 11 genes, including the adaptive insecticide resistance ace-1 locus. Through the survey of several populations from three countries over 3-4 years, we showed that an internal deletion of all coamplified genes except ace-1 is currently spreading in West Africa and introgressing from An. gambiae s.s. to An. coluzzii. Both observations provide evidences of its selection, most likely due to reducing the gene-dosage disturbances caused by the excessive copies of the nonadaptive genes. Our study thus provides a unique example of the early adaptive trajectory of duplications and underlines the role of the environmental conditions (insecticide treatment practices and species ecology). It also emphasizes the striking diversity of adaptive responses in these mosquitoes and reveals a worrisome process of resistance/cost trade-off evolution that could impact the control of malaria vectors in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît S. Assogba
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐UM‐IRD‐EPHE)Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Disease Control and Elimination DepartmentMedical Research Council, Unit The GambiaBanjulThe Gambia
- Institut Régional de Santé PubliqueUniversité d'Abomey CalaviCotonouBenin
- Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesLaboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en MicrobiologieUniversité d'Abomey CalaviCotonouBénin
| | - Haoues Alout
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐UM‐IRD‐EPHE)Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Alphonsine Koffi
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR)/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP)BouakéCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Cédric Penetier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)UMR MIVEGECMontpellierFrance
| | - Luc S. Djogbénou
- Institut Régional de Santé PubliqueUniversité d'Abomey CalaviCotonouBenin
- Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesLaboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en MicrobiologieUniversité d'Abomey CalaviCotonouBénin
| | - Patrick Makoundou
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐UM‐IRD‐EPHE)Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐UM‐IRD‐EPHE)Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐UM‐IRD‐EPHE)Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Imanishi N, Higa Y, Teng HJ, Sunahara T, Minakawa N. Identification of Three Distinct Groups of Anopheles lindesayi in Japan by Morphological and Genetic Analyses. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:427-435. [PMID: 29962483 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles (Anopheles) lindesayi Giles consists of 5 subspecies. In Japan, only one subspecies, An. l. japonicus Yamada, has been reported. Its geographical populations are morphologically diverse; however, they are regarded as a single subspecies. In this study, we re-evaluated the taxonomic status of An. l. japonicus in Japan, and that of another subspecies, An. l. pleccau, distributed in Taiwan, by comparative morphological and molecular analyses based on the gene sequences of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). Nucleotide sequence divergence was calculated using the Kimura-two-parameter (K2P) distance model. Phylogenetic trees based on COI and ITS2 sequences showed 3 distinct clades: Eastern Japan, Western Japan, and the Ryukyus. The sequences of the Ryukyu specimens were located within the same clade as that of the sequences of the Taiwanese specimens. Regarding the COI sequences, the 3 geographical groups in Japan were genetically distinct. The following morphological characteristics distinguished the groups: larval seta 1-S, pupal setae 5 through segments IV-VII, and pupal setae 6 on segments IV-VII. Based on these results, it was revealed that An. l. japonicus included 3 genetically and morphologically distinct groups: 2 groups of An. l. japonicus and a group in the Ryukyus, which was a synonym of An. l. pleccau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University.,Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Hwa-Jen Teng
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare
| | - Toshihiko Sunahara
- Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University
| | - Noboru Minakawa
- Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hanemaaijer MJ, Houston PD, Collier TC, Norris LC, Fofana A, Lanzaro GC, Cornel AJ, Lee Y. Mitochondrial genomes of Anopheles arabiensis, An. gambiae and An. coluzzii show no clear species division. F1000Res 2018; 7:347. [PMID: 31069048 PMCID: PMC6489993 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13807.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the complete mitochondrial sequences of 70 individual field collected mosquito specimens from throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. We generated this dataset to identify species specific markers for the following Anopheles species and chromosomal forms: An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii (The Forest and Mopti chromosomal forms) and An. gambiae (The Bamako and Savannah chromosomal forms). The raw Illumina sequencing reads were mapped to the NC_002084 reference mitogenome sequence. A total of 783 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected on the mitochondrial genome, of which 460 are singletons (58.7%). None of these SNPs are suitable as molecular markers to distinguish among An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae or any of the chromosomal forms. The lack of species or chromosomal form specific markers is also reflected in the constructed phylogenetic tree, which shows no clear division among the operational taxonomic units considered here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Hanemaaijer
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Parker D. Houston
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Travis C. Collier
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Laura C. Norris
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Abdrahamane Fofana
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, E2528, Mali
| | - Gregory C. Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anthony J. Cornel
