1
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Kline SN, Saito Y, Archer NK. Staphylococcus aureus Proteases: Orchestrators of Skin Inflammation. DNA Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38957987 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin homeostasis relies on a delicate balance between host proteases and protease inhibitors along with those secreted from microbial communities, as disruption to this harmony contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis and Netherton's syndrome. In addition to being a prominent cause of skin and soft tissue infections, the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is a key player in inflammatory skin conditions due to its array of 10 secreted proteases. Herein we review how S. aureus proteases augment the development of inflammation in skin disorders. These mechanisms include degradation of skin barrier integrity, immune dysregulation and pruritis, and impairment of host defenses. Delineating the diverse roles of S. aureus proteases has the potential to reveal novel therapeutic strategies, such as inhibitors of proteases or their cognate target, as well as neutralizing vaccines to alleviate the burden of inflammatory skin disorders in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Kline
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshine Saito
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Chen Y, Peng C, Zhu L, Wang J, Cao Q, Chen X, Li J. Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis: Similarities and Differences in Metabolism and Microbiome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024:10.1007/s12016-024-08995-3. [PMID: 38954264 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are common chronic inflammatory diseases of high incidence that share some clinical features, including symptoms of pruritus and pain, scaly lesions, and histologically, acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. Meanwhile, they are both commonly comorbid with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, indicating that both diseases may exist with significant metabolic disturbances. Metabolomics reveals that both atopic dermatitis and psoriasis have abnormalities in a variety of metabolites, including lipids, amino acids, and glucose. Meanwhile, recent studies have highlighted the importance of the microbiome and its metabolites in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Metabolic alterations and microbiome dysbiosis can also affect the immune, inflammatory, and epidermal barrier, thereby influencing the development of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Focusing on the metabolic and microbiome levels, this review is devoted to elaborating the similarities and differences between atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, thus providing insights into the intricate relationship between both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qiaozhi Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China.
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3
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Hülpüsch C, Rohayem R, Reiger M, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Exploring the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis and disease modification. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 154:31-41. [PMID: 38761999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis [AD]) affect children and adults globally. In AD, the skin barrier is impaired on multiple levels. Underlying factors include genetic, chemical, immunologic, and microbial components. Increased skin pH in AD is part of the altered microbial microenvironment that promotes overgrowth of the skin microbiome with Staphylococcus aureus. The secretion of virulence factors, such as toxins and proteases, by S aureus further aggravates the skin barrier deficiency and additionally disrupts the balance of an already skewed immune response. Skin commensal bacteria, however, can inhibit the growth and pathogenicity of S aureus through quorum sensing. Therefore, restoring a healthy skin microbiome could contribute to remission induction in AD. This review discusses direct and indirect approaches to targeting the skin microbiome through modulation of the skin pH; UV treatment; and use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. Furthermore, exploratory techniques such as skin microbiome transplantation, ozone therapy, and phage therapy are discussed. Finally, we summarize the latest findings on disease and microbiome modification through targeted immunomodulatory systemic treatments and biologics. We believe that targeting the skin microbiome should be considered a crucial component of successful AD treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hülpüsch
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany; Christine-Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Robin Rohayem
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Christine-Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland; Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Reiger
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany; Christine-Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland; ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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4
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Yu T, Xu X, Liu Y, Wang X, Wu S, Qiu Z, Liu X, Pan X, Gu C, Wang S, Dong L, Li W, Yao X. Multi-omics signatures reveal genomic and functional heterogeneity of Cutibacterium acnes in normal and diseased skin. Cell Host Microbe 2024:S1931-3128(24)00196-3. [PMID: 38936370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes is the most abundant bacterium of the human skin microbiome since adolescence, participating in both skin homeostasis and diseases. Here, we demonstrate individual and niche heterogeneity of C. acnes from 1,234 isolate genomes. Skin disease (atopic dermatitis and acne) and body site shape genomic differences of C. acnes, stemming from horizontal gene transfer and selection pressure. C. acnes harbors characteristic metabolic functions, fewer antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors, and a more stable genome compared with Staphylococcus epidermidis. Integrated genome, transcriptome, and metabolome analysis at the strain level unveils the functional characteristics of C. acnes. Consistent with the transcriptome signature, C. acnes in a sebum-rich environment induces toxic and pro-inflammatory effects on keratinocytes. L-carnosine, an anti-oxidative stress metabolite, is up-regulated in the C. acnes metabolome from atopic dermatitis and attenuates skin inflammation. Collectively, our study reveals the joint impact of genes and the microenvironment on C. acnes function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yang Liu
- 01life Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaokai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhuoqiong Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chaoying Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Shangshang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Xu Yao
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China.
