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Ateutchia-Ngouanet S, Nanfack-Minkeu F, Mavridis K, Wanji S, Demanou M, Vontas J, Djouaka R. Monitoring Aedes populations for arboviruses, Wolbachia, insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in various agroecosystems in Benin. Acta Trop 2024; 253:107178. [PMID: 38461924 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are the main vectors of arboviruses in Benin. Cases of dengue have been reported in Benin with all four serotypes of the virus actively circulating in this region. Some agricultural settings are known to harbor Aedes vectors responsible for the transmission of arboviruses. The massive use of certain insecticides in agricultural settings has probably contributed to insecticide resistance in these vectors. In Benin, the susceptibility of arbovirus vectors to insecticides is poorly studied. In addition, the distribution of Wolbachia spp., which is used against some arboviruses is unknown. Moreover, there is limited information regarding the vectors responsible for the transmission of arboviruses in Benin. This present study monitored the species composition, arboviruses, and Wolbachia symbiont status, as well as the phenotypic and molecular insecticide resistance profile of Aedes populations from three agroecosystems in Benin. Aedes species identification was performed morphologically and confirmed using qPCR. (RT)-qPCR assay was applied for monitoring the presence of DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV, and WNV pathogens as well as for naturally occurring Wolbachia symbionts. Insecticide resistance was assessed phenotypically, by permethrin (0.75%) exposure of Adults (F0) using World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay protocols, and at the molecular level, using TaqMan (RT)-qPCR assays for assessing knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations (F1534C, V1016G/I, and S989P) and the expression levels of eight detoxification genes (P450s from the CYP9 and CYP6 families, carboxylesterases and glutathione-S-transferases). Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) mosquitoes were the most abundant (93.9%) in the three agroecosystems studied, followed by Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) mosquitoes (6.1%). No arboviruses were detected in the study's mosquito populations. Naturally occurring Wolbachia symbionts were present in 7 pools out of 15 pools tested. This could influence the effectiveness of vector control strategies based on exogenously introduced Wolbachia, all present in the three agroecosystems. Full susceptibility to permethrin was observed in all tested populations of Ae. albopictus. On the contrary, Ae. aegypti were found to be resistant in all three agroecosystem sites except for banana plantation sites, where full susceptibility was observed. Molecular analysis revealed that individual target site resistance kdr mutations F1534C and V1016G/I were detected in most Ae. aegypti populations. Additionally, double mutant (F1534C + V1016G/I) mosquitoes were found in some populations, and in one case, triple mutant (F1534C + V1016G/I + S989P) mosquitoes were detected. Metabolic resistance, as reflected by overexpression of three P450 genes (CYP6BB2, CYP9J26, and CYP9J32), was also detected in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Our study provides information that could be used to strategize future vector control strategies and highlights the importance of continuing vector surveillance. Future studies should assess the effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on metabolic resistance and identify the different strains of Wolbachia spp., to choose the best vector control strategies in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ateutchia-Ngouanet
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin; Department Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. BOX 63, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - F Nanfack-Minkeu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin; Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, OH, USA
| | - K Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - S Wanji
- Department Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. BOX 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - M Demanou
- Regional Yellow Fever Laboratory Coordinator World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team West Africa, 03 PO BOX 7019 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - J Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece; Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - R Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin
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Akoton R, Sawadogo SP, Tossou E, Nikiema AS, Tchigossou G, Sovegnon PM, Djogbenou L, Zeukeng F, Hawkes FM, Dabire RK, Djouaka R, Gibson G. Using artificial odors to optimize attractiveness of host decoy traps to malaria vectors. J Med Entomol 2024:tjae010. [PMID: 38381594 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Malaria vector surveillance tools often incorporate features of hosts that are attractive to blood-seeking females. The recently developed host decoy trap (HDT) combines visual, thermal, and olfactory stimuli associated with human hosts and has shown great efficacy in terms of collecting malaria vectors. Synthetic odors and yeast-produced carbon dioxide (CO2) could prove useful by mimicking the human odors currently used in HDTs and provide standardized and easy-to-use olfactory attractants. The objective of this study was to test the attractiveness of various olfactory attractant cues in HDTs to capture malaria vectors. We compared 4 different odor treatments in outdoor field settings in southern Benin and western Burkina Faso: the standard HDT using a human, HDT with yeast-produced CO2, HDT with an artificial odor blend, and HDT with yeast-produced CO2 plus artificial odor blend. In both experimental sites, the standard HDT that incorporated a real human produced the greatest catch of Anopheles gambiae s.l (Diptera: Culicidae). The alternatives tested were still effective at collecting target vector species, although the most effective included CO2, either alone (Benin) or in combination with synthetic odor (Burkina Faso). The trap using synthetic human odor alone caught the fewest An. gambiae s.l. compared to the other baited traps. Both Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae were caught by each trap, with a predominance of An. coluzzii. Synthetic baits could, therefore, represent a more standardized and easier-to-deploy approach than using real human odor baits for a robust vector monitoring strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Akoton
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Simon P Sawadogo
- Departement de Biologie Medicale et Sante Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Eric Tossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Benin
| | - Achille S Nikiema
- Departement de Biologie Medicale et Sante Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Genevieve Tchigossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Benin
| | - Pierre M Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Frances M Hawkes
- Department of Agriculture, Health & Environment, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, UK
| | - Rock K Dabire
- Departement de Biologie Medicale et Sante Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Benin
| | - Gabriella Gibson
- Department of Agriculture, Health & Environment, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, UK
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Akoton R, Sovegnon PM, Djihinto OY, Medjigbodo AA, Agonhossou R, Saizonou HM, Tchigossou GM, Atoyebi SM, Tossou E, Zeukeng F, Lagnika HO, Mousse W, Adegnika AA, Djouaka R, Djogbénou LS. Vectorial competence, insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus and operational implications for malaria vector control strategies in Benin Republic. Malar J 2023; 22:385. [PMID: 38129880 PMCID: PMC10740250 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary reason for the failure of malaria vector control across endemic regions is the widespread insecticide resistance observed in Anopheles vectors. The most dominant African vectors of malaria parasites are Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes. These species often exhibit divergent behaviours and adaptive changes underscoring the importance of deploying active and effective measures in their control. Unlike An. gambiae, An. funestus mosquitoes are poorly studied in Benin Republic. However, recent reports indicated that An. funestus can adapt and colonize various ecological niches owing to its resistance against insecticides and adaptation to changing breeding habitats. Unfortunately, scientific investigations on the contribution of An. funestus to malaria transmission, their susceptibility to insecticide and resistance mechanism developed are currently insufficient for the design of better control strategies. In an attempt to gather valuable information on An. funestus, the present review examines the progress made on this malaria vector species in Benin Republic and highlights future research perspectives on insecticide resistance profiles and related mechanisms, as well as new potential control strategies against An. funestus. Literature analysis revealed that An. funestus is distributed all over the country, although present in low density compared to other dominant malaria vectors. Interestingly, An. funestus is being found in abundance during the dry seasons, suggesting an adaptation to desiccation. Among the An. funestus group, only An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles leesoni were found in the country with An. funestus s.s. being the most abundant species. Furthermore, An. funestus s.s. is the only one species in the group contributing to malaria transmission and have adapted biting times that allow them to bite at dawn. In addition, across the country, An. funestus were found resistant to pyrethroid insecticides used for bed nets impregnation and also resistant to bendiocarb which is currently being introduced in indoor residual spraying formulation in malaria endemic regions. All these findings highlight the challenges faced in controlling this malaria vector. Therefore, advancing the knowledge of vectorial competence of An. funestus, understanding the dynamics of insecticide resistance in this malaria vector, and exploring alternative vector control measures, are critical for sustainable malaria control efforts in Benin Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Pierre Marie Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Oswald Y Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helga M Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | | | - Seun M Atoyebi
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Hamirath O Lagnika
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
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Hessou-Djossou D, Djègbè I, Loko YLE, Boukari MKYG, Nonfodji OM, Tchigossou G, Djouaka R, Akogbeto M. Attitudes and prevention towards malaria in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in urban community in Benin, West Africa. Malar J 2023; 22:228. [PMID: 37542257 PMCID: PMC10401850 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and its damages have severely impacted the global healthcare system even in countries with the best systems. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), it could worsen the malaria situation in endemic countries such as Benin. This study was conducted to describe the potential effects of the pandemic on urban dwellers attitudes, prevention and treatment against malaria in four major cities of Benin. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in Cotonou, Bohicon, Parakou and Natitingou, four urban cities of Benin. A total of 800 randomly selected households were interviewed. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice. Descriptive statistics and binomial logistic regression analysis were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS More than 90% of the participants interviewed had a good level of knowledge about the transmission and prevention of malaria in the cities surveyed. In contrast, low proportions of participants reported visiting health-care facilities when they suspected malaria. Compared to the proportions observed at Parakou and Natitingou, the low proportion of participants was statistically significant at Cotonou (Parakou: X2 = 31.345, df = 1, P < 0.0001; Natitingou: X2 = 17.471, df = 1, P < 0.0001). Among the reasons for not seeking care, these related to COVID-19 were the most mentioned. Moreover, the good education level of the participants was one of the factors associated with the non-use of healthcare facilities due to over-knowledgeable about Covid-19, which might have increased the fear to go to the health facilities. Finally, high proportions of self-medication practice were mentioned with high use of malaria drugs to treat both malaria and to protect against COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS The data show a negative impact of COVID-19 on visits to healthcare facilities for malarial treatment and malaria drugs usage by the population. It is, therefore, necessary to rebuild malaria programmes by integrating measures adapted to health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Hessou-Djossou
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin.
