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Sadeghi M, Saber Tehrani M, Faraji H. Vortex- assisted liquid- liquid microextraction for the trace determination of potassium bromate in flour food products. Food Chem 2022; 378:132109. [PMID: 35033707 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Potassium bromate, also reported as a carcinogenic agent, commonly functions to improve flour in the baking industry to increase bread volume. In this study, a green and novel preconcentration and microextraction method, termed as vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction combined with UV-Vis spectrophotometry was developed and utilized for trace determination of Potassium Bromate in food samples. Furthermore, various chemometric methods have been used. Under optimum conditions, the linearity range was obtained in the range between 0.02 and 2 µg/mL. Using the proposed analytical approach, the detection limits and quantitation of KBrO3 were 0.02 and 0.07 µg/mL, respectively. A pre-concentration factor of 22.2 was reported. The precision of the method was evaluated in the terms of repeatability and reproducibility and expressed by the relative standard deviation; the levels of them were considerably higher than 5.07 and 4.8%. The proposed approach was applied to the determination of trace bromate in different flour products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Sadeghi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saber Tehrani
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakim Faraji
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran; Research & Development Department, Behavand Darou-Animal Feed Supplements and Premixes Manufacturer, Alborz, Iran.
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Determining Potassium Bromate in the Inhalable Aerosol Fraction in Workplace Air with Ion Chromatography. Saf Health Work 2020; 12:209-216. [PMID: 34178398 PMCID: PMC8209406 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The article presents the results of studies performed in order to develop a new method of airborne potassium bromate(V) determination at workplaces. Methods The method is based on a collection of the inhalable fraction of potassium bromate(V) using the IOM Sampler, then extraction of bromates with deionized water and chromatographic analysis of the obtained solution. The analysis was performed using ion chromatography with conductometric detection. The tests were performed on a Dionex IonPac®AS22 analytic column (250 × 4 mm, 6 μm) with AG22 precolumn (50 × 4 mm 11 μm). Results The method provides for potassium bromate(V) determination within the concentration range of 0.043 ÷ 0.88 mg/m3 for an air sample of 0.72 m3 in volume, i.e., 0.1–2 times the exposure limit value as proposed in Poland. The method was validated in accordance with PN-EN 482. The obtained validation data are as follows: measuring range: 3.1–63.4 μg/mL, limit of detection (LOD) = 0.018 μg/mL and limit of quantification (LOQ) = 0.053 μg/mL. The developed method has been tested in the work environment, on laboratory employees having contact with potassium bromate(V). Conclusion The analytical method allowed the determination of the inhalable fraction of airborne potassium bromate(V) at workplaces and can be used to assess occupational exposure.
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Kim SH, Woo HC, Kim MH. Solid-phase colorimetric sensing probe for bromide based on a tough hydrogel embedded with silver nanoprisms. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1131:80-89. [PMID: 32928482 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sharp-tipped anisotropic silver (Ag) nanostructures are attracting increasing attention because of their unusual optical properties. However, the sharp tips make such nanostructures thermodynamically unstable; thus, they have been considered unsuitable for use in colorimetric sensing because of their tendency to aggregate or transform in a solution state. In the present study, a colorimetric sensing platform for detecting bromide (Br-) in an aqueous medium was developed. The platform is based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties of Ag nanoprisms with sharp tips. The key to using such Ag nanocrystals with extreme anisotropic structures is to adopt a solid-phase sensing platform. A Ag-nanoprism-embedded tough hydrogel with interpenetrating polymer networks was synthesized via aqueous-phase polymerization and crosslinking processes. The Ag nanoprisms immobilized inside the hydrogel were stable and did not exhibit aggregation or degradation over time; specifically, when the hydrogel was dried, the nanoprisms retained their inherent LSPR properties for an extended period. By taking advantage of the rapid and spontaneous morphological transformation of Ag nanoprisms inside the hybrid hydrogel exposed to Br- and the corresponding changes in their LSPR properties, we designed a plasmonic sensing platform for the sensitive and selective detection of Br- in an aqueous medium. The proposed colorimetric sensing platform was found to exhibit a wide sensing range and high selectivity, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 10 μM, and offers substantial advantages over previously developed systems; specifically, it is portable, eco-friendly, safe to use and handle, stable for extended periods, and enables naked-eye detection. We believe that the as-proposed sensing platform can be used as a point-of-care analytical tool for detecting Br- in a broad range of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heon Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Ho Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Aggrawal M, Rohrer JS. Selective and sensitive determination of bromate in bread by ion chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1615:460765. [PMID: 31848031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Potassium bromate is a food additive used as "flour improver" in the baking industry. Bromate is considered a carcinogenic and nephrotoxic substance. Thus, the bromate concentration must be carefully monitored in flour products. We developed a method for a selective and sensitive determination of bromate in flour that uses ion chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry (IC -MS). A recently introduced high-capacity anion-exchange column was used to separate bromate from matrix anions. Six commercial flour and flour products including homemade bread baked using flour containing potassium bromate, were analyzed. The method showed good precision with RSDs <0.2%, and <5% (n = 8), for retention time and peak area respectively. Bromate recoveries from flour samples ranged from 86 to 110%. The limits of detection and quantitation of bromate in the prepared solution were 0.10 µg/L and 0.34 µg/L, respectively, which corresponded to 5 µg/kg and 17 µg/kg in bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Aggrawal
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1214 Oakmead Pkwy, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, United States.