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5
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Tham EH, Chia M, Riggioni C, Nagarajan N, Common JE, Kong HH. The skin microbiome in pediatric atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Allergy 2024; 79:1470-1484. [PMID: 38308490 PMCID: PMC11142881 DOI: 10.1111/all.16044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The skin microbiome is an extensive community of bacteria, fungi, mites, viruses and archaea colonizing the skin. Fluctuations in the composition of the skin microbiome have been observed in atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA), particularly in early life, established disease, and associated with therapeutics. However, AD is a multifactorial disease characterized by skin barrier aberrations modulated by genetics, immunology, and environmental influences, thus the skin microbiome is not the sole feature of this disease. Future research should focus on mechanistic understanding of how early-life skin microbial shifts may influence AD and FA onset, to guide potential early intervention strategies or as microbial biomarkers to identify high-risk infants who may benefit from possible microbiome-based biotherapeutic strategies. Harnessing skin microbes as AD biotherapeutics is an emerging field, but more work is needed to investigate whether this approach can lead to sustained clinical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Minghao Chia
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Carmen Riggioni
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Niranjan Nagarajan
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - John E.A. Common
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Heidi H. Kong
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Gallo RL, Horswill AR. Staphylococcus aureus: The Bug Behind the Itch in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:950-953. [PMID: 38430083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Pruritus or itch is a defining symptom of atopic dermatitis (AD). The origins of itch are complex, and it is considered both a defense mechanism and a cause of disease that leads to inflammation and psychological stress. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the processes that trigger itch, particularly the pruritoceptive origins that are generated in the skin. This perspective review discusses the implications of a recent observation that the V8 protease expressed by Staphylococcus aureus can directly trigger sensory neurons in the skin through activation of protease-activated receptor 1. This may be a key to understanding why itch is so common in AD because S. aureus commonly overgrows in this disease owing to deficient antimicrobial defense from both the epidermis and the cutaneous microbiome. Increased understanding of the role of microbes in AD provides increased opportunities for safely improving the treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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7
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Saheb Kashaf S, Kong HH. Adding Fuel to the Fire? The Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:969-977. [PMID: 38530677 PMCID: PMC11034722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and skin microbiome alterations. Skin microbiome studies in AD have demonstrated that disease flares are associated with microbial shifts, particularly Staphylococcus aureus predominance. AD-associated S. aureus strains differ from those in healthy individuals across various genomic loci, including virulence factors, adhesion proteins, and proinflammatory molecules-which may contribute to complex microbiome barrier-immune system interactions in AD. Different microbially based treatments for AD have been explored, and their future therapeutic successes will depend on a deeper understanding of the potential microbial contributions to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saheb Kashaf
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heidi H Kong
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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8
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Zhang Y, Lu Q. Immune cells in skin inflammation, wound healing, and skin cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:852-865. [PMID: 37718697 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the self-evident importance of cutaneous immunity in the maintenance of body-surface homeostasis, disturbance of the steady-state skin is inextricably intertwined with dysfunction in cutaneous immunity. It is often overlooked by people that skin, well-known as a solid physical barrier, is also a strong immunological barrier, considering the abundant presence of immune cells including lymphocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. What's more, humoral immune components including cytokines, immunoglobulins, and antimicrobial peptides are also rich in the skin. This review centers on skin inflammation (acute and chronic, infection and aseptic inflammation), wound healing, and skin cancer to elucidate the elaborate network of immune cells in skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jiangwangmiao Street No. 12, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210042, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jiangwangmiao Street No. 12, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210042, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jiangwangmiao Street No. 12, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210042, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jiangwangmiao Street No. 12, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210042, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
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9
