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Manyong V, Bokanga M, Akonkwa Nyamuhirwa DM, Bamba Z, Adeoti R, Mwepu G, Cole SM, Dontsop Nguezet PM. COVID-19 outbreak and rural household food security in the Western Democratic Republic of the Congo. World Dev Perspect 2022; 28:100469. [PMID: 36405513 PMCID: PMC9650560 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2022.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although global assessments of the initial impacts of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have focused on income, jobs, and health conditions, this study constitutes one of the first studies that assessed the impact of COVID-19 on food security in DRC and established the short-term implications of the COVID-19 outbreak on rural households' food security in DRC. In addition, the study recommendations contributed to shaping government interventions toward the pandemic in the Country. The study used data from four western provinces of the country on 1339 households. Our results show that 80 % of households experienced an increase in food prices, 61 % a noticeable decrease in the availability of food, and 54 % a decrease in their dietary diversity. Due to changes in food availability, dietary diversity, and food accessibility imposed by the COVID-19 outbreak, >70 % of households experienced either a decrease in the consumption of meat, milk, fish, and cereals or an increase in their consumption of traditional vegetables. In addition, COVID-19 significantly affected food security dimensions in larger households, households with a greater number of members aged 35 years and above, households headed by women, households where members participate in associations or cooperatives, households that depend on crop sales as the major source of income, and in poorer households. These findings highlight the significant implications of the COVID-19 outbreak on household food security in western DRC and underscore the need for emergency interventions to strengthen the resilience of rural people and accelerate their recovery and other long-term measures toward sustainable and inclusive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mpoko Bokanga
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (iita.org), IITA DRC, Congo
| | | | - Zoumana Bamba
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kinshasa, DR, Congo
| | - Razack Adeoti
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Steven M Cole
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
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2
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Mignouna DB, Akinola AA, Abdoulaye T, Alene AD, Manyong V, Maroya NG, Aighewi BA, Kumar LP, Balogun M, Lopez-Montes A, Rees D, Asiedu R. Potential returns to yam research investment in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. Outlook Agric 2020; 49:215-224. [PMID: 32801396 PMCID: PMC7398382 DOI: 10.1177/0030727020918388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lack of good-quality planting materials has been identified as the most severe problem militating against increased agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and beyond. However, investment of research efforts and resources in addressing this menace will only be feasible and worthwhile if attendant economic gains are considerable. As a way of investigating the economic viability of yam investment, this research has been initiated to address problems confronting yam productivity in eight countries of SSA and beyond: Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire, Papua New Guinea, Jamaica, and Columbia. Research options developed were to be deployed and disseminated. Key technologies include the adaptive yam minisett technique (AYMT), varieties adapted to low soil fertility and drought, nematode-resistant cultivars (NRC), and crop management and postharvest practices (CMPP). This article aims at estimating the potential economic returns, the expected number of beneficiaries, and poverty reduction consequent to the adoption of technology options. Estimates show that the new land area that will be covered by the technologies in the eight countries will range between 770,000 ha and 1,000,000 ha with the highest quota accounted for by AYMT. The net present value will range between US$584 and US$1392 million and was highest for the NRC. The CMPP had the lowest benefit-cost ratio of 7.74. About 1,049,000 people would be moved out of poverty by these technologies by 2037 in the region. These technologies are less responsive to changes in cost than that in adoption rate. Therefore, the realization of the potential economic gains depends on the rate and extent of adoption of these technologies. Giving the knowledge-intensive nature of some of these interventions, capacity building of potential adopters will be critical to increasing the sustainability of the yam sector, thereby enhancing food security and reducing poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djana Babatima Mignouna
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Godomey, Benin
- Djana Babatima Mignouna, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Benin, 08 BP 0932 Tri Postal Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Adebayo Akinboye Akinola
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
- Obafemi Awolowo University, Ilé-Ifẹ`, Nigeria
| | - Tahirou Abdoulaye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Bamako, Mali
| | - Arega D Alene
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Norbert G Maroya
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Lava P Kumar
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Morufat Balogun