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Kearney Agricultural Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hanemaaijer MJ, Houston PD, Collier TC, Norris LC, Fofana A, Lanzaro GC, Cornel AJ, Lee Y. Mitochondrial genomes of Anopheles arabiensis, An. gambiae and An. coluzzii show no clear species division. F1000Res 2018; 7:347. [PMID: 31069048 PMCID: PMC6489993 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13807.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the complete mitochondrial sequences of 70 individual field collected mosquito specimens from throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. We generated this dataset to identify species specific markers for the following Anopheles species and chromosomal forms: An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii (The Forest and Mopti chromosomal forms) and An. gambiae (The Bamako and Savannah chromosomal forms). The raw Illumina sequencing reads were mapped to the NC_002084 reference mitogenome sequence. A total of 783 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected on the mitochondrial genome, of which 460 are singletons (58.7%). None of these SNPs are suitable as molecular markers to distinguish among An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae or any of the chromosomal forms. The lack of species or chromosomal form specific markers is also reflected in the constructed phylogenetic tree, which shows no clear division among the operational taxonomic units considered here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Hanemaaijer
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Parker D. Houston
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Travis C. Collier
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Laura C. Norris
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Abdrahamane Fofana
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, E2528, Mali
| | - Gregory C. Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anthony J. Cornel
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Kearney Agricultural Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pol M, Kilama S, Duperier S, Soupé-Gilbert ME, Calvez E, Pocquet N. Introduction of the Anopheles bancroftii Mosquito, a Malaria Vector, into New Caledonia. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:604-605. [PMID: 29460752 PMCID: PMC5823349 DOI: 10.3201/eid2403.171689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2017, an Anopheles mosquito species was detected in New Caledonia. Morphologic identification and genomic sequencing revealed that the specimens tested belong to An. bancroftii genotype A1. This introduction underscores the risk for local malaria transmission and the vulnerability of New Caledonia to vector introduction.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
An. culicifacies is the major vector of malaria in tribal community and tribal dominated areas in India. Development of resistance to insecticides is the major challenge to curb the transmission. Gadchiroli (Maharashtra) is a tribal district in central India where incidence of malaria increased from 2012 to 2015 despite indoor space spray with synthetic pyrethroids. To determine the susceptibility status of An. culicifacies against commonly used insecticides in public health program in Gadchiroli. standard WHO method and test kit were used. The insecticide impregnated papers were procured from vector control unit Malaysia. An. culicifacies found resistance to three major groups of pesticides i.e. organochlorine (DDT 4%), organophosphorous (Malathion 5%) and pyrethroids (Cyfluthrin 0.15%, Deltametherin 0.05% and Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%). The susceptibility status in Permethrin 0.75% needs further confirmation. Development of resistance to different insecticides of varied groups is an adverse finding for the elimination of malaria, explaining the recent increase in malaria incidence in Gadchiroli. The phenomenon further needs to be studied in different locations and the susceptibility needs to test against other insecticides. The findings may have significant implications to the choice of insecticides in the malaria control program in tribal areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Chand
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , Jabalpur , India
| | - Priyamadhaba Behera
- b Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health , Gadchiroli , India
| | - Abhay Bang
- b Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health , Gadchiroli , India
| | - Neeru Singh
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , Jabalpur , India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Meekins DA, Zhang X, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Michel K. 1.45 Å resolution structure of SRPN18 from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:853-862. [PMID: 27917832 PMCID: PMC5137461 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16017854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) in insects function within development, wound healing and immunity. The genome of the African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, encodes 23 distinct serpin proteins, several of which are implicated in disease-relevant physiological responses. A. gambiae serpin 18 (SRPN18) was previously categorized as non-inhibitory based on the sequence of its reactive-center loop (RCL), a region responsible for targeting and initiating protease inhibition. The crystal structure of A. gambiae SRPN18 was determined to a resolution of 1.45 Å, including nearly the entire RCL in one of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The structure reveals that the SRPN18 RCL is extremely short and constricted, a feature associated with noncanonical inhibitors or non-inhibitory serpin superfamily members. Furthermore, the SRPN18 RCL does not contain a suitable protease target site and contains a large number of prolines. The SRPN18 structure therefore reveals a unique RCL architecture among the highly conserved serpin fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, USA
| | - Kevin P. Battaile
- IMCA–CAT, Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hamza AM, El Rayah EA. A Qualitative Evidence of the Breeding Sites of Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) in and Around Kassala Town, Eastern Sudan. Int J Insect Sci 2016; 8:65-70. [PMID: 27547039 PMCID: PMC4982522 DOI: 10.4137/ijis.s40071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) is considered the most efficient malaria vector in eastern Sudan. This study aims to characterize the breeding sites of An. arabiensis throughout the year in and around Kassala town, eastern Sudan. Diverse larval habitat types were visited and characterized based on the habitat type and chemical composition. Mosquito larvae were found in many diverse habitats. During the rainy season, rain pools and water bodies created by the seasonal Gash River serve as the main breeding sites. In the dry season, irrigation canals, seepage from water pipes, neglected wells, artificial containers, and man-made ditches serve as the main breeding sites. Breeding water showed a pH of 7.9 and a low concentration of the total dissolved salts. The results of this study may be considered in planning and implementing larval control programs in the area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Mahmoud Hamza