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Mohammad S, Karim MR, Iqbal S, Lee JH, Mathiyalagan R, Kim YJ, Yang DU, Yang DC. Atopic dermatitis: Pathophysiology, microbiota, and metabolome - A comprehensive review. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127595. [PMID: 38218095 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition that commonly occurs in children. Genetics, environment, and defects in the skin barrier are only a few of the factors that influence how the disease develops. As human microbiota research has advanced, more scientific evidence has shown the critical involvement of the gut and skin bacteria in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Microbiome dysbiosis, defined by changed diversity and composition, as well as the development of pathobionts, has been identified as a potential cause for recurring episodes of atopic dermatitis. Gut dysbiosis causes "leaky gut syndrome" by disrupting the epithelial lining of the gut, which allows bacteria and other endotoxins to enter the bloodstream and cause inflammation. The same is true for the disruption of cutaneous homeostasis caused by skin dysbiosis, which enables bacteria and other pathogens to reach deeper skin layers or even systemic circulation, resulting in inflammation. Furthermore, it is now recognized that the gut and skin microbiota releases both beneficial and toxic metabolites. Here, this review covers a range of topics related to AD, including its pathophysiology, the microbiota-AD connection, commonly used treatments, and the significance of metabolomics in AD prevention, treatment, and management, recognizing its potential in providing valuable insights into the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Mohammad
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Safia Iqbal
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Varendra Institute of Biosciences, Affiliated by Rajshahi University, Natore, Rajshahi 6400, Bangladesh
| | - Jung Hyeok Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Uk Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kline SN, Orlando NA, Lee AJ, Wu MJ, Zhang J, Youn C, Feller LE, Pontaza C, Dikeman D, Limjunyawong N, Williams KL, Wang Y, Cihakova D, Jacobsen EA, Durum SK, Garza LA, Dong X, Archer NK. Staphylococcus aureus proteases trigger eosinophil-mediated skin inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309243121. [PMID: 38289950 PMCID: PMC10861893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309243121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization and eosinophil infiltration are associated with many inflammatory skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, bullous pemphigoid, Netherton's syndrome, and prurigo nodularis. However, whether there is a relationship between S. aureus and eosinophils and how this interaction influences skin inflammation is largely undefined. We show in a preclinical mouse model that S. aureus epicutaneous exposure induced eosinophil-recruiting chemokines and eosinophil infiltration into the skin. Remarkably, we found that eosinophils had a comparable contribution to the skin inflammation as T cells, in a manner dependent on eosinophil-derived IL-17A and IL-17F production. Importantly, IL-36R signaling induced CCL7-mediated eosinophil recruitment to the inflamed skin. Last, S. aureus proteases induced IL-36α expression in keratinocytes, which promoted infiltration of IL-17-producing eosinophils. Collectively, we uncovered a mechanism for S. aureus proteases to trigger eosinophil-mediated skin inflammation, which has implications in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N. Kline
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Nicholas A. Orlando
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Alex J. Lee
- Department of Oncology, Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Meng-Jen Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Christine Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Laine E. Feller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Cristina Pontaza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Dustin Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Nathachit Limjunyawong
- Center of Research Excellence in Allergy and Immunology, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok10700, Thailand
| | - Kaitlin L. Williams
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Daniela Cihakova
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Elizabeth A. Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ85259
| | - Scott K. Durum
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD21702
| | - Luis A. Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- HHMI, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Nathan K. Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
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11
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Zhou R, Ng SK, Sung JJY, Goh WWB, Wong SH. Data pre-processing for analyzing microbiome data - A mini review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4804-4815. [PMID: 37841330 PMCID: PMC10569954 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome is an emerging research frontier due to its profound impacts on health. High-throughput microbiome sequencing enables studying microbial communities but suffers from analytical challenges. In particular, the lack of dedicated preprocessing methods to improve data quality impedes effective minimization of biases prior to downstream analysis. This review aims to address this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of preprocessing techniques relevant to microbiome research. We outline a typical workflow for microbiome data analysis. Preprocessing methods discussed include quality filtering, batch effect correction, imputation of missing values, normalization, and data transformation. We highlight strengths and limitations of each technique to serve as a practical guide for researchers and identify areas needing further methodological development. Establishing robust, standardized preprocessing will be essential for drawing valid biological conclusions from microbiome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwen Zhou
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Siu Kin Ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Joseph Jao Yiu Sung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore
| | - Wilson Wen Bin Goh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore
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