1
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Hachem M, Ahmmed MK, Nacir-Delord H. Phospholipidomics in Clinical Trials for Brain Disorders: Advancing our Understanding and Therapeutic Potentials. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3272-3295. [PMID: 37981628 PMCID: PMC11087356 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipidomics is a specialized branch of lipidomics that focuses on the characterization and quantification of phospholipids. By using sensitive analytical techniques, phospholipidomics enables researchers to better understand the metabolism and activities of phospholipids in brain disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In the brain, identifying specific phospholipid biomarkers can offer valuable insights into the underlying molecular features and biochemistry of these diseases through a variety of sensitive analytical techniques. Phospholipidomics has emerged as a promising tool in clinical studies, with immense potential to advance our knowledge of neurological diseases and enhance diagnosis and treatment options for patients. In the present review paper, we discussed numerous applications of phospholipidomics tools in clinical studies, with a particular focus on the neurological field. By exploring phospholipids' functions in neurological diseases and the potential of phospholipidomics in clinical research, we provided valuable insights that could aid researchers and clinicians in harnessing the full prospective of this innovative practice and improve patient outcomes by providing more potent treatments for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayssa Hachem
- Department of Chemistry and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Fishing and Post-Harvest Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Houda Nacir-Delord
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Wang C, Gamage PL, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Excipient-related impurities in liposome drug products. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124164. [PMID: 38688429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery systems to increase the efficacy and reduce the off-target toxicity of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The liposomes are more complex drug delivery systems than the traditional dosage forms, and phospholipids and cholesterol are the major structural excipients. These two excipients undergo hydrolysis and/or oxidation during liposome preparation and storage, resulting in lipids hydrolyzed products (LHPs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in the final liposomal formulations. These excipient-related impurities at elevated concentrations may affect liposome stability and exert biological functions. This review focuses on LHPs and COPs, two major categories of excipient-related impurities in the liposomal formulations, and discusses factors affecting their formation, and analytical methods to determine these excipient-related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changguang Wang
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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3
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Shi Y, Li X. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Identification and Quantification of Lipids in Liposomes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2622:227-239. [PMID: 36781765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2954-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are spherical, closed vesicles consisting of at least one lipid bilayer with a water chamber and are widely used to encapsulate bioactive molecules. Lipid membranes, composed of different types of lipids or lipophilic components, determine whether liposomes can achieve the desired purpose and determine the overall quality of liposomes. Thus, the quantification of lipid components and encapsulated molecules is essential to characterize and control the quality of liposomes. Moreover, multicomponent simultaneous determination is the preferred method for lipid component analysis in liposomes. Therefore, the present work describes an analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of commonly used lipids in liposome formulations, using h igh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry (MS) detector (HPLC-MS/MS). HPLC-MS/MS consists of a rapid and highly efficient chromatographic separation of the liposomal components with a C18 column and the subsequent detection of the ingredients through an MS detector, along with an accurate mass fragmentation pattern. The analytical process mainly includes lipid extraction, solution preparation, the optimization of chromatographic conditions, and method validation. We hope this analytical methodology is valuable and efficient and can be applied to the analysis of multiple types of lipids in liposomes, such as raw material quality analysis, formulation study, overall quality control, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaona Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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4