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Kassala, Kassala State, Sudan
| | - El Amin El Rayah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tchioffo MT, Boissière A, Abate L, Nsango SE, Bayibéki AN, Awono-Ambéné PH, Christen R, Gimonneau G, Morlais I. Dynamics of Bacterial Community Composition in the Malaria Mosquito's Epithelia. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1500. [PMID: 26779155 PMCID: PMC4700937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Anopheles midgut hosts diverse bacterial communities and represents a complex ecosystem. Several evidences indicate that mosquito midgut microbiota interferes with malaria parasite transmission. However, the bacterial composition of salivary glands and ovaries, two other biologically important tissues, has not been described so far. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the bacterial communities in the mosquito tissues from emerging mosquitoes until 8 days after a blood meal containing Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and described the temporal colonization of the mosquito epithelia. Bacterial communities were identified in the midgut, ovaries, and salivary glands of individual mosquitoes using pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We found that the mosquito epithelia share a core microbiota, but some bacteria taxa were more associated with one or another tissue at a particular time point. The bacterial composition in the tissues of emerging mosquitoes varied according to the breeding site, indicating that some bacteria are acquired from the environment. Our results revealed temporal variations in the bacterial community structure, possibly as a result of the mosquito physiological changes. The abundance of Serratia significantly correlated with P. falciparum infection both in the midgut and salivary glands of malaria challenged mosquitoes, which suggests that interactions occur between microbes and parasites. These bacteria may represent promising targets for vector control strategies. Overall, this study points out the importance of characterizing bacterial communities in malaria mosquito vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majoline T Tchioffo
- UMR Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs Écologie, Génétique, Évolution Et Contrôle, IRD 224- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290- UM1- UM2Montpellier, France; Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale, OCEAC-IRDYaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Anne Boissière
- UMR Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs Écologie, Génétique, Évolution Et Contrôle, IRD 224- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290- UM1- UM2 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Abate
- UMR Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs Écologie, Génétique, Évolution Et Contrôle, IRD 224- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290- UM1- UM2 Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine E Nsango
- Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale, OCEAC-IRDYaoundé, Cameroon; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de DoualaDouala, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Richard Christen
- Faculté des Sciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7138Nice, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Virtuelle, Faculté des Sciences, UMR 713, Université de NiceNice, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- UMR Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs Écologie, Génétique, Évolution Et Contrôle, IRD 224- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290- UM1- UM2Montpellier, France; Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale, OCEAC-IRDYaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- UMR Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs Écologie, Génétique, Évolution Et Contrôle, IRD 224- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290- UM1- UM2Montpellier, France; Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale, OCEAC-IRDYaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kang S, Jung J, Kim W. Population Genetic Structure of the Malaria Vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) Sensu Stricto and Evidence for Possible Introgression in the Republic of Korea. J Med Entomol 2015; 52:1270-1281. [PMID: 26336253 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann sensu stricto (s.s.) is a dominant mosquito and considered a secondary malaria vector in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Despite the potential significance for malaria control, population genetics studies have been conducted using only mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and studies of the genetics of hybridization have never been attempted. In this study, 346 specimens from 23 localities were subject to experiments. Among them, 305 An. sinensis s.s. specimens from 20 localities were used for mtDNA analysis, and 346 specimens comprising 341 An. sinensis s.s. from 22 localities and five Anopheles kleini Rueda from one locality were examined in the microsatellite study. Neighbor-joining analysis of pairwise FST and RST based on microsatellite results showed that the populations are divided into two groups, as did the mtDNA results. However, the Bayesian analysis and factorial correspondence analysis plots showed three distinct clusters. Among the mtDNA and microsatellite results, only microsatellites represented small but positive and significant isolation-by-distance patterns. Both molecular markers show the Taebaek and Sobaek Mountain ranges as barriers between the northern and southern parts of the ROK. The newly recognized third group suggests possible introgressive hybridization of An. sinensis s.s. with closely related species. The slightly different composition of populations in each group based on different markers is probably because of different population dynamics in each group. These results imply that there is restricted gene flow of epidemiologically important malaria-related genes between the northern and southern parts of the ROK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Kang