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | | | | | - Odilon M Nonfodji
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (LCEE), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin
| | - Geneviève Tchigossou
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Martin Akogbeto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Bénin
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Ateutchia Ngouanet S, Wanji S, Yadouleton A, Demanou M, Djouaka R, Nanfack-Minkeu F. Factors enhancing the transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses in Africa. Virusdisease 2022; 33:477-488. [PMID: 36278029 PMCID: PMC9579656 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ateutchia Ngouanet
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin
- Department Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. BOX 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. BOX 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Anges Yadouleton
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Maurice Demanou
- Regional Yellow Fever Laboratory Coordinator World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team West Africa, 03 P.O. Box 7019, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ferdinand Nanfack-Minkeu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin
- Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH USA
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Hessou-Djossou D, Djègbè I, Ahadji-Dabla KM, Nonfodji OM, Tchigossou G, Djouaka R, Cornelie S, Djogbenou L, Akogbeto M, Chandre F. Diversity of larval habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes in urban areas of Benin and influence of their physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics on larval density. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:207. [PMID: 35698161 PMCID: PMC9195272 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The implementation of anti-larval strategies in the fight against malaria vectors requires fundamental knowledge of their oviposition sites. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of Anopheles breeding sites as well as the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the proliferation of larvae in urban and non-urban areas of Benin. Methods Sampling of Anopheles larvae was carried out during the rainy and dry seasons in urbanized and non-urbanized areas of the cities of Cotonou, Bohicon, Parakou, and Natitingou in Benin. The Anopheles larval breeding sites were georeferenced and characterized by their nature, type, physicochemical (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, salinity) and biological attributes (larval density and coliform density). Results A total of 198 positive breeding sites for Anopheles larvae were identified, comprising 163 (82.3%) in the rainy season and 35 (17.7%) in the dry season. Out of these larval habitats, 61.9% were located in urbanized areas, and were predominantly puddles. Principal component analysis revealed a high positive correlation of larval density with temperature and dissolved oxygen, and with salinity in the coastal zone. In addition, cross-sectional analysis of the microbiological results with larval density showed a significant negative correlation between larval productivity and faecal coliform load. Conclusions This study indicated the presence of multiple larval habitats of Anopheles in the urban areas which were created through human activities, and associations between larval density and intrinsic factors of the habitats such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and faecal coliform load. This type of information may be useful for the implementation of appropriate control strategies in urban areas, including regulation of the human activities that lead to the creation of breeding sites, proper environmental management and targeted larvicidal use. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Hessou-Djossou
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologie, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Natitingou, Bénin
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologie, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Natitingou, Bénin. .,Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Koffi Mensah Ahadji-Dabla
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie (LaEE), Département de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Odilon M Nonfodji
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologie, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Natitingou, Bénin.,Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (LCEE), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologie, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Natitingou, Bénin
| | - Geneviève Tchigossou
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique (IRSP), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Ouidah, Bénin
| | - Martin Akogbeto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Chan K, Tusting LS, Bottomley C, Saito K, Djouaka R, Lines J. Malaria transmission and prevalence in rice-growing versus non-rice-growing villages in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e257-e269. [PMID: 35278391 PMCID: PMC8926871 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice fields in Africa are major breeding sites for malaria vectors. However, when reviewed in the 1990s, in settings where transmission was relatively intense, there was no tendency for malaria indices to be higher in villages with irrigated rice fields than in those without. Subsequently, intervention coverage in sub-Saharan Africa has been massively scaled up and malaria infection prevalence has halved. We re-examined this rice-malaria relationship to assess whether, with lower malaria transmission, malaria risk is greater in rice-growing than in non-rice-growing areas. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched EMBASE, Global Health, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify observational studies published between Jan 1, 1900, and Sept 18, 2020. Studies were considered eligible if they were observational studies (cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort) comparing epidemiological or entomological outcomes of interest between people living in rice-growing and non-rice-growing rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies with pregnant women, displaced people, and military personnel as participants were excluded because they were considered not representative of a typical community. Data were extracted with use of a standardised data extraction form. The primary outcomes were parasite prevalence (P falciparum parasite rate age-standardised to 2-10-year-olds, calculated from total numbers of participants and number of infections [confirmed by microscopy or rapid diagnostic test] in each group) and clinical malaria incidence (number of diagnoses [fever with Plasmodium parasitaemia confirmed by microscopy or rapid diagnostic test] per 1000 person-days in each group). We did random-effects meta-analyses to estimate the pooled risk ratio (RR) for malaria parasite prevalence and incidence rate ratio (IRR) for clinical malaria in rice-growing versus non-rice-growing villages. RRs were compared in studies conducted before and after 2003 (chosen to mark the start of the mass scale-up of antimalaria interventions). This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020204936). FINDINGS Of the 2913 unique studies identified and screened, 53 studies (including 113 160 participants across 14 African countries) were eligible for inclusion. In studies done before 2003, malaria parasite prevalence was not significantly different in rice-growing versus non-rice-growing villages (pooled RR 0·82 [95% CI 0·63-1·06]; 16 studies, 99 574 participants); however, in post-2003 studies, prevalence was significantly higher in rice-growing versus non-rice growing villages (1·73 [1·01-2·96]; seven studies, 14 002 participants). Clinical malaria incidence was not associated with residence in rice-growing versus non-rice-growing areas (IRR 0·75 [95% CI 0·47-1·18], four studies, 77 890). Potential limitations of this study include its basis on observational studies (with evidence quality rated as very low according to the GRADE approach), as well as its omission for the effects of seasonality and type of rice being cultivated. Risk of bias and inconsistencies was relatively serious, with I2 greater than 90% indicating considerable heterogeneity. INTERPRETATION Irrigated rice-growing communities in sub-Saharan Africa are exposed to greater malaria risk, as well as more mosquitoes. As increasing rice production and eliminating malaria are two major development goals in Africa, there is an urgent need to improve methods for growing rice without producing mosquitoes. FUNDING Wellcome Trust Our Planet Our Health programme, CGIAR Agriculture for Nutrition and Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallista Chan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Lucy S Tusting
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jo Lines
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Hinson AV, Adjobimey M, Damien G, Kapsu Tchoumani AE, Mikponhoue R, Djouaka R. Analysis Of The Industrial Effluents’ Toxicity And Health Risks: Case Of Three Industries From Douala City In Cameroon. Saf Health Work 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2021.12.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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9
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Zeukeng F, Ablordey A, Kakou-Ngazoa SE, Ghogomu SM, N'golo Coulibaly D, Nsoga MTN, Mbacham WF, Bigoga JD, Djouaka R. Community-based geographical distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans VNTR-genotypes from the environment and humans in the Nyong valley, Cameroon. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:41. [PMID: 34020717 PMCID: PMC8139057 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genotyping is a powerful tool for investigating outbreaks of infectious diseases and it can provide useful information such as identifying the source and route of transmission, and circulating strains involved in the outbreak. Genotyping techniques based on variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) are instrumental in detecting heterogeneity in Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU) and also for discriminating MU from other mycobacteria species. Here, we describe and map the distribution of MU genotypes in Buruli ulcer (BU) endemic communities of the Nyong valley in Cameroon. We also tested the hypothesis of whether the suspected animal reservoirs of BU that share the human microhabitat are shedding contaminated fecal matters and saliva into their surrounding environments. Methods Environmental samples from suspected MU-risk factors and lesion swabs from human patients were sampled in BU-endemic communities and tested for the presence of MU by qPCR targeting three independent sequences (IS2404, IS2606, KR-B). Positive samples to MU were further genotyped by VNTR with confirmation by sequencing of four loci (MIRU1, Locus 6, ST1, Locus 19). Results MU was detected in environmental samples including water bodies (23%), biofilms (14%), detritus (10%), and in human patients (73%). MU genotypes D, W, and C were found both in environmental and human samples. The micro geo-distribution of MU genotypes from communities showed that genotype D is found both in environmental and human samples, while genotypes W and C are specific to environmental samples and human lesions, respectively. No obvious focal grouping of MU genotypes was observed at the community scale. An additional survey in the human microhabitat suggests that domestic and wild animals do not shed MU in their saliva and feces in sampled communities. Conclusions VNTR typing uncovered different MU genotypes circulating in the endemic communities of the Akonolinga district. A MU environmental genotype was found in patients, yet the mechanism of contamination remains to be investigated; and recovering MU in culture from the environment remains key priority to enable a better understanding of the mode of transmission of BU. We also conclude that excretions from suspected animals are unlikely to be major sources of MU in the Nyong Valley in Cameroon. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41182-021-00330-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Zeukeng
- The Biotechnology Centre (BTC), University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box, 17673, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box., 63, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Anthony Ablordey
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box., 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Solange E Kakou-Ngazoa
- Department of Technics and Technology, Platform of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute Abidjan, P.O. Box., 490, Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box., 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - David N'golo Coulibaly
- Department of Technics and Technology, Platform of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute Abidjan, P.O. Box., 490, Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- The Biotechnology Centre (BTC), University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box, 17673, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jude Daiga Bigoga
- The Biotechnology Centre (BTC), University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box, 17673, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box. 0932, Tri-Postal Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin
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10
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Keïta M, Sogoba N, Kané F, Traoré B, Zeukeng F, Coulibaly B, Sodio AB, Traoré SF, Djouaka R, Doumbia S. Multiple Resistance Mechanisms to Pyrethroids Insecticides in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato Population From Mali, West Africa. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:S81-S90. [PMID: 33906223 PMCID: PMC8079131 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide-based vector control is responsible for reducing malaria mortality and morbidity. Its success depends on a better knowledge of the vector, its distribution, and resistance status to the insecticides used. In this paper, we assessed Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (A gambiae s.l.) population resistance to pyrethroids in different ecological settings. Methods The World Health Organization standard bioassay test was used to assess F0A gambiae s.l. susceptibility to pyrethroids. Biochemical Synergist assays were conducted with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributyl phosphotritioate, and diethyl maleate. L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations were investigated using TaqMan genotyping. Results Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was composed of Anopheles arabienisis, Anopheles coluzzii, and A gambiae in all study sites. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato showed a strong phenotypic resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin in all sites (13% to 41% mortality). In many sites, pre-exposure to synergists partially improved the mortality rate suggesting the presence of detoxifying enzymes. The 3 kdr (L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y) mutations were found, with a predominance of L1014F, in all species. Conclusions Multiple resistance mechanisms to pyrethroids were observed in A gambiae s.l. in Mali. The PBO provided a better partial restoration of susceptibility to pyrethroids, suggesting that the efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets may be improved with PBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Keïta
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fousseyni Kané
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Boissé Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- The AgroEcohealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-Benin), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Boubacar Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ambiélè Bernard Sodio
- Faculty of Science and Technique, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sekou Fantamady Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- The AgroEcohealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-Benin), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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11
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Dzepe D, Nana P, Kuietche HM, Kimpara JM, Magatsing O, Tchuinkam T, Djouaka R. Feeding strategies for small-scale rearing black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as organic waste recycler. SN Appl Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-04039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractProcessing organic waste using black soldier fly (BSF)-based technology offers a promising alternative for sustainable organic waste management and urban sanitation. This study was conducted to assess the influence of feeding strategies on the efficacy of BSF larvae to recycle organic wastes into value products. Fruit waste and chicken manure were used as organic waste samples while commercial chicken feed was used as a control, and were processed for 15 days in circular plastic containers (Ø 30 × 12 cm) with 50; 100; 150; and 200 mg/larva/day continuous and batch feeding diets, using 500 four-day-old larvae per diet, repeated four times. Larval survival rates were not significantly affected by the feeding strategies. However, average larval biomass of 83.69 ± 13.04 g and 82.46 ± 08.52 g was achieved for the continuous and batch feeding strategies, respectively, under favorable conditions. Larval feed reduction rates ranged from 24.65 ± 03.48% to 72.78 ± 01.48% and 24.52 ± 0.27% to 72.25 ± 12.13% with continuous and batch feeding strategies, respectively, and were significantly affected by the different daily diets. On the other hand, the bioconversion rates ranged from 13.34 ± 0.26% to 50.82 ± 02.27%, and the highest values were observed with the continuous feeding diets. This study confirms the efficacy of BSF larvae to thrive in different organic substrates and shows that the continuous feeding strategy can be better and enhance a sustainable small-scale organic waste management.