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Alshaer W, Nsairat H, Lafi Z, Hourani OM, Al-Kadash A, Esawi E, Alkilany AM. Quality by Design Approach in Liposomal Formulations: Robust Product Development. Molecules 2022; 28:10. [PMID: 36615205 PMCID: PMC9822211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine is an emerging field with continuous growth and differentiation. Liposomal formulations are a major platform in nanomedicine, with more than fifteen FDA-approved liposomal products in the market. However, as is the case for other types of nanoparticle-based delivery systems, liposomal formulations and manufacturing is intrinsically complex and associated with a set of dependent and independent variables, rendering experiential optimization a tedious process in general. Quality by design (QbD) is a powerful approach that can be applied in such complex systems to facilitate product development and ensure reproducible manufacturing processes, which are an essential pre-requisite for efficient and safe therapeutics. Input variables (related to materials, processes and experiment design) and the quality attributes for the final liposomal product should follow a systematic and planned experimental design to identify critical variables and optimal formulations/processes, where these elements are subjected to risk assessment. This review discusses the current practices that employ QbD in developing liposomal-based nano-pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Zainab Lafi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Omar M. Hourani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | | | - Ezaldeen Esawi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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5
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Mousli Y, Brachet M, Chain JL, Ferey L. A rapid and quantitative reversed-phase HPLC-DAD/ELSD method for lipids involved in nanoparticle formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 220:115011. [PMID: 36054945 PMCID: PMC9389849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have shown great success as drug delivery systems, especially for mRNA vaccines, as those developed during the Covid-19 pandemics. Lipid analysis is critical to monitor the formulation process and control the quality of LNPs. The present study is focused on the development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography – diode array detector –evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-DAD/ELSD) based method for the simultaneous quantification of 7 lipids, illustrating the main components of LNPs: ionizable lipids, the neutral co-lipid cholesterol, phospholipids, hydrophilic polymer-lipids for colloidal stability (e.g., a PEGylated lipid). In particular, this study focuses on two innovative synthetic lipids: a switchable cationic lipid (CSL3) which has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo siRNA transfection abilities, and the palmitic acid-grafted-poly(ethyloxazoline)5000 (PolyEtOx), used as an alternative polymer to address allergic reactions attributed to PEGylated lipids. The HPLC separation was achieved on a Poroshell C18 column at 50 °C using a step gradient of a mobile phase composed of water/methanol mixtures with 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). This method was validated following ICH Q2(R1) & (R2) guidelines in terms of linearity (R² ≥ 0.997), precision (relative standard deviation on peak areas < 5% for intermediate repeatability), accuracy (recoveries between 92.9% and 108.5%), and sensitivity. Indeed, low detection and quantitation limits were determined (between 0.02 and 0.04 µg and between 0.04 and 0.10 µg, respectively). Due to its high selectivity, this method allowed the analysis of lipid degradation products produced through degradation studies in basic, acidic, and oxidative conditions. Moreover, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of several liposome formulations at two key steps of the development process. Consequently, the reported HPLC method offers fast, versatile, selective and quantitative analysis of lipids, essential for development optimization, chemical characterization, and stability testing of LNP formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Mousli
- ARNA INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - Mathilde Brachet
- ARNA INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - Jeanne Leblond Chain
- ARNA INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- ARNA INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France.
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6
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Fan Y, Marioli M, Zhang K. Analytical characterization of liposomes and other lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113642. [PMID: 33011580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles, especially liposomes and lipid/nucleic acid complexed nanoparticles have shown great success in the pharmaceutical industry. Their success is attributed to stable drug loading, extended pharmacokinetics, reduced off-target side effects, and enhanced delivery efficiency to disease targets with formidable blood-brain or plasma membrane barriers. Therefore, they offer promising formulation options for drugs limited by low therapeutic indexes in traditional dosage forms and current "undruggable" targets. Recent development of siRNA, antisense oligonucleotide, or the CRISPR complex-loaded lipid nanoparticles and liposomal vaccines also shed light on their potential in enabling versatile formulation platforms for new pharmaceutical modalities. Analytical characterization of these nanoparticles is critical to drug design, formulation development, understanding in vivo performance, as well as quality control. The multi-lipid excipients, unique core-bilayer structure, and nanoscale size all underscore their complicated critical quality attributes, including lipid species, drug encapsulation efficiency, nanoparticle characteristics, product stability, and drug release. To address these challenges and facilitate future applications of lipid nanoparticles in drug development, we summarize available analytical approaches for physicochemical characterizations of lipid nanoparticle-based pharmaceutical modalities. Furthermore, we compare advantages and challenges of different techniques, and highlight the promise of new strategies for automated high-throughput screening and future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Fan
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Maria Marioli
- Pharma Technical Development Europe Analytics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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7