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Jung
- Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Main BJ, Lee Y, Collier TC, Norris LC, Brisco K, Fofana A, Cornel AJ, Lanzaro GC. Complex genome evolution in Anopheles coluzzii associated with increased insecticide usage in Mali. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5145-57. [PMID: 26359110 PMCID: PMC4615556 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In certain cases, a species may have access to important genetic variation present in a related species via adaptive introgression. These novel alleles may interact with their new genetic background, resulting in unexpected phenotypes. In this study, we describe a selective sweep on standing variation on the X chromosome in the mosquito Anopheles coluzzii, a principal malaria vector in West Africa. This event may have been influenced by the recent adaptive introgression of the insecticide resistance gene known as kdr from the sister species Anopheles gambiae. Individuals carrying both kdr and a nearly fixed X-linked haplotype, encompassing at least four genes including the P450 gene CYP9K1 and the cuticular protein CPR125, have rapidly increased in relative frequency. In parallel, a reproductively isolated insecticide-susceptible A. gambiae population (Bamako form) has been driven to local extinction, likely due to strong selection from increased insecticide-treated bed net usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Main
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Travis C Collier
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Laura C Norris
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Katherine Brisco
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Abdrahamane Fofana
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Anthony J Cornel
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sarma NP, Singh S, Sarma DK, Bhattacharyya DR, Kalita MC, Mohapatra PK, Dohutia C, Mahanta J, Prakash A. Mitochondrial DNA-based genetic diversity of Anopheles nivipes in North East India. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:4236-4239. [PMID: 25812055 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1022757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem in north-east India mainly transmitted by Anopheles baimai and An. minimus while Anopheles nivipes plays an important supportive role. The genetic diversity of An. nivipes in north-east India was investigated by employing two mitochondrial DNA markers namely NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) and cytochrome oxidase sub unit II (COII). High genetic diversity in An. nivipes was observed by the detection of 16 haplotypes among 30 sequences of ND5 gene and 29 haplotypes among 29 COII sequences. Anopheles nivipes of north-east India was significantly differentiated genetically with that of neighboring South-east Asian An. nivipes as revealed by pairwise FST values of 0.127 (p < 0.01) and 0.044 (p < 0.001) for ND5 and COII genes, respectively, suggesting geographical barriers to gene flow in this species between the two geographical areas resulting in significant population structuring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N P Sarma
- a Regional Medical Research Centre, NE (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Dibrugarh , Assam , India
| | - S Singh
- a Regional Medical Research Centre, NE (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Dibrugarh , Assam , India.,b IDSP Office , Tinsukia , Assam , India
| | - D K Sarma
- a Regional Medical Research Centre, NE (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Dibrugarh , Assam , India
| | - D R Bhattacharyya
- a Regional Medical Research Centre, NE (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Dibrugarh , Assam , India
| | - M C Kalita
- c Department of Biotechnology , Gauhati University , Guwahati , Assam , India , and
| | - P K Mohapatra
- a Regional Medical Research Centre, NE (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Dibrugarh , Assam , India
| | - C Dohutia
- a Regional Medical Research Centre, NE (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Dibrugarh , Assam , India
| | - J Mahanta
- a Regional Medical Research Centre, NE (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Dibrugarh , Assam , India
| | - A Prakash
- a Regional Medical Research Centre, NE (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Dibrugarh , Assam , India.,d Laboratory Division , National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Bhopal , MP , India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tene Fossog B, Ayala D, Acevedo P, Kengne P, Ngomo Abeso Mebuy I, Makanga B, Magnus J, Awono-Ambene P, Njiokou F, Pombi M, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Paupy C, Besansky NJ, Costantini C. Habitat segregation and ecological character displacement in cryptic African malaria mosquitoes. Evol Appl 2015; 8:326-45. [PMID: 25926878 PMCID: PMC4408144 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how divergent selection generates adaptive phenotypic and population diversification provides a mechanistic explanation of speciation in recently separated species pairs. Towards this goal, we sought ecological gradients of divergence between the cryptic malaria vectors Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae and then looked for a physiological trait that may underlie such divergence. Using a large set of occurrence records and eco-geographic information, we built a distribution model to predict the predominance of the two species across their range of sympatry. Our model predicts two novel gradients along which the species segregate: distance from the coastline and altitude. Anopheles coluzzii showed a ‘bimodal’ distribution, predominating in xeric West African savannas and along the western coastal fringe of Africa. To test whether differences in salinity tolerance underlie this habitat segregation, we assessed the acute dose–mortality response to salinity of thirty-two larval populations from Central Africa. In agreement with its coastal predominance, Anopheles coluzzii was overall more tolerant than An. gambiae. Salinity tolerance of both species, however, converged in urban localities, presumably reflecting an adaptive response to osmotic stress from anthropogenic pollutants. When comparing degree of tolerance in conjunction with levels of syntopy, we found evidence of character displacement in this trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Billy Tene Fossog