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
- University of Ibadan (UI), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Deborah Rees
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich, Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Robert Asiedu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
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Manda J, Alene AD, Tufa AH, Feleke S, Abdoulaye T, Omoigui LO, Manyong V. Market participation, household food security, and income: The case of cowpea producers in northern Nigeria. Food Energy Secur 2020; 9:e211. [PMID: 32999717 PMCID: PMC7507780 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This article evaluates the impact of cowpea market participation on household food security and income in northern Nigeria. Using household survey data from a representative sample of over 1,500 farm households and applying a combination of instrumental variable techniques and dose-response functions, we found that cowpea market participation had a statistically significant positive impact on household food security and income. Cowpea market participation increased food expenditure by 1.6% and household income by 0.7% with a 10 unit increase in the quantity of cowpea sold. These results underscore the importance of cowpea market participation for household food security and income improvement. We also found that selling cowpea to rural and urban traders significantly increased household income, food expenditure, and food security. Results show that selling cowpea to rural and urban traders increased household income by 17% and 13%, respectively. The results point to the need for an enabling policy environment and public infrastructure to enhance market participation of farmers and traders. Public infrastructure investments in the form of feeder road construction and maintenance in the distant villages are encouraged, which in the long run can translate into improved cowpea productivity and welfare of smallholder farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Manda
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureArushaTanzania
| | - Arega D. Alene
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureLilongweMalawi
| | | | - Shiferaw Feleke
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureDar es SalaamTanzania
| | | | | | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureDar es SalaamTanzania
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Dontsop Nguezet PM, Ainembabazi JH, Alene A, Abdulaye T, Feleke S, Nziguheba G, Khonje M, Mignouna D, Okafor C, Njukwe E, Van Asten P, Mapatano S, Vanlauwe B, Manyong V. Are farmers using cropping system intensification technologies experiencing poverty reduction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa? Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arega Alene
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Lilongwe Malawi
| | | | - Shiferaw Feleke
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Dar Es Salaam Tanzania
| | | | - Makaiko Khonje
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Lilongwe Malawi
| | - Djana Mignouna
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Bamako Mali
| | - Christopher Okafor
- Educational/Program Evaluation International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Bukavu Congo
| | - Emmanuel Njukwe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Bujumbura Burundi
| | | | | | | | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Dar Es Salaam Tanzania
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Ahimbisibwe BP, Morton JF, Feleke S, Alene A, Abdoulaye T, Wellard K, Mungatana E, Bua A, Asfaw S, Manyong V. Household welfare impacts of an agricultural innovation platform in Uganda. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shiferaw Feleke
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Arega Alene
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Lilongwe Malawi
| | | | | | | | - Anton Bua
- National Agricultural Research Organization Entebbe Uganda
| | | | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Dar es Salaam Tanzania
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Gbegbelegbe S, Alene A, Kamara A, Wiebe K, Manyong V, Abdoulaye T, Mkandawire P. Ex-ante evaluation of promising soybean innovations for sub-Saharan Africa. Food Energy Secur 2019; 8:e00172. [PMID: 32140222 PMCID: PMC7043309 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study undertakes an ex-ante evaluation of the effects of alternative technology and policy options on soybean supply and demand in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to 2050. Current soybean consumption in SSA is dominated by cooking oil followed by soybean cake used as animal feed. Due to weak processing sectors and low soybean yields, the region is currently importing about 70% of its consumption requirements. Based on the results from a geospatial bio-economic modeling framework, soybean consumption in SSA is projected to more than double by 2050 compared to 2010 due in part to a rising population and rising incomes. On the other hand, supply from domestic production is projected to increase by 80% over the same period. Hence, by 2050, net imports into SSA would be nearly 4 times higher than supply from domestic production. Under a future drier climate, some of the production gains achieved through soybean research and extension would be lost and this would further worsen the soybean demand gap in SSA relative to the baseline. This study shows that relying on conventional breeding alone to increase soybean yields in SSA would not be enough to substantially reduce the future demand gap. A combination of promising innovations affecting the soybean value chain across SSA would be needed to close the soybean demand gap in SSA by 2050 under a drier future climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sika Gbegbelegbe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)LilongweMalawi
