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Suwa M, Tsukahara S, Watarai H. Applications of magnetic and electromagnetic forces in micro-analytical systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1097-1127. [PMID: 36636900 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel applications of magnetic fields in analytical chemistry have become a remarkable trend in the last two decades. Various magnetic forces have been employed for the migration, orientation, manipulation, and trapping of microparticles, and new analytical platforms for separating and detecting molecules have been proposed. Magnetic materials such as functional magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic nanocomposites, and specially designed magnetic solids and liquids have also been developed for analytical purposes. Numerous attractive applications of magnetic and electromagnetic forces on magnetic and non-magnetic materials have been studied, but fundamental studies to understand the working principles of magnetic forces have been challenging. These studies will form a new field of magneto-analytical science, which should be developed as an interdisciplinary field. In this review, essential pioneering works and recent attractive developments are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suwa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - S Tsukahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - H Watarai
- R3 Institute for Newly-Emerging Science Design, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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Funaki M, Suwa M, Watarai H. Electromagnetophoretic Micro-convection around a Droplet in a Capillary. ANAL SCI 2018; 33:1013-1019. [PMID: 28890484 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The electromagnetophoretic behavior of organic droplets in an electrolyte solution was investigated in a silica capillary cell using a superconducting bulk magnet (3.5 T) and a magnetic circuit (2.7 T). The initially dispersed emulsion droplets of dodecane migrated to the wall of the capillary, responding to the direction of an electric current, and coalesced to form smaller and larger droplets after some repeated migrations. When the electric current was applied continuously, the larger droplets became arranged with regular intervals on the wall, and smaller droplets rotated around the larger droplets. These interesting behaviors were analyzed while taking into account the local electric current density determined by the flow velocity of the ionic current around a droplet, which was lowest on the electrode sides of the droplet. The difference in the local electric current density generated the Lorentz-force difference in the medium, which lead to local micro-convection around the droplet, and also the alignment of larger droplets by a repelling effect between the adjacent micro-convections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuro Funaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
| | - Masayori Suwa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
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IIGUNI Y, OHTANI H. Electromagnetophoretic Migration Velocity of Organic Microdroplets with Surfactants Using Permanent Magnets. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:35-9. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori IIGUNI
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Hajime OHTANI
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
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Watarai H. Continuous separation principles using external microaction forces. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:353-78. [PMID: 23772659 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, methods for the continuous separation of microparticles with microaction forces have rapidly advanced. Various action forces have been used in designs of both microchannel and capillary continuous separation systems, which depend on properties such as conductivity, permittivity, absorptivity, refractive index, magnetic susceptibility, and compressibility. Particle migration velocity has been used to characterize the particles. Biological cells have been the most interesting targets of these continuous separation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Watarai
- Institute for NanoScience Design, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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Two-dimensional flow magnetophoresis of microparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2645-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hsieh TH, Keh HJ. Motion of a colloidal sphere with interfacial self-electrochemical reactions induced by a magnetic field. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:174702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4706516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Suwa M, Watarai H. Magnetoanalysis of micro/nanoparticles: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 690:137-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Goto T, Watarai H. SERS study of rotational isomerization of cysteamine induced by magnetic pulling force. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:4848-4853. [PMID: 20104912 DOI: 10.1021/la903637t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of unidirectional pulling forces on covalently bridged cysteamine between superparamagnetic particles and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were studied with SERS spectroscopy. With an increase in the pulling force from 0 to 100 pN per magnetic particle, the nu(C-S)(Trans)/nu(C-S)(Gauche) intensity ratio was increased from 0.6 to 1.08, the Raman frequency of nu(C-S)(Trans) was shifted from 716 to 719 cm(-1), and the Raman bands associated with the amide groups were diminished. From these observations, it was concluded that the magnetic forces induced the extension of distance between the magnetic particle surface and the Ag NP surface and the rotational isomerization equilibrium of SC-CN was shifted from the gauche to the trans conformation with the longer molecular length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeyoshi Goto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Watarai H. Magnetophoresis and Faraday Rotation Measurement Using Aqueous Media. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2010. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.59.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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ENOMOTO Y, MONJUSHIRO H, WATARAI H. Simple and Precise Size-Separation of Microparticles by a Nano-Gap Method. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:605-10. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko ENOMOTO
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
| | | | - Hitoshi WATARAI
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
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Suwa M, Oshino Y, Watarai H, Morita H, Kasai A, Šubrt J. Magnetic susceptibility measurement of single iron/cobalt carbonyl microcrystal by atmospheric magnetophoresis. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2008; 9:024215. [PMID: 27877966 PMCID: PMC5099723 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/9/2/024215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the use of an innovative atmospheric magnetophoresis, which enables us to measure the mass magnetic susceptibility and mass of a microparticle simultaneously, was demonstrated. Using this technique, we determined the magnetic susceptibility of a crystalline deposit of iron/cobalt carbonyl, mainly composed of Fe2(CO)9, which was prepared photochemically from a gaseous mixture of iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) and cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl (Co(CO)3NO). The mass magnetic susceptibility and the characteristic relaxation time of the microcrystal were (7.0±1.9)×10-9 m3 kg-1 and (5.6±2.2)×10-4 s, respectively. The observed magnetic susceptibility shows that the microparticle was paramagnetic. Assuming that the density was equal to that of Fe2(CO)9 (2.1×103 kg m-3) and that the shape of the particle was spherical, a hydrodynamic radius of 4.7 μm and a mass of 0.91 ng were observed. It was suggested that Co was incorporated in Fe2(CO)9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayori Suwa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Oshino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Watarai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-Cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Anzu Kasai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Jan Šubrt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 25086 Řež near Prague, Czech Republic
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