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC (UM1, UM2, CNRS 5290, IRD 224) Montpellier, France ; Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC) Yaoundé, Cameroon ; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Diego Ayala
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC (UM1, UM2, CNRS 5290, IRD 224) Montpellier, France ; Eck Institute for Global Health & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN, USA ; Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville, Gabon
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pierre Kengne
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC (UM1, UM2, CNRS 5290, IRD 224) Montpellier, France ; Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC) Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Boris Makanga
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC (UM1, UM2, CNRS 5290, IRD 224) Montpellier, France ; Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville, Gabon ; Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET) Libreville, Gabon
| | - Julie Magnus
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville, Gabon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC) Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marco Pombi
- Sezione di Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza' Rome, Italy
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC) Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC (UM1, UM2, CNRS 5290, IRD 224) Montpellier, France ; Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville, Gabon
| | - Nora J Besansky
- Eck Institute for Global Health & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Carlo Costantini
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC (UM1, UM2, CNRS 5290, IRD 224) Montpellier, France ; Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC) Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Giglio NF, Sousa-Lima AS, Gallardo AKR, Lima JBP. Laboratory Colonization of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) marajoara (Diptera: Culicidae) by Induced Copulation. J Med Entomol 2015; 52:3-8. [PMID: 26336274 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a serious public health problem, the control of which involves actions directed against its vector, mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles Meigan, 1818. The study of insect biology, ecology, and behavior is simplified when these insects are maintained at the laboratory. However, many of the species are eurygamic and require induced mating. Females of Anopheles marajoara Galvão e Damasceno, 1942 were collected at Mazagão county, State of Amapá, Brazil. F1 eggs were obtained through forced oviposition and raised until mosquito emergence. Around 300 mosquitoes were maintained in each cage and were fed with a 10% sugar solution. Induced mating was made to obtain the other generations. Females had their spermathecae examined for the presence of sperm. The efficacy of coupling in each generation was evaluated. The viability of a sample of generations F5, F9, F12, and F14 was followed from larvae to adult. Two free mating attempts were done. The results demonstrate adaptation of An. marajoara to laboratory conditions over 21 generations, with viability rates temporally increasing. There was no evidence of adaptation to free mating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N F Giglio
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Arthropod Vectors, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 12, Manguinhos, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Biology of the Army, Rua Francisco Manuel, 102 Benfica, CEP: 20911-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A S Sousa-Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Arthropod Vectors, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 12, Manguinhos, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Biology of the Army, Rua Francisco Manuel, 102 Benfica, CEP: 20911-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A K R Gallardo
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá, Zoology Division, Medical Entomology Section, Rodovia JK, km 10, Campus da Fazendinha, CEP: 68912-250, Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - J B P Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Arthropod Vectors, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 12, Manguinhos, CEP: 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Biology of the Army, Rua Francisco Manuel, 102 Benfica, CEP: 20911-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
White BJ, Kundert PN, Turissini DA, Van Ekeris L, Linser PJ, Besansky NJ. Dose and developmental responses of Anopheles merus larvae to salinity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 216:3433-41. [PMID: 23966587 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.087189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Saltwater tolerance is a trait that carries both ecological and epidemiological significance for Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit human malaria, as it plays a key role in determining their habitat use and ecological distribution, and thus their local contribution to malaria transmission. Here, we lay the groundwork for genetic dissection of this trait by quantifying saltwater tolerance in three closely related cryptic species and malaria vectors from the Afrotropical Anopheles gambiae complex that are known to differ starkly in their tolerance to salinity: the obligate freshwater species A. gambiae and A. coluzzii, and the saltwater-tolerant species A. merus. We performed detailed comparisons of survivorship under varying salinities, using multiple strains of A. gambiae, A. coluzzii and A. merus, as well as F1 progeny from reciprocal crosses of A. merus and A. coluzzii. Additionally, using immunohistochemistry, we compared the location of three ion regulatory proteins (Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, carbonic anhydrase and Na(+)/H(+)-antiporter) in the recta of A. coluzzii and A. merus reared in freshwater or saline water. As expected, we found that A. merus survives exposure to high salinities better than A. gambiae and A. coluzzii. Further, we found that exposure to a salinity level of 15.85 g NaCl l(-1) is a discriminating dose that kills all A. gambiae, A. coluzzii and A. coluzzii-A. merus F1 larvae, but does not negatively impact the survival of A. merus. Importantly, phenotypic expression of saltwater tolerance by A. merus is highly dependent upon the developmental time of exposure, and based on immunohistochemistry, salt tolerance appears to involve a major shift in Na(+)/K+-ATPase localization in the rectum, as observed previously for the distantly related saline-tolerant species A. albimanus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J White