| | - Arega Alene
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)LilongweMalawi
| | - Alpha Kamara
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)KanoNigeria
| | - Keith Wiebe
- International Food Policy Research InstituteWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)Dar es SalaamTanzania
| | | | - Petros Mkandawire
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)LilongweMalawi
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Manda J, Alene AD, Tufa AH, Abdoulaye T, Wossen T, Chikoye D, Manyong V. The poverty impacts of improved cowpea varieties in Nigeria: A counterfactual analysis. World Dev 2019; 122:261-271. [PMID: 31582870 PMCID: PMC6694751 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Adoption of improved agricultural technologies has long been recognized as critical for reducing poverty through increased productivity, incomes, and asset accumulation. Using a nationally representative survey data from a sample of over 1500 households in Nigeria, this paper evaluates the impacts of adoption of improved cowpea varieties on income and asset poverty reduction using an endogenous switching regression model. The results showed that adoption of improved cowpea varieties increased per capita household income and asset ownership by 17 and 24 percentage points, respectively. The results based on the observed and counterfactual income and asset distributions further showed that adoption reduced both income poverty and asset poverty by 5 percentage points. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy options for increasing adoption and impacts of improved cowpea varieties in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Manda
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PO Box 30258, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Corresponding author.
| | - Arega D. Alene
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PO Box 30258, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Adane H. Tufa
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PO Box 30258, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Tahirou Abdoulaye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria
| | | | - David Chikoye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Southern Africa Research and Administration Hub, PO Box 310142, Chelstone, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PO Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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8
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Wossen T, Alene A, Abdoulaye T, Feleke S, Manyong V. Agricultural technology adoption and household welfare: Measurement and evidence. Food Policy 2019; 87:101742. [PMID: 32025080 PMCID: PMC6988438 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on the adoption and impacts of improved crop varieties have relied on self-reported adoption status of the surveyed households. However, in the presence of weak variety maintenance and poorly functioning seed certification system, measurement errors in self-reported adoption status can be considerable. This paper investigates how such measurement errors can lead to biased welfare estimates. Using DNA-fingerprinting based varietal identification as a benchmark, we find that misclassification in self-reported adoption status is considerable, with significant false negative and positive response rates. We empirically show that such measurement errors lead to welfare estimates that are biased towards zero and substantially understate the poverty reduction effects of adoption. While the empirical evidence suggests attenuation bias, our theoretical exposition and simulations demonstrate that upward bias and sign reversal effects are also possible. The results point to the need for improved monitoring of the diffusion process of improved varieties through innovative adoption data collection approaches to generate robust evidence for prioritizing and justifying investments in agricultural research and extension.
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9
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Johnson AM, Abdoulaye T, Ayedun B, Fulton JR, Widmar NJO, Adebowale A, Bandyopadhyay R, Manyong V. Willingness to pay of Nigerian poultry producers and feed millers for aflatoxin‐safe maize. Agribusiness (N Y N Y) 2019; 36:21621. [PMCID: PMC6990872 DOI: 10.1002/agr.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dietary aflatoxin exposure is a widespread problem in the developing world and causes severe negative health consequences to humans and livestock animals. A new biological control product, called Aflasafe, has been introduced in Nigeria to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of maize in the field and in storage. No known prior work has estimated how much African agribusinesses using maize for animal feed will pay for aflatoxin‐safe maize. This study measured the levels of Aflasafe awareness, surveyed current aflatoxin management practices, and estimated, using choice experiments, willingness to pay (WTP) for aflatoxin‐safe maize by Nigerian poultry producers and feed millers. Data was gathered from 272 orally administered surveys, which included discrete choice experiments examining maize purchasing decisions. Results suggest that the proportion of enterprises that were aware of aflatoxin was found to vary across states. Two latent classes of Nigerian poultry producers and feed millers were identified that were willing to pay average premiums of 4.9% and 30.9%, respectively for maize with 10 parts per billion (ppb) aflatoxin concentration relative to maize with 20 ppb aflatoxin concentration. Both latent classes were, on average, willing to pay larger premiums for maize with 4 ppb aflatoxin concentration. There was evidence that latent class membership, and hence WTP, varied based on awareness of aflatoxin and across geographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Johnson