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12
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Tchigossou GM, Atoyebi SM, Akoton R, Tossou E, Innocent D, Riveron J, Irving H, Yessoufou A, Wondji C, Djouaka R. Investigation of DDT resistance mechanisms in Anopheles funestus populations from northern and southern Benin reveals a key role of the GSTe2 gene. Malar J 2020; 19:456. [PMID: 33334345 PMCID: PMC7745352 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquito, such as Anopheles funestus, is an important step in developing strategies to mitigate the resistance problem. This study aims to assess the role of the GSTe2 gene in DDT resistance and determine the genetic diversity of this gene in An. funestus. Methods Gene expression analysis was performed using microarrays and PCR while the potential mutation associated with resistance was determined using sequencing. Results Low expression level of GSTe2 gene was recorded in Burkina-Faso samples with a fold change of 3.3 while high expression (FC 35.6) was recorded in southern Benin in Pahou (FC 35.6) and Kpome (FC 13.3). The sequencing of GSTe2 gene in six localities showed that L119F-GSTe2 mutation is almost getting fixed in highly DDT-resistant Benin (Pahou, Kpome, Doukonta) and Nigeria (Akaka Remo) mosquitoes with a low mutation rate observed in Tanongou (Benin) and Burkina-Faso mosquitoes. Conclusion This study shows the key role of the GSTe2 gene in DDT resistant An. funestus in Benin. Polymorphism analysis of this gene across Benin revealed possible barriers to gene flow, which could impact the design and implementation of resistance management strategies in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Seun M Atoyebi
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Oya State, Nigeria
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Djegbe Innocent
- Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, National University of Sciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP 123, Benin
| | - Jacob Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke PlaceLiverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke PlaceLiverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Charles Wondji
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke PlaceLiverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Centre Region, Cameroon
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.
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13
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Zeukeng F, Djouaka R, Bigoga J, Kakou-Ngazoa S, N’golo Coulibaly D, Ngo Nsonga T, Tamo M, Mbacham W, Ablordey A. Domestic animals infected with Mycobacterium ulcerans – Implications for transmission to humans. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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14
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Djègbè I, Zinsou M, Dovonou EF, Tchigossou G, Soglo M, Adéoti R, Gbaguidi B, Atoyebi S, Chandre F, Akogbéto M, Lines J, Djouaka R. Minimal tillage and intermittent flooding farming systems show a potential reduction in the proliferation of Anopheles mosquito larvae in a rice field in Malanville, Northern Benin. Malar J 2020; 19:333. [PMID: 32928223 PMCID: PMC7491134 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irrigation systems have been identified as one of the factors promoting malaria disease around agricultural farms in sub-Saharan Africa. However, if improved water management strategy is adopted during rice cultivation, it may help to reduce malaria cases among human population living around rice fields. This study aimed to assess the impact of the different irrigation practices on malaria transmission, as well as to evaluate the water management system that will best mitigate malaria transmission in Malanville, Benin. Methods Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) study was conducted on 104 households staying on and around the rice fields in Malanville. The study focused on the frequency of mosquito bites and preventive measures against malaria as well as soil preparation and rice planting methods. Mosquito larvae density was assessed in different water management system: continuous flooding (CF) or intermittent flooding (IF), deep tillage (DT) or minimal tillage (MT) and normal levelling (NL) or abnormal levelling (AL) in an experimental hut set-up. Larvae were collected using dipping methods and their density was determined. Results Three tillage systems, which include the use of tiller, plow and hoe, were identified on the rice field. Continuous flooding was the only irrigation system used by farmers. Retrospective data from Malanville Health Centre revealed higher malaria cases during rice production season, which was also confirmed by field participants. The density of Anopheles larvae was reduced by 80.8%, 30.8% and 40.7% (P = 0.000) during transplanting, tillering and maturation periods, respectively with intermittent flooding compared to continuous flooding. In addition, a clear reduction of larva density was observed with both intermittent flooding systems applied to minimal tillage (MT + IF + NL) and intermittent flooding applied to deep tillage (DT + IF + AL), showing that intermittent flooding could reduce the abundance of malaria vector in rice fields. Conclusion Recommending intermittent flooding technology for rice cultivation may not only be useful for water management but could also be an intentional strategy to control mosquitoes vector-borne diseases around rice farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Djègbè
- National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, BP 72, Natitingou, Benin.
| | - Merdie Zinsou
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie Appliquée, University of Abomey-Calavi, Institut National de l'eau, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin.,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Edia Flavien Dovonou
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie Appliquée, University of Abomey-Calavi, Institut National de l'eau, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Murielle Soglo
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Razack Adéoti
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Brice Gbaguidi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Seun Atoyebi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier. MIVEGEC. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Martin Akogbéto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jo Lines
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin
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15
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Atoyebi SM, Tchigossou GM, Akoton R, Riveron JM, Irving H, Weedall G, Tossou E, Djegbe I, Oyewole IO, Bakare AA, Wondji CS, Djouaka R. Investigating the molecular basis of multiple insecticide resistance in a major malaria vector Anopheles funestus (sensu stricto) from Akaka-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:423. [PMID: 32811561 PMCID: PMC7436991 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms used by Anopheles mosquitoes to survive insecticide exposure is key to manage existing insecticide resistance and develop more suitable insecticide-based malaria vector control interventions as well as other alternative integrated tools. To this regard, the molecular basis of permethrin, DDT and dieldrin resistance in Anopheles funestus (sensu stricto) at Akaka-Remo was investigated. Methods Bioassays were conducted on 3–5-day-old adult An. funestus (s.s.) mosquitoes for permethrin, DDT and dieldrin susceptibility test. The molecular mechanisms of mosquito resistance to these insecticides were investigated using microarray and reverse transcriptase PCR techniques. The voltage-gated sodium channel region of mosquitoes was also screened for the presence of knockdown resistance mutations (kdr west and east) by sequencing method. Results Anopheles funestus (s.s.) population was resistant to permethrin (mortality rate of 68%), DDT (mortality rate of 10%) and dieldrin (mortality rate of 8%) insecticides. Microarray and RT-PCR analyses revealed the overexpression of glutathione S-transferase genes, cytochrome P450s, esterase, trypsin and cuticle proteins in resistant mosquitoes compared to control. The GSTe2 was the most upregulated detoxification gene in permethrin-resistant (FC = 44.89), DDT-resistant (FC = 57.39) and dieldrin-resistant (FC = 41.10) mosquitoes compared to control population (FC = 22.34). The cytochrome P450 gene, CYP6P9b was also upregulated in both permethrin- and DDT-resistant mosquitoes. The digestive enzyme, trypsin (hydrolytic processes) and the cuticle proteins (inducing cuticle thickening leading to reduced insecticides penetration) also showed high involvement in insecticide resistance, through their overexpression in resistant mosquitoes compared to control. The kdr east and west were absent in all mosquitoes analysed, suggesting their non-involvement in the observed mosquito resistance. Conclusions The upregulation of metabolic genes, especially the GSTe2 and trypsin, as well as the cuticle proteins is driving insecticide resistance of An. funestus (s.s.) population. However, additional molecular analyses, including functional metabolic assays of these genes as well as screening for a possible higher cuticular hydrocarbon and lipid contents, and increased procuticle thickness in resistant mosquitoes are needed to further describe their distinct roles in mosquito resistance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Seun M Atoyebi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.,Cell Biology & Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Genevieve M Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Insecticide Bioscience Department, Syngenta, Toulouse, UK
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Gareth Weedall
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Innocent Djegbe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.,National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, BP 123, Natitingou, Benin
| | - Isaac O Oyewole
- Biology Department, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle A Bakare
- Cell Biology & Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.