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Liu G, Hou S, Tong P, Li J. Liposomes: Preparation, Characteristics, and Application Strategies in Analytical Chemistry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:392-412. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1805293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Shili Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Peihong Tong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Jianping Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
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8
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Quantitative analysis of cholesterol oxidation products and desmosterol in parenteral liposomal pharmaceutical formulations. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Wu J, Crist RM, McNeil SE, Clogston JD. Ion quantification in liposomal drug products using high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 165:41-46. [PMID: 30502551 PMCID: PMC6331219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple, straightforward analytical method based on liquid chromatography has been optimized to quantify total, internal, and external ions in drug-loaded liposomal products. The quantification of ammonium and sulfate ions in Doxil is detailed; although, the methodology has been extrapolated to quantitate a variety of ions, including calcium, acetate, and others in several different liposomal formulations. Total ion concentrations were measured after disruption of the liposome via lyophilization, to liberate all components. External ion concentrations were made following membrane centrifugation, without disruption of the liposome structure, where the permeate fraction was analyzed for external ion quantities. The internal ion fraction was derived from mass balance of the total and external ion measurements. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), equipped with different separation columns, and coupled to a charged aerosol detector, was employed for all ion quantifications. The analytical measurements were confirmed using simple stoichiometry based on the drug crystallization of doxorubicin within the liposome interior. The method presented herein is quick, highly accurate, and has significantly improved lower limits of detection and quantification over other traditional methods. As more follow-on versions of Doxil are being developed, this facile approach to ion quantitation can be used to help establish compositional similarity to the reference listed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Wu
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Rachael M Crist
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Scott E McNeil
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Clogston
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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10
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11
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Jeschek D, Lhota G, Wallner J, Vorauer-Uhl K. A versatile, quantitative analytical method for pharmaceutical relevant lipids in drug delivery systems. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 119:37-44. [PMID: 26641705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, liposomal formulations as drug carrier systems have markedly advanced in pharmaceutical research and development. Therefore, analytical methods to characterize liposome-based formulations are required. One particular issue in liposome analysis is the imbalance of lipid ratios within the vesicle formulations and the detectability of degradation products such as lysophospholipids and fatty acids caused by hydrolysis, especially in low molar ranges. Here, a highly sensitive and selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC) method is described by the combination of an organic solvent/trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) triggered gradient and the application of an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). Gain setting adjustments of the ELSD were applied to obtain an optimal detection profile of the analyzed substances. This optimization provides simultaneous separation and quantification of 16 components, including different phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylglycerols and their degradation products, as well as cholesterol. Parameters such as limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined for each of the components and had ranges from 0.25-1.00mg/mL (LOD) and 0.50-2.50μg/mL (LOQ), respectively. The intra-day precision for all analytes is less than 3% (RSD) and inter-day precision is about 8%. The applicability of the method was verified by analyzing two different liposome formulations consisting of DSPC:DPPC:DSPG:Chol (35:35:20:10) and DSPC:DPPC:DSPG (38:38:24). For degradation studies, both formulations were stored at 4°C and at ambient temperature. Additionally, forced degradation experiments were performed to determine hydrolysis mass balances. A total recovery of 96-102% for phospholipid compounds was found. Analytical data revealed that the sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and resolution are appropriate for the detection and quantification of phospholipids and their hydrolysis products. These results as well as additional preliminary analyses of other relevant components used in liposomal formulations indicate that the developed method is suitable for the development, characterization, and stability testing of liposomal based biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Jeschek
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gabriele Lhota