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Bamikole Ayedun
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joan R. Fulton
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Akande Adebowale
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, IITA‐Abuja Abuja Station, Kubwa Abuja, Nigeria
- Independent Consultant for Deloitte Consulting LLP, United States
| | | | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Djouaka R, Soglo MF, Kusimo MO, Adéoti R, Talom A, Zeukeng F, Paraïso A, Afari-Sefa V, Saethre MG, Manyong V, Tamò M, Waage J, Lines J, Mahuku G. The Rapid Degradation of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Makes Treated Vegetables Relatively Safe for Consumption. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E1536. [PMID: 30036953 PMCID: PMC6068899 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-cyhalothrin) is the most commonly used pyrethroid insecticide for vegetable farming in Benin. This insecticide is misused and overused by farmers, and hence may pose health hazards to consumers. We monitored λ-cyhalothrin residues in lettuce and cabbage from farms at the market gates in Cotonou and Parakou using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis techniques. These residues were also monitored on samples directly from farms (on-farm sampling) for 14 days post-treatment. Potential factors such as photolysis and hydrolysis involved in λ-cyhalothrin degradation were also screened. Results revealed that the level of λ-cyhalothrin residue concentrations in lettuce from Houeyiho decreased from 4.2 mg/kg on Day 1 to about 0.2 mg/kg on Day 7. On Day 9, analyzed lettuces were all λ-cyhalothrin free. In contrast, even 14 days after treatment of cabbage from Bawera (Parakou), we still recorded the presence of λ-cyhalothrin residues in analyzed samples. For samples from market gates, λ-cyhalothrin residues were found in lettuce from two markets out of the nine surveyed in Cotonou. Interestingly, none of these contaminated samples had residues above the maximum residue limit for lettuce (MRL = 0.5 mg/kg). Similarly, in Parakou, samples from all five surveyed vegetable markets were contaminated with λ-cyhalothrin residues at concentrations below the MRL for cabbage (MRL = 0.2 mg/kg). We conclude that λ-cyhalothrin residues in lettuce and cabbage from farms and markets in Parakou and Cotonou are within the MRL, and hence are relatively safe for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - Murielle Farrelle Soglo
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526, Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | | | - Razack Adéoti
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - Armand Talom
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 96, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Armand Paraïso
- Department of Vegetal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, P.O. Box 123, Parakou, Benin.
| | - Victor Afari-Sefa
- World Vegetable Center, C/O IITA-Benin Campus, Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - May-Guri Saethre
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria.
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 34441, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - Jeff Waage
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Jo Lines
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - George Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 34441, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
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Johnson AM, Fulton JR, Abdoulaye T, Ayedun B, Widmar NJO, Akande A, Bandyopadhyay R, Manyong V. Aflatoxin awareness and Aflasafe adoption potential of Nigerian smallholder maize farmers: OPEN ACCESS. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018; 11:437-446. [PMID: 33552313 PMCID: PMC7797632 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin is a potent mycotoxin that can cause cancer and death and is associated
with stunted growth. Prevalence of aflatoxin is widespread in Africa negatively
impacting health and trade. Aflasafe is a biological control product that can be
applied to maize or groundnut fields to reduce aflatoxin contamination. This
study examines the levels of aflatoxin and Aflasafe awareness and understanding
among smallholder maize farmers in Nigeria. In addition, the factors affecting
Aflasafe purchase patterns and sustained usage over multiple growing seasons by
farmers were evaluated. In-person surveys of 902 Nigerian smallholder farmers
were conducted during October and November of 2016. This work contributes to the
existing literature by documenting awareness levels of aflatoxin and use of
Aflasafe as a control in Nigeria. Results suggest that the level of awareness of
aflatoxin was very high in states where Aflasafe was promoted as an intervention
for aflatoxin management. In Kaduna state, the region with the longest
intervention, there was a consistent increase in the usage of Aflasafe since its
introduction in 2010. Furthermore, farmers who purchase Aflasafe bundled
(combined) with other inputs were more likely to persist in using the product.