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16
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Ahadji-Dabla KM, Romero-Alvarez D, Djègbè I, Amoudji AD, Apétogbo GY, Djouaka R, Oboussoumi K, Aawi A, Atcha-Oubou T, Peterson AT, Ketoh GK. Potential Roles of Environmental and Socio-Economic Factors in the Distribution of Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (Culicidae: Diptera) Across Togo, West Africa. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:1168-1175. [PMID: 32112104 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vector control strategies recommended by the World Health Organization are threatened by resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes to insecticides. Information on the distribution of resistant genotypes of malaria vectors is increasingly needed to address the problem. Ten years of published and unpublished data on malaria vector susceptibility/resistance and resistance genes have been collected across Togo. Relationships between the spatial distribution of resistance status and environmental, socio-economic, and landscape features were tested using randomization tests, and calculating Spearman rank and Pearson correlation coefficients between mosquito mortality and different gridded values. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was resistant to DDT, pyrethroids, and the majority of carbamates and organophosphates. Three sibling species were found (i.e., An. gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, and Anopheles arabiensis) with four resistance genes, including kdr (L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y) and ace1 (G119S). The most frequent resistance gene was L1014F. Overall, no association was found between the susceptibility/resistance status and environmental features, suggesting that evolution of resistance may be most closely related to extreme selection from local insecticide use. Nevertheless, further research is necessary for firm conclusions about this lack of association, and the potential role of landscape characteristics such as presence of crops and percentage of tree cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koffi Mensah Ahadji-Dabla
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Daniel Romero-Alvarez
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP, Benin
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adjovi Djifa Amoudji
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Georges Yawo Apétogbo
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP, Benin
| | | | - Agnidoufèyi Aawi
- National Malaria Control Programme/Ministry of Health, Lomé Togo
| | | | - A Townsend Peterson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Guillaume Koffivi Ketoh
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
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17
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Keïta M, Kané F, Thiero O, Traoré B, Zeukeng F, Sodio AB, Traoré SF, Djouaka R, Doumbia S, Sogoba N. Acetylcholinesterase (ace-1 R) target site mutation G119S and resistance to carbamates in Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato) populations from Mali. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:283. [PMID: 32503614 PMCID: PMC7275337 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) are major malaria vector control strategies in Mali. The success of control strategies depends on a better understanding of the status of malaria vectors with respect to the insecticides used. In this study we evaluate the level of resistance of Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato) to bendiocarb and the molecular mechanism that underlies it. METHODS Larvae of An. gambiae (s.l.) were collected from breeding habitats encountered in the three study sites and bioassayed with bendiocarb. The ace-1 target site substitution G119S was genotyped using a TaqMan assay. RESULTS The three species of the An. gambiae complex in Mali, i.e. An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae (s.s.) were found in sympatry in the three surveyed localities with different frequencies. We observed a resistance and suspicious resistance of the three species to bendiocarb with a mortality rate ranging from 37% to 86%. The allelic frequency of the G119S mutation was higher in An. gambiae (s.s.) compared to the other two species; 42.86%, 25.61% and 16.67% respectively in Dangassa, Koula, and Karadié. The allelic frequency of G119S in An. coluzzii ranged from 4.5% to 8.33% and from 1.43% to 21.15% for An. arabiensis. After exposure to bendiocarb, the G119S mutation was found only in survivors. The survival of Anopheles gambiae (s.l) populations from the three surveyed localities was associated with the presence of the mutation. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the implication of G119S mutation in bendiocarb resistance in An. gambiae (s.s.), An. arabiensis and An. coluzzii populations from the three surveyed localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Keïta
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali.
| | - Fousseyni Kané
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Oumar Thiero
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Boissé Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- The AgroEcohealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-Benin), 08 Tripostal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ambiélè Bernard Sodio
- Faculty of Science and Technique, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Sekou Fantamady Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- The AgroEcohealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-Benin), 08 Tripostal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
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18
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Weedall GD, Mugenzi LMJ, Menze BD, Tchouakui M, Ibrahim SS, Amvongo-Adjia N, Irving H, Wondji MJ, Tchoupo M, Djouaka R, Riveron JM, Wondji CS. A cytochrome P450 allele confers pyrethroid resistance on a major African malaria vector, reducing insecticide-treated bednet efficacy. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/484/eaat7386. [PMID: 30894503 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat7386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance to insecticides such as pyrethroids in mosquito vectors threatens control of malaria in Africa. Unless it is managed, recent gains in reducing malaria transmission could be lost. To improve monitoring and assess the impact of insecticide resistance on malaria control interventions, we elucidated the molecular basis of pyrethroid resistance in the major African malaria vector, Anopheles funestus We showed that a single cytochrome P450 allele (CYP6P9a_R) in A. funestus reduced the efficacy of insecticide-treated bednets for preventing transmission of malaria in southern Africa. Expression of key insecticide resistance genes was detected in populations of this mosquito vector throughout Africa but varied according to the region. Signatures of selection and adaptive evolutionary traits including structural polymorphisms and cis-regulatory transcription factor binding sites were detected with evidence of selection due to the scale-up of insecticide-treated bednet use. A cis-regulatory polymorphism driving the overexpression of the major resistance gene CYP6P9a allowed us to design a DNA-based assay for cytochrome P450-mediated resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Using this assay, we tracked the spread of pyrethroid resistance and found that it was almost fixed in mosquitoes from southern Africa but was absent from mosquitoes collected elsewhere in Africa. Furthermore, a field study in experimental huts in Cameroon demonstrated that mosquitoes carrying the resistance CYP6P9a_R allele survived and succeeded in blood feeding more often than did mosquitoes that lacked this allele. Our findings highlight the need to introduce a new generation of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control that do not rely on pyrethroid insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D Weedall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.,School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K
| | - Leon M J Mugenzi
- LSTM Research Unit at the Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin D Menze
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.,LSTM Research Unit at the Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- LSTM Research Unit at the Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Medical Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 13033, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Helen Irving
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Murielle J Wondji
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.,LSTM Research Unit at the Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Micareme Tchoupo
- LSTM Research Unit at the Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.,LSTM Research Unit at the Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK. .,LSTM Research Unit at the Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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19
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Tossou E, Tepa-Yotto G, Kpindou OKD, Sandeu R, Datinon B, Zeukeng F, Akoton R, Tchigossou GM, Djègbè I, Vontas J, Martin T, Wondji C, Tamò M, Bokonon-Ganta AH, Djouaka R. Susceptibility Profiles of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Deltamethrin Reveal a Contrast between the Northern and the Southern Benin. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1882. [PMID: 31142024 PMCID: PMC6603559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is an indigenous species in Africa and has been reported in the destruction of several crops in Benin. Management of H. armigera pest is mainly focused on the use of synthetic pyrethroids, which may contribute to resistance selection. This study aimed to screen the susceptibility pattern of field populations of H. armigera to deltamethrin in Benin. Relevant information on the type of pesticides used by farmers were gathered through surveys. Collected samples of Helicoverpa (F0) were reared to F1. F0 were subjected to morphological speciation followed by a confirmation using restriction fragment length polymorphism coupled with a polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR). F1 (larvae) were used for insecticide susceptibility with deltamethrin alone and in the presence of the P450 inhibitor Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO). Deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin were the most used pyrethroids in tomato and cotton farms respectively. All field-sampled Helicoverpa were found to be H. armigera. Susceptibility assays of H. armigera to deltamethrin revealed a high resistance pattern in cowpea (resistance factor (RF) = 2340), cotton (RF varying from 12 to 516) and tomato (RF=85) farms which is a concern for the control of this major polyphagous agricultural pest. There was a significant increase of mortality when deltamethrin insecticide was combined with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), suggesting the possible involvement of detoxification enzymes such as oxidase. This study highlights the presence of P450 induced metabolic resistance in H. armigera populations from diverse cropping systems in Benin. The recorded high levels of deltamethrin resistance in H. armigera is a concern for the control of this major agricultural pest in Benin as the country is currently embarking into economical expansion of cotton, vegetables and grain-legumes cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
- Direction of Plant Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Ghislain Tepa-Yotto
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
- School of Crop and Seed Production, National University of Agriculture (UNA-Benin), P.O. Box 43 Kétou, Benin.
| | - Ouorou K Douro Kpindou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Ruth Sandeu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Benjamin Datinon
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
- Direction of Plant Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Généviève M Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
- Direction of Plant Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- Life And Earth Sciences, National University of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, P.O. Box 2282 Abomey, Benin.
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, N Plastira 100, 70013 Crete, Greece.
- Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Ieraodos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Thibaud Martin
- Cirad UR Hortsys, Université Montpellier, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34 398 Montpellier, France.