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Wallner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karola Vorauer-Uhl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Li M, Tong X, Lv P, Feng B, Yang L, Wu Z, Cui X, Bai Y, Huang Y, Liu H. A not-stop-flow online normal-/reversed-phase two-dimensional liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method for comprehensive lipid profiling of human plasma from atherosclerosis patients. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Lipid profiling of human plasma from peritoneal dialysis patients using an improved 2D (NP/RP) LC-QToF MS method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6629-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Porfire A, Tomuta I, Tefas L, Leucuta SE, Achim M. Simultaneous quantification of l-α-phosphatidylcoline and cholesterol in liposomes using near infrared spectrometry and chemometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 63:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Zhou Q, Liu L, Zhang D, Fan X. Analysis of gemcitabine liposome injection by HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection. J Liposome Res 2012; 22:263-9. [PMID: 22428966 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2012.668553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine liposome injection (i.e., stealth liposomes) has facilitated the targeting of gemcitabine for cancer treatment. We systemically reviewed liposome-based drug-delivery systems, which can improve pharmacokinetics, reduce side effects, and potentially increase tumor uptake, for pancreatic cancer therapy. A novel liposomal formulation, which allows for higher tumor-targeting efficiencies and can be used in current clinical trials to treat this challenging disease, has gained great popularity and attention. In this work, a simple, rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of N-(carbonyl-methoxypolyethylene glycol 2000)-1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine sodium salt and neutral colipids cholesterol and hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine or distearoyl phosphatidylcholine. Because of the poor ultraviolet absorbance of the lipids, evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) was used to monitor the separation. The separation was carried out on a YMC-Pack column (YMC Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan). Lipids were eluted using binary linear gradients starting from a mixture of 80% A and 20% B to 100% B in 10 minutes, followed by a 6-minute plateau at 100% B, where A is chloroform/isopropyl alcohol/diethylamine/trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (50:50:0.01:0.0025) and B is chloroform/isopropyl alcohol/H₂O/diethylamine/TFA (41:50:9:0.01:0.0025). The mobile phase composition was then changed back to initial solvent mixture in 1 minute, and the column was equilibrated for 13 minutes before every subsequent run. Then, 0.025% (v/v) TFA was added into the mobile phase to enhance the retaining of the stealth lipids. This newly developed method enabled direct analysis of liposomes without solvent lipid extraction and was validated to be linear, precise, accurate, specific, and sensitive. The method has been successfully employed in a wide range of lipid-based formulation screening, process development, and stability testing. Further, we describe the simple, rapid HPLC-ELSD method for the simultaneous determination of all the lipids and active pharmaceutical ingredients in various liposome-based drug formulations. The method can quantitate all the lipids of active targeting liposomes, which bond with folic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinmei Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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16
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Moliner-Martinez Y, Herráez-Hernández R, Molins-Legua C, Campins-Falcó P. Improving analysis of apolar organic compounds by the use of a capillary titania-based column: Application to the direct determination of faecal sterols cholesterol and coprostanol in wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4682-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Analysis of cationic liposomes by reversed-phase HPLC with evaporative light-scattering detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:947-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Determination of cholesterol in food samples using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by HPLC–UV. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:456-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Cardiolipin, a lipid found in mitochondria, hydrogenosomes and bacteria was not detected in Giardia lamblia. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:215-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Christensen D, Allesø M, Rosenkrands I, Rantanen J, Foged C, Agger EM, Andersen P, Nielsen HM. NIR transmission spectroscopy for rapid determination of lipid and lyoprotector content in liposomal vaccine adjuvant system CAF01. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:914-20. [PMID: 18694823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is of crucial importance to determine the concentration of the different components in the formulation accurately, during production. In this respect, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy represents an intriguing alternative that offers rapid, non-invasive and non-destructive sample analysis. This method, combined with multivariate data analysis was successfully applied to quantify the total concentration of lipids in the liposomal CAF01 adjuvant, composed of the cationic surfactant dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and the immunomodulator alpha,alpha'-trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate (TDB). The near-infrared (NIR) detection method was compared to a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, and a blinded study with three different sample concentrations was performed, showing that there was no significant difference in the accuracy of the three methods. However, the NIR and DSC methods were more precise than the HPLC method. Also, with the NIR method it was possible to differentiate between various concentrations of trehalose added as cryo-/lyoprotector. These studies therefore suggest that NIR can be used for real-time process control analysis in the production of CAF01 liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Yu F, Chen L, Chen F. Chemiluminescence method for the determination of mitoxantrone by the enhancement of the tris-(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid)ruthenium(II)–cerium(IV) system. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Huynh L, Grant J, Leroux JC, Delmas P, Allen C. Predicting the Solubility of the Anti-Cancer Agent Docetaxel in Small Molecule Excipients using Computational Methods. Pharm Res 2007; 25:147-57. [PMID: 17705028 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an in silico model that provides an accurate prediction of the relative solubility of the lipophilic anticancer agent docetaxel in various excipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in silico solubility of docetaxel in the excipients was estimated by means of the solubility (delta) and Flory-Huggins interaction (chi (FH)) parameters. The delta values of docetaxel and excipients were calculated using semi-empirical methods and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Cerius(2) software and COMPASS force-field were employed for the MD simulations. The chi (FH) values for the binary mixtures of docetaxel and excipient were also estimated by MD simulations. RESULTS The values obtained from the MD simulations for the solubility of docetaxel in the various excipients were in good agreement with the experimentally determined values. The simulated values for solubility of docetaxel in tributyrin, tricaproin and vitamin E were within 2 to 6% of the experimental values. MD simulations predicted docetaxel to be insoluble in beta-caryophyllene and this result correlated well with experimental studies. CONCLUSIONS The MD model proved to be a reliable tool for selecting suitable excipients for the solubilization of docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loan Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bucher K, Belli S, Wunderli-Allenspach H, Krämer SD. P-glycoprotein in proteoliposomes with low residual detergent: the effects of cholesterol. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1993-2004. [PMID: 17497080 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence that cholesterol affects the ATPase and transport functions of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). To study the influence of cholesterol on P-gp in a well defined lipid environment, we reconstituted P-gp in egg phosphatidylcholine (PhC) and PhC/cholesterol proteoliposomes with negligible residual amounts of detergents. MATERIALS AND METHODS P-gp proteoliposomes were prepared by continuous dialysis from micelles consisting of P-gp, lipids, sodium dodecyl sulfate and cholate. Basal and modulator-induced ATPase activities were studied in an established enzyme assay. Modulator affinities to P-gp and to the lipid bilayers were determined by equilibrium dialysis. RESULTS In the absence of cholesterol the basal ATPase activity was six fold lower than in the presence of 20 or 40% cholesterol, and no P-gp binding and ATPase induction was detected for the tested modulators verapamil and progesterone. In proteoliposomes containing 20 and 40% cholesterol, respectively, the modulators showed significant P-gp binding and ATPase activation. The concentration of the modulators for half maximal activation of the ATPase was higher with 40% than with 20% cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol influences P-gp in three ways: (a) it enhances its basal ATPase activity, (b) it renders P-gp sensitive towards the modulators verapamil and progesterone and (c) it affects the modulator concentration at half maximal ATPase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Bucher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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Thomae AV, Koch T, Panse C, Wunderli-Allenspach H, Krämer SD. Comparing the lipid membrane affinity and permeation of drug-like acids: the intriguing effects of cholesterol and charged lipids. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1457-72. [PMID: 17387599 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipid bilayers regulate the passage of solutes into and between cellular compartments. A general prerequisite for this passage is the partitioning of the solute into the bilayer. We investigated the relationship between bilayer partitioning and permeation of three drug-like acids in liposomal systems consisting of phosphatidylcholine alone or mixed with cholesterol or charged lipids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bilayer partitioning was determined by equilibrium dialysis. Bilayer permeation was studied with a luminescence assay which is based on the energy transfer of the permeant to intraliposomal terbium(III). RESULTS The influence of the lipid composition on the pH-dependent membrane affinity was in accordance with the membrane rigidity and possible electrostatic interactions between the acids and the lipids. However, there was no direct relationship between membrane affinity and permeation. This seeming discrepancy was closer analyzed with numerical simulations of the permeation process based on the single rate constants for partitioning and translocation. The simulations were in line with our experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS Depending on the single rate constants and on the geometry of the system, lipid bilayer permeation may positively, negatively or not correlate with the bilayer affinity of the permeant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita V Thomae
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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