Education was found to significantly and positively impact continued usage of
Aflasafe. Continued interventions, promotion and general education of the public
are recommended for increased awareness, trial, and adoption of Aflasafe in
Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Johnson
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J R Fulton
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - T Abdoulaye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Idi-Oshe, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - B Ayedun
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Idi-Oshe, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - N J O Widmar
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - A Akande
- IITA, PMB 82, Garki GPO, Kubwa, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - R Bandyopadhyay
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Idi-Oshe, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - V Manyong
- IITA, Plot No. 25, Mikocheni Light Industrial Area, Mwenge - Coca-cola Road, Mikocheni B, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam
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12
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Wossen T, Abdoulaye T, Alene A, Feleke S, Menkir A, Manyong V. Measuring the impacts of adaptation strategies to drought stress: The case of drought tolerant maize varieties. J Environ Manage 2017; 203:106-113. [PMID: 28779600 PMCID: PMC5607453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study measured the impacts of drought tolerant maize varieties (DTMVs) on productivity, welfare, and risk exposure using household and plot-level data from rural Nigeria. The study employed an endogenous switching regression approach to control for both observed and unobserved sources of heterogeneity between adopters and non-adopters. Our results showed that adoption of DTMVs increased maize yields by 13.3% and reduced the level of variance by 53% and downside risk exposure by 81% among adopters. This suggests that adoption had a "win-win" outcome by increasing maize yields and reducing exposure to drought risk. The gains in productivity and risk reduction due to adoption led to a reduction of 12.9% in the incidence of poverty and of 83.8% in the probability of food scarcity among adopters. The paper concluded that adoption of DTMVs was not just a simple coping strategy against drought but also a productivity enhancing and welfare improving strategy. The results point to the need for policies and programs aimed at enhancing adoption as an adaptation strategy to drought stress in Nigeria and beyond.
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Wossen T, Abdoulaye T, Alene A, Feleke S, Ricker-Gilbert J, Manyong V, Awotide BA. Productivity and Welfare Effects of Nigeria's e-Voucher-Based Input Subsidy Program. World Dev 2017; 97:251-265. [PMID: 29263568 PMCID: PMC5726048 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to go beyond the so called "smart" subsidies, Nigeria has embarked on a potentially innovative mobile phone-based input subsidy program that provides fertilizer and improved seed subsidies through electronic vouchers. In this article, we examined the productivity and welfare effects of the program using household-level data from rural Nigeria. The article employed instrumental variable regression approach to control for the potential endogeneity of the input subsidy program. Our results suggest that the program is effective in improving productivity and welfare outcomes of beneficiary smallholders. The size of the estimated effects suggests a large improvement in productivity and welfare outcomes. Moreover, the distributional effects of the program suggest no heterogeneity effects based on gender and farm land size. These results are robust to using alternative measurements of program participation. The benefit-cost ratio of 1.11 suggests that the program is marginally cost-effective. Overall, our results suggest that while improving average productivity is a good outcome for improving food security, improving the distributional outcome of the program by targeting the most disadvantaged groups would maximize the program's contribution to food security and poverty reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahirou Abdoulaye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Arega Alene
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Shiferaw Feleke
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jacob Ricker-Gilbert
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 403 W. State Street, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Ayedun B, Okpachu G, Manyong V, Atehnkeng J, Akinola A, Abu GA, Bandyopadhyay R, Abdoulaye T. An Assessment of Willingness To Pay by Maize and Groundnut Farmers for Aflatoxin Biocontrol Product in Northern Nigeria. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1451-1460. [PMID: 28782996 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Nigeria, Aflasafe is a registered biological product for reducing aflatoxin infestation of crops from the field to storage, making the crops safer for consumption. The important questions are whether farmers will purchase and apply this product to reduce aflatoxin contamination of crops, and if so under what conditions. A study was carried out to address these questions and assess determinants of willingness to pay (WTP) for the product among maize and groundnut farmers in Kano and Kaduna states in Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 492 farmers. The majority of farmers who had direct experience with Aflasafe (experienced farmers) in Kano (80.7%) and Kaduna (84.3%) had a WTP bid value equal to or greater than the threshold price ($10) at which Aflasafe was to be sold. The mean WTP estimates for Aflasafe for experienced farmers in Kano and Kaduna were statistically the same. However, values of $3.56 and $7.46 were offered in Kano and Kaduna states, respectively, by farmers who had never applied Aflasafe (inexperienced farmers), and the difference here was significant (P < 0.01). Regression results indicate that contact with extension agents (P < 0.01) and access to credit (P < 0.05) positively and significantly influenced the probability that a farmer would be willing to pay more for Aflasafe than the threshold price. Lack of awareness of the importance of Aflasafe was the major reason cited by inexperienced farmers (64% in Kano state and 21% in Kaduna state) for not using the product. A market strategy promoting a premium price for aflatoxin-safe produce and creating awareness and explaining the availability of Aflasafe to potential users should increase Aflasafe usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamikole Ayedun
- 1 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7681-9413 [B.A.])