- Biosciences Unit, University Houphouet Boigny, Cocody 01 BP 6483Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Charles Wondji
- Vector group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Aimé H Bokonon-Ganta
- Direction of Plant Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
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20
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Tchigossou G, Djouaka R, Akoton R, Riveron JM, Irving H, Atoyebi S, Moutairou K, Yessoufou A, Wondji CS. Molecular basis of permethrin and DDT resistance in an Anopheles funestus population from Benin. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:602. [PMID: 30458849 PMCID: PMC6247751 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes is threatening the success of malaria control programmes. In order to implement suitable insecticide resistance management strategies, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms involved. To achieve this, the molecular basis of permethrin and DDT resistance in the principal malaria vector, Anopheles funestus from inland Benin (Kpome), was investigated. RESULTS Here, using a microarray-based genome-wide transcription and qRT-PCR analysis, we showed that metabolic resistance mechanisms through over-expression of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTs) are a major contributor to DDT and permethrin resistance in Anopheles funestus from Kpome. The GSTe2 gene was the most upregulated detoxification gene in both DDT- [fold-change (FC: 16.0)] and permethrin-resistant (FC: 18.1) mosquitoes suggesting that upregulation of this gene could contribute to DDT resistance and cross-resistance to permethrin. CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b genes that have been previously associated with pyrethroid resistance were also significantly overexpressed with FC 5.4 and 4.8, respectively, in a permethrin resistant population. Noticeably, the GSTs, GSTd1-5 and GSTd3, were more upregulated in DDT-resistant than in permethrin-resistant Anopheles funestus suggesting these genes are more implicated in DDT resistance. The absence of the L1014F or L1014S kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene coupled with the lack of directional selection at the gene further supported that knockdown resistance plays little role in this resistance. CONCLUSIONS The major role played by metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in this An. funestus population in Benin suggests that using novel control tools combining the P450 synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), such as PBO-based bednets, could help manage the growing pyrethroid resistance in this malaria vector in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin. .,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,LSTM Research Unit at the Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Seun Atoyebi
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Charles S Wondji
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,LSTM Research Unit at the Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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21
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Djouaka R, Soglo MF, Kusimo MO, Adéoti R, Talom A, Zeukeng F, Paraïso A, Afari-Sefa V, Saethre MG, Manyong V, Tamò M, Waage J, Lines J, Mahuku G. The Rapid Degradation of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Makes Treated Vegetables Relatively Safe for Consumption. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E1536. [PMID: 30036953 PMCID: PMC6068899 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-cyhalothrin) is the most commonly used pyrethroid insecticide for vegetable farming in Benin. This insecticide is misused and overused by farmers, and hence may pose health hazards to consumers. We monitored λ-cyhalothrin residues in lettuce and cabbage from farms at the market gates in Cotonou and Parakou using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis techniques. These residues were also monitored on samples directly from farms (on-farm sampling) for 14 days post-treatment. Potential factors such as photolysis and hydrolysis involved in λ-cyhalothrin degradation were also screened. Results revealed that the level of λ-cyhalothrin residue concentrations in lettuce from Houeyiho decreased from 4.2 mg/kg on Day 1 to about 0.2 mg/kg on Day 7. On Day 9, analyzed lettuces were all λ-cyhalothrin free. In contrast, even 14 days after treatment of cabbage from Bawera (Parakou), we still recorded the presence of λ-cyhalothrin residues in analyzed samples. For samples from market gates, λ-cyhalothrin residues were found in lettuce from two markets out of the nine surveyed in Cotonou. Interestingly, none of these contaminated samples had residues above the maximum residue limit for lettuce (MRL = 0.5 mg/kg). Similarly, in Parakou, samples from all five surveyed vegetable markets were contaminated with λ-cyhalothrin residues at concentrations below the MRL for cabbage (MRL = 0.2 mg/kg). We conclude that λ-cyhalothrin residues in lettuce and cabbage from farms and markets in Parakou and Cotonou are within the MRL, and hence are relatively safe for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - Murielle Farrelle Soglo
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526, Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | | | - Razack Adéoti
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - Armand Talom
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 96, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Armand Paraïso
- Department of Vegetal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, P.O. Box 123, Parakou, Benin.
| | - Victor Afari-Sefa
- World Vegetable Center, C/O IITA-Benin Campus, Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - May-Guri Saethre
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria.
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 34441, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - Jeff Waage
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Jo Lines
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - George Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 34441, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
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22
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Djouaka R, Zeukeng F, Bigoga JD, Kakou-Ngazoa SE, Akoton R, Tchigossou G, Coulibaly DN, Tchebe SJE, Aboubacar S, Nguepdjo CN, Tossou E, Adeoti R, Ngo Nsonga TM, Akpo Y, Djegbe I, Tamo M, Mbacham WF, Ablordey A. Domestic animals infected with Mycobacterium ulcerans-Implications for transmission to humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006572. [PMID: 29965961 PMCID: PMC6044547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The environmental pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU) can infect both humans and animals and cause Buruli ulcer (BU) disease. However, its mode(s) of transmission from the colonized environment to human/animal hosts remain unclear. In Australia, MU can infect both wildlife and domestic mammals. Till date, BU-like lesions have only been reported in wildlife in Africa. This warrants a thorough assessment of possible MU in domestic animals in Africa. Here, we screened roaming domesticated animals that share the human microhabitat in two different BU endemic sites, Sedje-Denou in Benin and Akonolinga in Cameroon, for MU lesions. Methodology/Principal findings We screened roaming mammals and birds across 3 endemic villages of Sedje-Denou in Southern Benin and 6 endemic villages of Akonolinga in Cameroon. After approval from relevant authorities, specimens (wound swabs and tissue fragments) were collected from animals with open or active lesion and systematically screened to detect the presence of MU though the diagnostic DNA targets IS2404, IS2606 and KR-B. Out of 397 animals surveyed in Akonolinga, 44 (11.08%) carried skin lesions and all were negative for MU DNA. For Sedje-Denou, only 25 (6.93%) out of 361 animals surveyed carried external skin lesions of which 2 (8%) were positive for MU DNA targets. These MU infected lesions were found in two different villages on a goat (abdominal part) and on a dog (nape area of the neck). Source-tracking of MU isolates within infected animal lesions was performed using VNTR genotyping and further confirmed with sequencing. One MU VNTR genotype (Z) was successfully typed from the goat lesion. The evolutionary history inferred from sequenced data revealed a clustering of animal MU isolates within isolates from human lesions. Conclusion/Significance This study describes the first report of two MU infected lesions in domestic animals in Africa. Their DNA sequence analyses show close relationship to isolates from human cases. It suggests that MU infection should be suspected in domestic hosts and these could play a role in transmission. The findings further support the hypothesis that MU is a ubiquitous environmental pathogen found in endemic areas, and probably involved in a multiple transmission pathway. Buruli ulcer (BU) remains a major Public Health problem in rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. There are several reports of the occurrence of BU in Wildlife as well as domestic animals in Australia leading to the suggestion that animals may play a role in the transmission of MU to humans. Report of BU in animals is however scanty in Africa and no significant link has been made between BU in humans and animals. BU-like lesions were investigated in 397 and 361 roaming domestic animals respectively from Sedje-Denou and Akonolinga. Wound swabs, and tissue fragments were collected from animals with active lesions. Overall, 2 (8%) type I (<5 cm) animal lesions (localized on the abdominal part of a goat and the nape area of a dog) were colonized by MU in Benin. MU VNTR genotypes Z (4, 1, 2, 2) and C- (3, 1, 2, 0) were identified in the lesions of the goat and dog respectively. Significant homology was found between orthologous sequences of MU strains infecting animals and humans. The evolutionary history inferred from sequenced data revealed a clustering of animal MU isolates within isolates from human lesions. New reservoirs of MU were found through this study and allowed to a new interpretation of the life cycle of this mycobacterium from the risk environment to humans in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rousseau Djouaka
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
| | - Jude Daiga Bigoga
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Solange E. Kakou-Ngazoa
- Department of Technics and Technology, Platform of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute Abidjan, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Romaric Akoton
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Faculty of Science and Technics, Calavi, Benin
| | - Genevieve Tchigossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Faculty of Science and Technics, Calavi, Benin
| | - David N’golo Coulibaly
- Department of Technics and Technology, Platform of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute Abidjan, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Sylla Aboubacar
- Department of Technics and Technology, Platform of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute Abidjan, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Eric Tossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Faculty of Science and Technics, Calavi, Benin
| | - Razack Adeoti
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
| | | | - Yao Akpo
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Laboratory of Ecology, Health and Animal Production (LESPA), Parakou, Bénin
| | - Innocent Djegbe
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Manuele Tamo
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Anthony Ablordey
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Akoton R, Tchigossou GM, Djègbè I, Yessoufou A, Atoyebi MS, Tossou E, Zeukeng F, Boko P, Irving H, Adéoti R, Riveron J, Wondji CS, Moutairou K, Djouaka R. Experimental huts trial of the efficacy of pyrethroids/piperonyl butoxide (PBO) net treatments for controlling multi-resistant populations of Anopheles funestus s.s. in Kpomè, Southern Benin. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:71. [PMID: 30175242 PMCID: PMC6113884 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14589.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Insecticides resistance in
Anopheles mosquitoes limits Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN) used for malaria control in Africa, especially Benin. This study aimed to evaluate the bio-efficacy of current LLINs in an area where
An. funestus s.l. and
An. gambiae have developed multi-resistance to insecticides, and to assess in experimental huts the performance of a mixed combination of pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) treated nets on these resistant mosquitoes. Methods: The study was conducted at Kpomè, Southern Benin. The bio-efficacy of LLINs against
An. funestus and An. gambiae was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) cone and tunnel tests. A released/recapture experiment following WHO procedures was conducted to compare the efficacy of conventional LLINs treated with pyrethroids only and LLINs with combinations of pyrethroids and PBO. Prior to huts trials, we confirmed the level of insecticide and PBO residues in tested nets using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Conventional LLINs (Type 2 and Type 4) have the lowest effect against local multi-resistant
An. funestus s.s. and An. coluzzii populations from Kpomè. Conversely, when LLINs containing mixtures of pyrethroids and PBO (Type 1 and Type 3) were introduced in trial huts, we recorded a greater effect against the two mosquito populations (P < 0.0001). Tunnel test with