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nkya TE, Akhouayri I, Poupardin R, Batengana B, Mosha F, Magesa S, Kisinza W, David JP. Insecticide resistance mechanisms associated with different environments in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: a case study in Tanzania. Malar J 2014; 13:28. [PMID: 24460952 PMCID: PMC3913622 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides is a growing concern in Africa. Since only a few insecticides are used for public health and limited development of new molecules is expected in the next decade, maintaining the efficacy of control programmes mostly relies on resistance management strategies. Developing such strategies requires a deep understanding of factors influencing resistance together with characterizing the mechanisms involved. Among factors likely to influence insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, agriculture and urbanization have been implicated but rarely studied in detail. The present study aimed at comparing insecticide resistance levels and associated mechanisms across multiple Anopheles gambiae sensu lato populations from different environments. METHODS Nine populations were sampled in three areas of Tanzania showing contrasting agriculture activity, urbanization and usage of insecticides for vector control. Insecticide resistance levels were measured in larvae and adults through bioassays with deltamethrin, DDT and bendiocarb. The distribution of An. gambiae sub-species and pyrethroid target-site mutations (kdr) were investigated using molecular assays. A microarray approach was used for identifying transcription level variations associated to different environments and insecticide resistance. RESULTS Elevated resistance levels to deltamethrin and DDT were identified in agriculture and urban areas as compared to the susceptible strain Kisumu. A significant correlation was found between adult deltamethrin resistance and agriculture activity. The subspecies Anopheles arabiensis was predominant with only few An. gambiae sensu stricto identified in the urban area of Dar es Salaam. The L1014S kdr mutation was detected at elevated frequency in An gambiae s.s. in the urban area but remains sporadic in An. arabiensis specimens. Microarrays identified 416 transcripts differentially expressed in any area versus the susceptible reference strain and supported the impact of agriculture on resistance mechanisms with multiple genes encoding pesticide targets, detoxification enzymes and proteins linked to neurotransmitter activity affected. In contrast, resistance mechanisms found in the urban area appeared more specific and more related to the use of insecticides for vector control. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study confirmed the role of the environment in shaping insecticide resistance in mosquitoes with a major impact of agriculture activities. Results are discussed in relation to resistance mechanisms and the optimization of resistance management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresia E Nkya
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS-Université de Grenoble 5553, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble cedex 09, France
- National Institute of Medical Research of Tanzania, Amani Medical Research Centre, P. O. Box 81, Tanga, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Idir Akhouayri
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS-Université de Grenoble 5553, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble cedex 09, France
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group. Pembroke place, Liverpool L35QA, UK
| | - Bernard Batengana
- National Institute of Medical Research of Tanzania, Amani Medical Research Centre, P. O. Box 81, Tanga, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Franklin Mosha
- KCM College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box. 2240, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Magesa
- RTI International-Tanzania, P.O.Box 369, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - William Kisinza
- National Institute of Medical Research of Tanzania, Amani Medical Research Centre, P. O. Box 81, Tanga, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS-Université de Grenoble 5553, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble cedex 09, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Marsden CD, Lee Y, Kreppel K, Weakley A, Cornel A, Ferguson HM, Eskin E, Lanzaro GC. Diversity, differentiation, and linkage disequilibrium: prospects for association mapping in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. G3 (Bethesda) 2014; 4:121-31. [PMID: 24281424 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.008326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Association mapping is a widely applied method for elucidating the genetic basis of phenotypic traits. However, factors such as linkage disequilibrium and levels of genetic diversity influence the power and resolution of this approach. Moreover, the presence of population subdivision among samples can result in spurious associations if not accounted for. As such, it is useful to have a detailed understanding of these factors before conducting association mapping experiments. Here we conducted whole-genome sequencing on 24 specimens of the malaria mosquito vector, Anopheles arabiensis, to further understanding of patterns of genetic diversity, population subdivision and linkage disequilibrium in this species. We found high levels of genetic diversity within the An. arabiensis genome, with ~800,000 high-confidence, single- nucleotide polymorphisms detected. However, levels of nucleotide diversity varied significantly both within and between chromosomes. We observed lower diversity on the X chromosome, within some inversions, and near centromeres. Population structure was absent at the local scale (Kilombero Valley, Tanzania) but detected between distant populations (Cameroon vs. Tanzania) where differentiation was largely restricted to certain autosomal chromosomal inversions such as 2Rb. Overall, linkage disequilibrium within An. arabiensis decayed very rapidly (within 200 bp) across all chromosomes. However, elevated linkage disequilibrium was observed within some inversions, suggesting that recombination is reduced in those regions. The overall low levels of linkage disequilibrium suggests that association studies in this taxon will be very challenging for all but variants of large effect, and will require large sample sizes.