| | - Godwin Okpachu
- 2 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Victor Manyong
- 3 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Atehnkeng
- 4 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - G A Abu
- 6 Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Ranajit Bandyopadhyay
- 1 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7681-9413 [B.A.])
| | - Tahirou Abdoulaye
- 1 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7681-9413 [B.A.])
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Wossen T, Abdoulaye T, Alene A, Haile MG, Feleke S, Olanrewaju A, Manyong V. Impacts of extension access and cooperative membership on technology adoption and household welfare. J Rural Stud 2017; 54:223-233. [PMID: 28989229 PMCID: PMC5614096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the impacts of access to extension services and cooperative membership on technology adoption, asset ownership and poverty using household-level data from rural Nigeria. Using different matching techniques and endogenous switching regression approach, we find that both extension access and cooperative membership have a positive and statistically significant effect on technology adoption and household welfare. Moreover, we find that both extension access and cooperative membership have heterogeneous impacts. In particular, we find evidence of a positive selection as the average treatment effects of extension access and cooperative membership are higher for farmers with the highest propensity to access extension and cooperative services. The impact of extension services on poverty reduction and of cooperatives on technology adoption is significantly stronger for smallholders with access to formal credit than for those without access. This implies that expanding rural financial markets can maximize the potential positive impacts of extension and cooperative services on farmers' productivity and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfamicheal Wossen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Abuja, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Tahirou Abdoulaye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Arega Alene
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mekbib G. Haile
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn University, Germany
| | - Shiferaw Feleke
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Abass AB, Awoyale W, Alenkhe B, Malu N, Asiru BW, Manyong V, Sanginga N. Can food technology innovation change the status of a food security crop? A review of cassava transformation into “bread” in Africa. Food Reviews International 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1239207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Abass
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - W. Awoyale
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioengineering, Kwara State University Malete, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - B. Alenkhe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - N. Malu
- Programme Management Department, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rome, Italy
| | - B. W. Asiru
- Engineering Department, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - V. Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - N. Sanginga
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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17
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Djouaka R, Riveron JM, Yessoufou A, Tchigossou G, Akoton R, Irving H, Djegbe I, Moutairou K, Adeoti R, Tamò M, Manyong V, Wondji CS. Multiple insecticide resistance in an infected population of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Benin. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:453. [PMID: 27531125 PMCID: PMC4987972 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge on the spread and distribution of insecticide resistance in major malaria vectors such as Anopheles funestus is key to implement successful resistance management strategies across Africa. Here, by assessing the susceptibility status of an inland population of An. funestus Giles (Kpome) and investigating molecular basis of resistance, we show that multiple resistance and consistent plasmodium infection rate are present in Anopheles funestus populations from Kpome. Methods The insecticide susceptibility level of collected Anopheles funestus was assessed. Synergist (PBO) was used to screen resistance mechanisms. The TaqMan technique was used for genotyping of insecticide resistant alleles and detecting plasmodium infection levels. The nested PCR was used to further assess the plasmodium infection rate. Results The TaqMan analysis of plasmodial infections revealed an infection rate (18.2 %) of An. funestus in this locality. The WHO bioassays revealed a multiple phenotypic resistance profile for An. funestus in Kpome. This population is highly resistant to pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin), organochlorines (DDT), and carbamates (bendiocarb). A reduced susceptibility was observed with dieldrin. Mortalities did not vary after pre-exposure to PBO for DDT indicating that cytochrome P450s play little role in DDT resistance in Kpome. In contrast, we noticed, a significant increase in mortalities when PBO was combined to permethrin suggesting the direct involvement of P450s in pyrethroid