An. funestus s.s. revealed mortalities of over 80% with this new generation of LLINs (Type 1 and Type 3),while conventional LLINs produced 65.53 ± 8.33% mortalities for Type 2 and 71.25 ±7.92% mortalities for Type 4. Similarly, mortalities ranging from 77 to 87% were recorded with the local populations of
An. coluzzii. Conclusion: This study suggests the reduced efficacy of conventional LLINs (Pyrethroids alone) currently distributed in Benin communities where
Anopheles populations have developed multi-insecticide resistance. The new generation nets (pyrethroids+PBO) proved to be more effective on multi-resistant populations of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Akoton
- University of Abomey, Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, 526, Benin.,AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin
| | - Genevieve M Tchigossou
- University of Abomey, Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, 526, Benin.,AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin.,National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics of Abomey, Abomey, 123, Benin
| | | | - Michael Seun Atoyebi
- AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin.,Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Eric Tossou
- University of Abomey, Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, 526, Benin.,AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, 812, Cameroon
| | - Pelagie Boko
- National malaria and Neglected diseases control program, Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA , UK
| | - Razack Adéoti
- AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin
| | - Jacob Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA , UK
| | | | | | - Rousseau Djouaka
- AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin
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24
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Djègbè I, Akoton R, Tchigossou G, Ahadji-Dabla KM, Atoyebi SM, Adéoti R, Zeukeng F, Ketoh GK, Djouaka R. First report of the presence of L1014S Knockdown-resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae s.s and Anopheles coluzzii from Togo, West Africa. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:30. [PMID: 29707654 PMCID: PMC5909049 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13888.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To optimize the success of insecticide-based malaria control intervention, knowledge of the distribution of Anopheles gambiae species and insecticide resistance mechanisms is necessary. This paper reported an updated data on pyrethroids/DDT resistance in the An. gambiae s.l population from Togo. Methods: From December 2013 to April 2015, females of indoor-resting An. gambiae s.l were captured in three locations belonging to three different ecological zones. Resistance to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin was screened in F1 progeny of collected mosquitoes using WHO susceptibility tests. The identification of species of An. gambiae complex and the detection of kdr and ace.1 R allele were carried out using DNA-based molecular techniques. Results:An. gambiae from Kovié and Nangbéto were highly resistant to DDT and permethrin with mortalities rate ranging from 0.83% to 1.58% for DDT and zero to 8.54% for permethrin. Mosquitoes collected in Nangbéto displayed 81.53% mortality with deltamethrin. An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s were found in sympatry in Nangbéto and Mango . The allelic frequency of L1014F was high, ranging from 66 to 100% in both An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. For the first time we detected the L1014S allele in both An. coluzzii and An. gambiaes.s. from Togo at the frequency ranging from 5% to 13% in all the sites. The kdr N1575Y was present at various frequencies in both species ranging from 10% to 45%. Both An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii shared the ace1 R mutation in all investigated sites with allelic frequency ranging from 4% to 16%. Conclusion: These results showed that multiple mutations are involved in insecticides resistance in An. gambiae populations from Togo including the kdr L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y and ace.1 R G119S mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Djègbè
- University of Sciences, Technologies and Mathematics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP 123, Benin
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, BP 526, Benin
| | - Genevieve Tchigossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, BP 526, Benin
| | | | - Seun Michael Atoyebi
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Razack Adéoti
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, BP 812, Cameroon
| | - Guillaume Koffivi Ketoh
- Research unit of Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, 01 BP 1515 , Togo
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
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Bennett KL, Kaddumukasa M, Shija F, Djouaka R, Misinzo G, Lutwama J, Linton YM, Walton C. Comparative phylogeography of Aedes mosquitoes and the role of past climatic change for evolution within Africa. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3019-3036. [PMID: 29531714 PMCID: PMC5838080 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of demographic processes involved in species diversification and evolution ultimately provides explanations for the complex distribution of biodiversity on earth, indicates regions important for the maintenance and generation of biodiversity, and identifies biological units important for conservation or medical consequence. African and forest biota have both received relatively little attention with regard to understanding their diversification, although one possible mechanism is that this has been driven by historical climate change. To investigate this, we implemented a standard population genetics approach along with Approximate Bayesian Computation, using sequence data from two exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC) nuclear loci and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I, to investigate the evolutionary history of five medically important and inherently forest dependent mosquito species of the genus Aedes. By testing different demographic hypotheses, we show that Aedes bromeliae and Aedes lilii fit the same model of lineage diversification, admixture, expansion, and recent population structure previously inferred for Aedes aegypti. In addition, analyses of population structure show that Aedes africanus has undergone lineage diversification and expansion while Aedes hansfordi has been impacted by population expansion within Uganda. This congruence in evolutionary history is likely to relate to historical climate-driven habitat change within Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene epoch. We find differences in the population structure of mosquitoes from Tanzania and Uganda compared to Benin and Uganda which could relate to differences in the historical connectivity of forests across the continent. Our findings emphasize the importance of recent climate change in the evolution of African forest biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Louise Bennett
- Faculty of Life SciencesComputational Evolutionary Biology GroupUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Martha Kaddumukasa
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re‐emerging InfectionsUganda Virus Research InstituteEntebbeUganda
- WITS Institute for Malaria ResearchSchool of Pathology Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of WitwatersrandParktownJohannesburg
| | - Fortunate Shija
- Faculty of Life SciencesComputational Evolutionary Biology GroupUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and ParasitologySokoine University of AgricultureMorogoroTanzania
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Agro‐Eco‐Health Platform for West and Central AfricaInternational Institute for Tropical AgricultureCotonouRepublic of Benin
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Agro‐Eco‐Health Platform for West and Central AfricaInternational Institute for Tropical AgricultureCotonouRepublic of Benin
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re‐emerging InfectionsUganda Virus Research InstituteEntebbeUganda
| | - Yvonne Marie Linton
- Department of EntomologyNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCUSA
- Walter Reed Biosystematics UnitSmithsonian Institution Museum Support CenterSuitlandMDUSA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMDUSA
- Uniformed Services University of Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Catherine Walton
- Faculty of Life SciencesComputational Evolutionary Biology GroupUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Tchigossou G, Akoton R, Yessoufou A, Djegbe I, Zeukeng F, Atoyebi SM, Tossou E, Moutairou K, Djouaka R. Water source most suitable for rearing a sensitive malaria vector, Anopheles funestus in the laboratory. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:109. [PMID: 29387806 PMCID: PMC5721565 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12942.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The insecticide susceptibility status of
Anopheles funestus, one of the main malaria vectors in the Afrotropical regions, remains under-studied due to the difficulty of working with this mosquito species. Collecting their larvae in natural breeding sites, rearing and maintaining them in normal laboratory conditions have been a difficult task. Forced-egg laying technique has been a very good tool to generate eggs from adult mosquitoes collected from the wild but rearing these eggs to obtain satisfying portion as adults has always been the problem. In this study, we optimized the development of mosquito species larvae under standard laboratory conditions for desired production of adult mosquitoes that can be useful for insecticide susceptibility tests. Methods: A forced-egg laying technique was used to obtain eggs from gravid female
Anopheles funestus collected from Kpome locality in Benin. Eggs were reared in three different water samples (water from the borehole, and two mineral water namely FIFA and Possotômè) and larvae were fed with TetraMin baby fish food. The physico-chemical parameters of the waters were investigated prior to use for egg incubation (introduction of eggs’ batches into water). Results: In contrast to mineral water that had no contamination, the borehole water source was contaminated with lead (2.5mg/L) and nitrate (118.8mg/L). Egg hatching rates ranged as 91.9 ± 4.4%, 89.1 ± 2.5% and 87.9 ± 2.6% in FIFA, Possotômè and borehole water respectively. High emergence of larvae to adult mosquitoes was recorded as in FIFA (74.3%) and Possotômè (79.5%) water. No adult mosquito was obtained from larvae reared in borehole water. Conclusions: This study gave insight on the water sources that could be good for rearing to mass produce
An. funestus in the laboratory. More analysis with other local mineral water sources in our environments could be considered in the future, hopefully giving better outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.,Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.,Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Innocent Djegbe
- University of Sciences, Arts and Techniques of Natitingou, Natitingou, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Seun M Atoyebi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.,Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.,Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Kabirou Moutairou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin
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27
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Tchigossou GM, Akoton R, Yessoufou A, Djegbe I, Zeukeng F, Atoyebi SM, Tossou E, Moutairou K, Djouaka R. Water source most suitable for rearing a sensitive malaria vector, Anopheles funestus in the laboratory. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12942.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The insecticide susceptibility status ofAnopheles funestus,one of the main malaria vectors in the Afrotropical regions, remains under-studied due to the difficulty of working with this mosquito species. Collecting their larvae in natural breeding sites, rearing and maintaining them in normal laboratory conditions have been a difficult task. Forced-egg laying technique has been a very good tool to generate eggs from adult mosquitoes collected from the wild but rearing these eggs to obtain satisfying portion as adults has always been the problem. In this study, we optimized the development of mosquito species larvae under standard laboratory conditions for desired production of adult mosquitoes that can be useful for insecticide susceptibility tests.Methods: A forced-egg laying technique was used to obtain eggs from gravid femaleAnopheles funestuscollected from Kpome locality in Benin. Eggs were reared in three different water samples (water from the borehole,and two mineral water namely FIFA and Possotômè) and larvae were fed with TetraMin baby fish food. The physico-chemical parameters of the waters were investigated prior to use for egg incubation.Results:In contrast to mineral water that had no contamination, the borehole water source was contaminated with lead (2.5mg/L) and nitrate (118.8mg/L). Egg hatching rates ranged as 91.9 ± 4.4%, 89.1 ± 2.5% and 87.9 ± 2.6% in FIFA, Possotômè and borehole water respectively. High emergence of larvae to adult mosquitoes was recorded as in FIFA (74.3%) and Possotômè(79.5%) water. No adult mosquito was obtained from larvae reared in borehole water.Conclusions:This study gave insight on the water sources that could be good for rearing to mass produceAn. funestusin the laboratory. More analysis with other local mineral water sources in our environments could be considered in the future, hopefully giving better outputs.