Collapse
|
45
|
BRIDI LC, SHARAKHOVA MV, SHARAKHOV IV, CORDEIRO J, AZEVEDO GM, TADEI WP, RAFAEL MS. Chromosomal localization of actin genes in the malaria mosquito Anopheles darlingi. Med Vet Entomol 2013; 27:118-121. [PMID: 22804344 PMCID: PMC3477284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical and genetic maps have been used for chromosomal localization of genes in vectors of infectious diseases. The availability of polytene chromosomes in malaria mosquitoes provides a unique opportunity to precisely map genes of interest. We report the physical mapping of two actin genes on polytene chromosomes of the major malaria vector in the Amazon, Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae). Clones with actin gene sequences were obtained from a cDNA library constructed from RNA isolated from adult females and males of An. darlingi. Each of the two clones was mapped to a unique site on chromosomal arm 2L in subdivisions 21A (clone pl05-A04) and 23B (clone pl17-G06). The obtained results, together with previous mapping data, provide a suitable basis for comparative genomics and for establishing chromosomal homologies among major malaria vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. BRIDI
- Programa de Pós- Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva – PP-G GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA
| | - M. V. SHARAKHOVA
- Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, West Campus Drive, MC 0346, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - I. V. SHARAKHOV
- Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, West Campus Drive, MC 0346, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - J. CORDEIRO
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15053, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS
| | - G. M. AZEVEDO
- Programa de Pós- Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva – PP-G GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA
| | - W. P. TADEI
- CSAS - Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Laboratório de Vetores da Malária e Dengue / INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, CEP 69060-000, Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil
| | - M. S. RAFAEL
- CSAS - Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Laboratório de Vetores da Malária e Dengue / INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, CEP 69060-000, Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ambrose L, Riginos C, Cooper RD, Leow KS, Ong W, Beebe NW. Population structure, mitochondrial polyphyly and the repeated loss of human biting ability in anopheline mosquitoes from the southwest Pacific. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4327-43. [PMID: 22747666 PMCID: PMC3470930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Australia and New Guinea contain high levels of endemism and biodiversity, yet there have been few evaluations of population-level genetic diversity in fauna occurring throughout the Australo-Papuan region. Using extensive geographical sampling, we examined and compared the phylogenetic relationships, phylogeography and population structure of Anopheles farauti, An. hinesorum and An. irenicus throughout their ranges in the southwest Pacific using mitochondrial (mtDNA COI) and nuclear (ribosomal protein S9 and ribosomal DNA ITS2) loci. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the ability to utilize humans as hosts has been lost repeatedly, coincident with independent colonizations of the Solomon Islands. As some of the species under investigation transmit malaria in the region, this is a medically important finding. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of nuclear loci also showed that the three species are monophyletic. However, putative introgression of An. hinesorum mtDNA onto a nuclear background of An. farauti was evident in populations from Queensland, Torres Strait and southern New Guinea. Haplotype networks and pairwise F(ST) values show that there is significant genetic structure within New Guinea and Australia in both An. farauti and An. hinesorum, consistent with a long-term history of low gene flow among populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ambrose
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld. 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Omukunda E, Githeko A, Ndong A MF, Mushinzimana E, Yan G. Effect of swamp cultivation on distribution of anopheline larval habitats in Western Kenya. J Vector Borne Dis 2012; 49:61-71. [PMID: 22898476 PMCID: PMC3767305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Malaria resurgence in highland regions of East Africa has been on increase. The spatio-temporal distribution of larval habitats of malaria vectors determines the distribution of adult vectors, hence, disease transmission. Vector's ecology is necessary for strategic vector control through effective plan for source reduction. Mapping of the larval habitats is necessary for targeted control measures. The purpose of this study is to assess and compare the spatial and seasonal variations in anopheline larval habitats in Western Kenya. METHODS A comparative study was conducted on spatial distribution of GPS geo-located anopheline larval habitats in relation to highland and lowland environments. Land use types were categorized and all potential aquatic habitats of malaria vectors were examined in February, May, August and November 2004. Data analyses were performed using SAS JMP software. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Results showed a higher percentage of Anopheles gambiae s.s. (70.9%) than An. funestus (29.1%) in highland. In the lowland, An. gambiae s.l. comprised 60.1% while An. funestus represented 39.9%. The distribution of larval breeding is confined to the valley bottom in the highland while it was dispersed in the lowland. Land use type influenced the occurrence of positive breeding habitats in the highland. In the lowland, distribution was due to seasonality. We found high proportion of potential and positive breeding sites in cultivated swamps and farmlands at the highland site. These results suggest that swamp cultivation increases the availability and suitability of larval breeding habitats of malaria vectors, thus malaria transmission in the Western Kenya highlands environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Omukunda
- Climate and Human Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vatandoost H, Ramin E, Rassi Y, Abai MR. Stability and Wash Resistance of Local Made Mosquito Bednets and Detergents Treated with Pyrethroids against Susceptible Strain of Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis 2009; 3:19-28. [PMID: 22808368 PMCID: PMC3385525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate different fibres of bednets impregnated with various pyrethroids. The stability of insecticide on the bednet was measured using different methods of washings as well as local made detergents. METHODS The entire test was carried out according to the WHO-recommended methods. In addition, the impact of the numbers of washes on the stability of the insecticides was determined. Permethrin 10% (EC), deltamethrin 10% (SC), lambdacyhalothrin 2.5% (CS) and cyfluthrin 5% (EW) were used at the recommended dosages. Three different local detergents were used. Two kinds of washing methods (shaking, no shaking) were used and in each method four kinds of washings, i.e. no wash, one wash, two washes and three washes was done. The main malaria vectors, Anopheles stephensi, which is susceptible to all insecticides (BEECH strain), was tested with impregnated bednets in 3 minutes exposure time and the mortality was measured after 24 hours recovery period. Knock-down was measured as well using appropriate statistical methods. RESULTS Lambdacyhalothrin has saved its insecticidal impact after being washed, whereas, deltamethrin has lost its activity faster than other insecticides. Tow other insecticides had moderate effect. Golnar soap detergent has least effect on the durability of insecticides, but the Shoma had the most. Whit increasing the times of washing, insecticidal effects was decreased, but shaking had no influence on the decreasing of the quality of insecticidal impact. CONCLUSION Results will be useful for local people who wish to use pyrethroid-impregnated bednets with their own local made detergent and bednets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Vatandoost
- Corresponding author: Dr Hassan Vatandoost, E-mail:
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dassanayake RS, Gunawardene YINS, Silva BDDNKD. ITS-2 secondary structures and phylogeny of Anopheles culicifacies species. Bioinformation 2008; 2:456-60. [PMID: 18841242 PMCID: PMC2561166 DOI: 10.6026/97320630002456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) has proven to contain useful biological information at higher taxonomic levels. OBJECTIVES This study was carried out to unravel the biological information in the ITS2 region of An. culicifacies and the internal relationships between the five species of Anopheles culicifacies. METHODOLOGY In achieving these objectives, twenty two ITS2 sequences (approximately 370bp) of An. culicifacies species were retrieved from GenBank and secondary structures were generated. For the refinement of the primary structures, i.e. nucleotide sequence of ITS2 sequences, generated secondary structures were used. The improved ITS2 primary structures sequences were then aligned and used for the construction of phylogenetic trees. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ITS2 secondary structures of culicifacies closely resembled near universal eukaryotes secondary structure and had three helices, and the structures of helix II and distal region of helix III of ITS2 of An. culicifacies were strikingly similar to those regions of other organisms strengthening possible involvement of these regions in rRNA biogenesis. Phylogenetic analysis of improved ITS2 sequences revealed two main clades one representing sibling B, C and E and A and D in the other. CONCLUSIONS Near sequence identity of ITS2 regions of the members in a particular clade indicate that this region is undergoing parallel evolution to perform clade specific RNA biogenesis. The divergence of certain isolates of An. culicifacies from main clades in phylogenetic analyses suggests the possible existence of camouflaged sub-species within the complex of culicifacies. Using the fixed nucleotide differences, we estimate that these two clades have diverged nearly 3.3 million years ago, while the sibling species in clade 2 are under less evolutionary pressure, which may have evolved much later than the members in clade 1.
Collapse
|