resistance. A high frequency of the L119F-GSTe2 DDT resistance marker was observed in the wild DDT resistant population (9 %RS and 91 %RR) whereas the A296S mutation was detected at a low frequency (1 %RS and 99 %SS). Conclusion The presence of multiple resistance in An. funestus populations in the inland locality of Kpome is established in this study as recently documented in the costal locality of Pahou. Data from both localities suggest that resistance could be widespread in Benin and this highlights the need for further studies to assess the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance across Benin and neighboring countries as well as a more comprehensive analysis of the resistance mechanisms involved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1723-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Genevieve Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey, Calavi BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey, Calavi BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Innocent Djegbe
- University of Sciences, Arts and Techniques of Natitingou, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP 123, Benin
| | | | - Razack Adeoti
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
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Ainembabazi JH, Tripathi L, Rusike J, Abdoulaye T, Manyong V. Ex-Ante Economic Impact Assessment of Genetically Modified Banana Resistant to Xanthomonas Wilt in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138998. [PMID: 26414379 PMCID: PMC4587572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Credible empirical evidence is scanty on the social implications of genetically modified (GM) crops in Africa, especially on vegetatively propagated crops. Little is known about the future success of introducing GM technologies into staple crops such as bananas, which are widely produced and consumed in the Great Lakes Region of Africa (GLA). GM banana has a potential to control the destructive banana Xanthomonas wilt disease. Objective To gain a better understanding of future adoption and consumption of GM banana in the GLA countries which are yet to permit the production of GM crops; specifically, to evaluate the potential economic impacts of GM cultivars resistant to banana Xanthomonas wilt disease. Data Sources The paper uses data collected from farmers, traders, agricultural extension agents and key informants in the GLA. Analysis We analyze the perceptions of the respondents about the adoption and consumption of GM crop. Economic surplus model is used to determine future economic benefits and costs of producing GM banana. Results On the release of GM banana for commercialization, the expected initial adoption rate ranges from 21 to 70%, while the ceiling adoption rate is up to 100%. Investment in the development of GM banana is economically viable. However, aggregate benefits vary substantially across the target countries ranging from US$ 20 million to 953 million, highest in countries where disease incidence and production losses are high, ranging from 51 to 83% of production. Conclusion The findings support investment in the development of GM banana resistant to Xanthomonas wilt disease. The main beneficiaries of this technology development are farmers and consumers, although the latter benefit more than the former from reduced prices. Designing a participatory breeding program involving farmers and consumers signifies the successful adoption and consumption of GM banana in the target countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Rusike
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tahirou Abdoulaye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Meenakshi JV, Banerji A, Manyong V, Tomlins K, Mittal N, Hamukwala P. Using a discrete choice experiment to elicit the demand for a nutritious food: willingness-to-pay for orange maize in rural Zambia. J Health Econ 2012; 31:62-71. [PMID: 22317960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using a discrete choice experiment, this paper estimates the willingness to pay for biofortified orange maize in rural Zambia. The study design has five treatment arms, which enable an analysis of the impact of nutrition information, comparing the use of simulated radio versus community leaders in transmitting the nutrition message, on willingness to pay, and to account for possible novelty effects in the magnitude of premiums or discounts. The estimation strategy also takes into account lexicographic preferences of a subset of our respondents. The results suggest that (a) orange maize is not confused with yellow maize, and has the potential to compete with white maize in the absence of a nutrition campaign, (b) there is a premium for orange maize with nutrition information, and (c) different modes of nutritional message dissemination have the same impact on consumer acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Meenakshi
- Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, India.
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Douthwaite B, de Haan NC, Manyong V, Keatinge D. Blending Hard and Soft Science: the Follow-the-Technology Approach to Catalyzing and Evaluating Technology Change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.5751/es-00335-050213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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