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Djouaka R, Akoton R, Tchigossou GM, Atoyebi SM, Irving H, Kusimo MO, Djegbe I, Riveron JM, Tossou E, Yessoufou A, Wondji CS. Mapping the distribution of Anopheles funestus across Benin highlights a sharp contrast of susceptibility to insecticides and infection rate to Plasmodium between southern and northern populations. Wellcome Open Res 2016. [PMID: 28191507 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10213.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Malaria remains an important public health issue in Benin, with Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus s.s being the predominant vectors. This study was designed to generate information on An. funestus distribution, molecular speciation, Plasmodium infection rate and insecticide susceptibility status across Benin. Methods. Mosquito samples were collected from December 2014 to January 2016 in 46 localities in Benin. These samples were mapped and An. funestus collected were speciated to the molecular level. Plasmodium infection rate was determined using a Taqman assay and susceptibility to insecticides was assessed using the WHO guidelines. The genotyping of the L119F- Gste2 mutation was also carried out. Results. An. funestus was found in 8 out of the 46 localities surveyed with a high presence in Tanongou (wet Sudanese ecological zone), Kpome, Doukonta and Pahou (sub-equatorial ecological zone). Molecular identifications revealed that only An. funestuss.s was present in southern Benin, whereas in Tanongou (northern Benin) An. funestus s.s. and An. leesoni were found in sympatry at proportions of 77.7% and 22.3% respectively. Plasmodium infection rate of An. funestus was higher in southern Benin at a range of 13 to 18% compared to 5.6% recorded in Tanongou. High DDT (8±0.5%) and permethrin (11±0.5%) resistance were observed in Doukonta, Kpome and Pahou, contrasting with relatively low resistance profiles: mortality-DDT=90±3.18% and mortality-permethrin=100% in Tanongou. Genotyping analysis revealed high frequency of the resistant 119F allele in the South (Kpome and Doukonta) compared to the North (Tanongou). Discussion and Conclusion. The high presence of An. funestus in the South compared to the North could be due to favorable environmental and climatic conditions found in both regions. A significant Plasmodium infection rate was recorded across the country. A high resistance profile was recorded in the southern Benin; this raises the need for further investigations on resistance selection factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Genevieve M Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Seun M Atoyebi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin.,Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Innocent Djegbe
- University of Sciences, Arts and Techniques of Natitingou, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, Benin
| | | | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
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29
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Djouaka R, Akoton R, Tchigossou GM, Atoyebi SM, Irving H, Kusimo MO, Djegbe I, Riveron JM, Tossou E, Yessoufou A, Wondji CS. Mapping the distribution of Anopheles funestus across Benin highlights a sharp contrast of susceptibility to insecticides and infection rate to Plasmodium between southern and northern populations. Wellcome Open Res 2016; 1:28. [PMID: 28191507 PMCID: PMC5300096 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10213.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Malaria remains an important public health issue in Benin, with Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus s.s being the predominant vectors. This study was designed to generate information on An. funestus distribution, molecular speciation, Plasmodium infection rate and insecticide susceptibility status across Benin. Methods. Mosquito samples were collected from December 2014 to January 2016 in 46 localities in Benin. These samples were mapped and An. funestus collected were speciated to the molecular level. Plasmodium infection rate was determined using a Taqman assay and susceptibility to insecticides was assessed using the WHO guidelines. The genotyping of the L119F- Gste2 mutation was also carried out. Results. An. funestus was found in 8 out of the 46 localities surveyed with a high presence in Tanongou (wet Sudanese ecological zone), Kpome, Doukonta and Pahou (sub-equatorial ecological zone). Molecular identifications revealed that only An. funestuss.s was present in southern Benin, whereas in Tanongou (northern Benin) An. funestus s.s. and An. leesoni were found in sympatry at proportions of 77.7% and 22.3% respectively. Plasmodium infection rate of An. funestus was higher in southern Benin at a range of 13 to 18% compared to 5.6% recorded in Tanongou. High DDT (8±0.5%) and permethrin (11±0.5%) resistance were observed in Doukonta, Kpome and Pahou, contrasting with relatively low resistance profiles: mortality-DDT=90±3.18% and mortality-permethrin=100% in Tanongou. Genotyping analysis revealed high frequency of the resistant 119F allele in the South (Kpome and Doukonta) compared to the North (Tanongou). Discussion and Conclusion. The high presence of An. funestus in the South compared to the North could be due to favorable environmental and climatic conditions found in both regions. A significant Plasmodium infection rate was recorded across the country. A high resistance profile was recorded in the southern Benin; this raises the need for further investigations on resistance selection factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Genevieve M. Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Seun M. Atoyebi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Innocent Djegbe
- University of Sciences, Arts and Techniques of Natitingou, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, Benin
| | | | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
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30
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Djouaka R, Riveron JM, Yessoufou A, Tchigossou G, Akoton R, Irving H, Djegbe I, Moutairou K, Adeoti R, Tamò M, Manyong V, Wondji CS. Multiple insecticide resistance in an infected population of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Benin. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:453. [PMID: 27531125 PMCID: PMC4987972 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge on the spread and distribution of insecticide resistance in major malaria vectors such as Anopheles funestus is key to implement successful resistance management strategies across Africa. Here, by assessing the susceptibility status of an inland population of An. funestus Giles (Kpome) and investigating molecular basis of resistance, we show that multiple resistance and consistent plasmodium infection rate are present in Anopheles funestus populations from Kpome. Methods The insecticide susceptibility level of collected Anopheles funestus was assessed. Synergist (PBO) was used to screen resistance mechanisms. The TaqMan technique was used for genotyping of insecticide resistant alleles and detecting plasmodium infection levels. The nested PCR was used to further assess the plasmodium infection rate. Results The TaqMan analysis of plasmodial infections revealed an infection rate (18.2 %) of An. funestus in this locality. The WHO bioassays revealed a multiple phenotypic resistance profile for An. funestus in Kpome. This population is highly resistant to pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin), organochlorines (DDT), and carbamates (bendiocarb). A reduced susceptibility was observed with dieldrin. Mortalities did not vary after pre-exposure to PBO for DDT indicating that cytochrome P450s play little role in DDT resistance in Kpome. In contrast, we noticed, a significant increase in mortalities when PBO was combined to permethrin suggesting the direct involvement of P450s in pyrethroid resistance. A high frequency of the L119F-GSTe2 DDT resistance marker was observed in the wild DDT resistant population (9 %RS and 91 %RR) whereas the A296S mutation was detected at a low frequency (1 %RS and 99 %SS). Conclusion The presence of multiple resistance in An. funestus populations in the inland locality of Kpome is established in this study as recently documented in the costal locality of Pahou. Data from both localities suggest that resistance could be widespread in Benin and this highlights the need for further studies to assess the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance across Benin and neighboring countries as well as a more comprehensive analysis of the resistance mechanisms involved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1723-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Genevieve Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey, Calavi BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey, Calavi BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Innocent Djegbe
- University of Sciences, Arts and Techniques of Natitingou, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP 123, Benin
| | | | - Razack Adeoti
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
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Bennett KL, Shija F, Linton YM, Misinzo G, Kaddumukasa M, Djouaka R, Anyaele O, Harris A, Irish S, Hlaing T, Prakash A, Lutwama J, Walton C. Historical environmental change in Africa drives divergence and admixture ofAedes aegyptimosquitoes: a precursor to successful worldwide colonization? Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4337-54. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Louise Bennett
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Fortunate Shija
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology; Sokoine University of Agriculture; Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit; Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center; Suitland MD USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring MD USA
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences; Bethesda MD USA
- Department of Entomology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC USA
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology; Sokoine University of Agriculture; Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Martha Kaddumukasa
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections; Uganda Virus Research Institute; Entebbe Uganda
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Agro-Eco-Health Platform for West and Central Africa; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture; Cotonou Republic of Benin
| | - Okorie Anyaele
- Entomology Unit; Department of Zoology; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Angela Harris
- Mosquito Research & Control Unit; Cayman Islands Government; Grand Cayman Cayman Islands
| | - Seth Irish
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London UK
| | - Thaung Hlaing
- Medical Entomology Research Division; Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar); Ministry of Health; Yangon Myanmar
| | - Anil Prakash
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health; Ministry of H & FW Government of India; Bhopal India
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections; Uganda Virus Research Institute; Entebbe Uganda
| | - Catherine Walton
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
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Bennett KL, Linton YM, Shija F, Kaddumukasa M, Djouaka R, Misinzo G, Lutwama J, Huang YM, Mitchell LB, Richards M, Tossou E, Walton C. Molecular Differentiation of the African Yellow Fever Vector Aedes bromeliae (Diptera: Culicidae) from Its Sympatric Non-vector Sister Species, Aedes lilii. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004250. [PMID: 26641858 PMCID: PMC4671560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yellow fever continues to be a problem in sub-Saharan Africa with repeated epidemics occurring. The mosquito Aedes bromeliae is a major vector of yellow fever, but it cannot be readily differentiated from its non-vector zoophilic sister species Ae. lilii using morphological characters. Genetic differences have been reported between anthropophilic Ae. bromeliae and zoophilic Ae. lilii and between forest and domestic populations. However, due to the application of different molecular markers and non-overlapping populations employed in previous studies, interpretation of species delimitation is unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS DNA sequences were generated from specimens of Ae. simpsoni s.l. from the Republic of Benin, Tanzania and Uganda for two nuclear genes apolipophorin 2 (apoLp2) and cytochrome p450 (CYPJ92), the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COI) barcoding region. Nuclear genes apoLp2 and CYPJ92 were unable to differentiate between species Ae. bromeliae and Ae. lilii due to ancestral lineage sorting, while ITS sequence data provided clear topological separation on a phylogeny. The standard COI barcoding region was shown to be subject to species introgression and unable to clearly distinguish the two taxa. Here we present a reliable direct PCR-based method for differentiation of the vector species Ae. bromeliae from its isomorphic, sympatric and non-biomedically important sister taxon, Ae. lilii, based on the ITS region. Using molecular species verification, we describe novel immature habitats for Ae. lilii and report both sympatric and allopatric populations. Whereas only Ae. lilii is found in the Republic of Benin and only Ae. bromeliae in Tanzania, both species are sympatric in Uganda. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our accurate identification method will allow informed distribution and detailed ecological studies that will facilitate assessment of arboviral disease risk and development of future targeted vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Louise Bennett
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Centre, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Fortunate Shija
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Martha Kaddumukasa
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Agro-Eco-Health Platform for West and Central Africa, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Republic of Benin
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Yiau-Min Huang
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Centre, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Luke B. Mitchell
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Centre, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Miriam Richards
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eric Tossou
- Agro-Eco-Health Platform for West and Central Africa, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Republic of Benin
| | - Catherine Walton
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Agunbiade TA, Coates BS, Datinon B, Djouaka R, Sun W, Tamò M, Pittendrigh BR. Genetic differentiation among Maruca vitrata F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) populations on cultivated cowpea and wild host plants: implications for insect resistance management and biological control strategies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92072. [PMID: 24647356 PMCID: PMC3960178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a polyphagous insect pest that feeds on a variety of leguminous plants in the tropics and subtropics. The contribution of host-associated genetic variation on population structure was investigated using analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) sequence and microsatellite marker data from M. vitrata collected from cultivated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), and alternative host plants Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. var. javanica (Benth.) Baker, Loncocarpus sericeus (Poir), and Tephrosia candida (Roxb.). Analyses of microsatellite data revealed a significant global FST estimate of 0.05 (P≤0.001). The program STRUCTURE estimated 2 genotypic clusters (co-ancestries) on the four host plants across 3 geographic locations, but little geographic variation was predicted among genotypes from different geographic locations using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA; among group variation -0.68%) or F-statistics (FSTLoc = -0.01; P = 0.62). These results were corroborated by mitochondrial haplotype data (φSTLoc = 0.05; P = 0.92). In contrast, genotypes obtained from different host plants showed low but significant levels of genetic variation (FSTHost = 0.04; P = 0.01), which accounted for 4.08% of the total genetic variation, but was not congruent with mitochondrial haplotype analyses (φSTHost = 0.06; P = 0.27). Variation among host plants at a location and host plants among locations showed no consistent evidence for M. vitrata population subdivision. These results suggest that host plants do not significantly influence the genetic structure of M. vitrata, and this has implications for biocontrol agent releases as well as insecticide resistance management (IRM) for M. vitrata in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope A. Agunbiade
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brad S. Coates
- USDA–ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | | | - Weilin Sun
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Barry R. Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Riveron JM, Yunta C, Ibrahim SS, Djouaka R, Irving H, Menze BD, Ismail HM, Hemingway J, Ranson H, Albert A, Wondji CS. A single mutation in the GSTe2 gene allows tracking of metabolically based insecticide resistance in a major malaria vector. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R27. [PMID: 24565444 PMCID: PMC4054843 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-2-r27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic resistance to insecticides is the biggest threat to the continued effectiveness of malaria vector control. However, its underlying molecular basis, crucial for successful resistance management, remains poorly characterized. Results Here, we demonstrate that the single amino acid change L119F in an upregulated glutathione S-transferase gene, GSTe2, confers high levels of metabolic resistance to DDT in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus. Genome-wide transcription analysis revealed that GSTe2 was the most over-expressed detoxification gene in DDT and permethrin-resistant mosquitoes from Benin. Transgenic expression of GSTe2 in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated that over-transcription of this gene alone confers DDT resistance and cross-resistance to pyrethroids. Analysis of GSTe2 polymorphism established that the point mutation is tightly associated with metabolic resistance to DDT and its geographical distribution strongly correlates with DDT resistance patterns across Africa. Functional characterization of recombinant GSTe2 further supports the role of the L119F mutation, with the resistant allele being more efficient at metabolizing DDT than the susceptible one. Importantly, we also show that GSTe2 directly metabolizes the pyrethroid permethrin. Structural analysis reveals that the mutation confers resistance by enlarging the GSTe2 DDT-binding cavity, leading to increased DDT access and metabolism. Furthermore, we show that GSTe2 is under strong directional selection in resistant populations, and a restriction of gene flow is observed between African regions, enabling the prediction of the future spread of this resistance. Conclusions This first DNA-based metabolic resistance marker in mosquitoes provides an essential tool to track the evolution of resistance and to design suitable resistance management strategies.
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Agunbiade TA, Sun W, Coates BS, Djouaka R, Tamò M, Ba MN, Binso-Dabire C, Baoua I, Olds BP, Pittendrigh BR. Development of reference transcriptomes for the major field insect pests of cowpea: a toolbox for insect pest management approaches in west Africa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79929. [PMID: 24278221 PMCID: PMC3838393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowpea is a widely cultivated and major nutritional source of protein for many people that live in West Africa. Annual yields and longevity of grain storage is greatly reduced by feeding damage caused by a complex of insect pests that include the pod sucking bugs, Anoplocnemis curvipes Fabricius (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål (Hemiptera: Coreidae); as well as phloem-feeding cowpea aphids, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Efforts to control these pests remain a challenge and there is a need to understand the structure and movement of these pest populations in order to facilitate the development of integrated pest management strategies (IPM). Molecular tools have the potential to help facilitate a better understanding of pest populations. Towards this goal, we used 454 pyrosequencing technology to generate 319,126, 176,262, 320,722 and 227,882 raw reads from A. curvipes, A. craccivora, C. tomentosicollis and M. sjostedti, respectively. The reads were de novo assembled into 11,687, 7,647, 10,652 and 7,348 transcripts for A. curvipes, A. craccivora, C. tomentosicollis and M. sjostedti, respectively. Functional annotation of the resulting transcripts identified genes putatively involved in insecticide resistance, pathogen defense and immunity. Additionally, sequences that matched the primary aphid endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola, were identified among A. craccivora transcripts. Furthermore, 742, 97, 607 and 180 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were respectively predicted among A. curvipes, A. craccivora, C. tomentosicollis and M. sjostedti transcripts, and will likely be valuable tools for future molecular genetic marker development. These results demonstrate that Roche 454-based transcriptome sequencing could be useful for the development of genomic resources for cowpea pest insects in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope A. Agunbiade
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Weilin Sun
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brad S. Coates
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Malick N. Ba
- Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Ibrahim Baoua
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger, Maradi, Niger
| | - Brett P. Olds
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Barry R. Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Wondji CS, Dabire RK, Tukur Z, Irving H, Djouaka R, Morgan JC. Identification and distribution of a GABA receptor mutation conferring dieldrin resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Africa. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 41:484-91. [PMID: 21501685 PMCID: PMC3579012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing problems of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles funestus have intensified efforts to identify alternative insecticides. Many agrochemicals target the GABA receptors, but cross-resistance from dieldrin resistance may preclude their introduction. Dieldrin resistance was detected in An. funestus populations from West (Burkina Faso) and central (Cameroon) Africa, but populations from East (Uganda) and Southern Africa (Mozambique and Malawi) were fully susceptible to this insecticide. Partial sequencing of the dieldrin target site, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, identified two amino acid substitutions, A296S and V327I. The A296S mutation has been associated with dieldrin resistance in other species. The V327I mutations was detected in the resistant sample from Burkina Faso and Cameroon and consistently associated with the A296S substitution. The full-length of the An. funestus GABA-receptor gene, amplified by RT-PCR, generated a sequence of 1674 bp encoding 557 amino acid of the protein in An. funestus with 98% similarity to that of Anopheles gambiae. Two diagnostic assays were developed to genotype the A296S mutation (pyrosequencing and PCR-RFLP), and use of these assays revealed high frequency of the resistant allele in Burkina Faso (60%) and Cameroon (82%), moderate level in Benin (16%) while low frequency or absence of the mutation was observed respectively in Uganda (7.5%) or 0% in Malawi and Mozambique. The distribution of the Rdl(R) mutation in An. funestus populations in Africa suggests extensive barriers to gene flow between populations from different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Wondji
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom.
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Doannio JMC, Doudou DT, Konan LY, Djouaka R, Pare Toe L, Baldet T, Akogbeto M, Monjour L. [Influence of social perceptions and practices on the use of bednets in the malaria control programme in Ivory Coast (West Africa)]. Med Trop (Mars) 2006; 66:45-52. [PMID: 16615615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The National Malaria Programme in Ivory Coast has encountered difficulty in winning public acceptance of insecticide-treated bednets. We speculate that resistance to the use of bednets could be rooted in social perceptions, beliefs and practices in the communities. The purpose of this study was to identify sociocultural and environmental factors that could be used to support promotion strategies and acceptance of impregnated bednets in Ivory Coast. Survey findings confirmed that bednets were not in widespread use among the population (25%). The most widely used methods were burning mosquito coils (50%) and indoor spraying (31%). Use of impregnated bednets was low (6%). Most survey respondents (73%) indicated initial appreciation for the effectiveness of bednets in protecting against mosquitoes as a nuisance. However only 9% of respondents thought that impregnated bednets provided protection against malaria although they did not necessarily use them. Design was a determinant factor for the use, and even acceptance, of bednets. The population want rectangular, permanently impregnated bednets large enough to accommodate at least 2 persons. Cost was a major obstacle to wider use by the population. According to our data the best price for the population would be between 2000 and 2500 FCFA as compared to the current price of 3500 FCFA in Ivory Coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M C Doannio
- Institut Pierre Richet, 01 BP 1500, Bouaké 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Akogbeto MC, Djouaka R, Noukpo H. [Use of agricultural insecticides in Benin]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2005; 98:400-5. [PMID: 16425724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of insecticides in households and in agriculture has been incriminated in the emergence of insecticide resistance in insect vectors. For farming staff, the emergence of vector resistance is due to indoors spray of insecticides using aerosols and other low quality products in rural and urban settings against mosquitoes. On the other hand, public health specialists believe that the phenomenon of resistance could be due to massive use of insecticides in agriculture for field pests control. In Turkey, the implication of agricultural use of pesticides in the selection of vector resistance is clearly established. This study was framed to identify potential practices favouring the emergence of insecticide resistance in the Republic of Benin. Interviews and focus group discussions were organized with cotton, rice and vegetables farmers. The final aim of these surveys was to point out practices likely to favour the emergence of resistance. The research is conducted in 3 cotton fields, 2 rice fields and 2 vegetable plantations. After filling and signing concerned forms, farmers are subjected to quantitative and qualitative questionnaires to generate data on: insecticides being used, the various doses applied for pests eradication, the frequency of treatments, the cost of treatments (cost/hectare/year) the origin of insecticides, the place of purchase, safety precautions and related health hazards. The results of this study have shown that the use of insecticides in agriculture is a clear fact. During treatments, insecticide residues get in contact with mosquito breeding sites where they diffuse into water and exercise a selection pressure on larvae. This partially explains the high levels of resistance recorded in with strains of Anopheles gambiae collected in agricultural settings under insecticides pressure. Pyrethroids and more specifically deltamethrin and cyfluthrin are the insecticides mainly used in studied localities. Bedrooms of farmers are used as storage place for half-used and un-used insecticides containers. For a proper management of insecticides, cotton and vegetable plantations farmers receive assistance from the ministry of rural development. Because of the importance of cotton production in the Republic of Benin, trainings on management of insecticides in agricultural settings are frequently organised by the ministry of rural development and are opened to farmers and their family members (husbands, wives, children and relatives...). In the long run, the whole family learns and becomes very versant with the use of insecticides, spraying frequencies, spraying devices and spraying techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Akogbeto
- Centre de recherche entomologique de Cotonou, 06 BP. 2604, Bénin
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