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He X, Mei Y, Wang Y, Sun W, Shen M. Determination of inorganic anions in the whole blood by ion chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 163:58-63. [PMID: 30286436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A fast, precise, and accurate method that can simultaneously determine 7 anions in whole blood was established by on line dialysis-double suppression ion chromatography. Performance parameters which could affect the determination of anions were optimized, including the selection of protein precipitant in samples, the amount of filtrate discarded, selection of eluent flow rate, influence of the Ag-Na column on experimental results, influence of ethylenediamines on ClO2-, and investigation of nitrogen drying. Finally, 3.6 mmol/L sodium carbonate was selected as eluent, with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, to separate the 7 anions. Blood and alcohol (v/v, 1:4) were used to precipitate the proteins in blood. The 7 anions reached an adequate recovery rate when the first 2 mL of filtrate from the C18 column was discarded. The recovery rate at LLOQ, low, medium, and high concentrations was 80-120%. The correlation coefficients (r2) of the calibration curves of the targeted anions ranged from 0.9975 to 0.9998. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.309-7.71 μg/L. This method has simple pretreatment, high accuracy, and good reproducibility and selectivity, and is suitable for the separation and determination of anions in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui He
- School of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuejing Mei
- School of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Hygiene Detection Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mei Shen
- Hygiene Detection Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Xiang G, Fan H, Zhang H, He L, Jiang X, Zhao W. Carbon dot doped silica nanoparticles as fluorescent probe for determination of bromate in drinking water samples. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple and effective strategy for designing a fluorescent probe for bromate was described in this work. Organosilane modified carbon dots were prepared by pyrolysis of citric acid in N-(β-aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyl methyldimethoxysilane solvent at 230 °C and further doped onto silica nanoparticles by a silylation reaction. The fluorescence of carbon dot doped silica nanoparticles was quenched by bromate in acidic medium. By utilizing this property, the nanoparticle could be used as a sensor to detect bromate. The parameters affecting the performance of the sensor probe such as types of acid medium, acid concentration, reaction temperature, and time were investigated and optimized. The detection limit of the sensor was found to be 1.1 ng mL−1, with a linear range from 8 to 400 ng mL−1 and relative standard deviation of 2.0% (150 ng mL−1, n = 9). The method was successfully applied to the determination of bromate in drinking water samples, and the recoveries were in the range of 96.3%–103.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
| | - Huanhuan Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
| | - Lijun He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
| | - Xiuming Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hennan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R China
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Saber AL. New Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Bromate Ion in Drinking Water. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang X, Guo L, Zhang D, Ge X, Ye J, Chu Q. Sensitive Determination of Bromate in Water Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Electromembrane Extraction. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Wiśniewski JA, Kabsch-Korbutowicz M, Łakomska S. Removal of bromate ions from water in the processes with ion-exchange membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Al-Saidi HM, El-Shahawi MS. Extractive liquid-liquid spectrofluorometric determination of trace and ultra concentrations of bromate in water samples by the fluorescence quenching of tetraphenylphosphonium iodide. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 138:736-742. [PMID: 25544189 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A low cost and selective spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for trace determination of bromate ions in water. The method has been based upon complete extraction of the produced yellow colored ion associate of the reagent tetraphenylphosphonium iodide (TPP(+) I(-)) and bromate ions from aqueous media into chloroform and measuring the fluorescence quenching at λex/em=242/305nm. The composition, stability and the most probable mechanism of the produced associate have been determined. The plot of fluorescence intensity of TPP(+) I(-)vs. bromate concentration was linear in the range 0.86-150.0μgL(-1). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of BrO3(-) were 0.24 and 0.76μgL(-1), respectively. The method was found free from most of the interferences present in chromatographic, spectrofluorometric and spectrophotometric methods. Intra and inter-day laboratory accuracy and precision for analysis of bromate in water were determined. The method provides better performance compared to the international standard method recently issued (ISO 11206:2011). The method was applied satisfactorily for analysis of 1.0μgL(-1) bromate in the presence of high excess of chloride (50mg/L) without pretreatment with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of ±2.9%. The method was applied for analysis of bromate in various water samples. Statistical comparison of the results of the proposed method with those obtained by the standard method revealed no significant differences in the accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Al-Saidi
- Department of Chemistry, University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M S El-Shahawi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Nayanova EV, Elipasheva EV, Sergeev GM. Photometric redox determination of bromate ions in drinking water. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Rocha DL, Machado MC, Melchert WR. A sensitive flow-based procedure for spectrophotometric speciation analysis of inorganic bromine in waters. Talanta 2014; 129:93-9. [PMID: 25127569 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A flow-based system with solenoid micro-pumps and long path-length spectrophotometry for bromate and bromide determination in drinking water is proposed. The method is based on the formation of an unstable dye from the reaction between bromate, 2-(5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(diethylamino)phenol (5-Br-PADAP) and thiocyanate ions. A multivariate optimization was carried out. A linear response was observed between 5.0 and 100 µg L(-1) BrO3(-) and the detection limit was estimated as 2.0 µg L(-1) (99.7% confidence level). The coefficient of variation (n=20) and sampling rate were estimated as 1.0% and 40 determinations per hour, respectively. Reagent consumption was estimated as 0.17 µg of 5-Br-PADAP and 230 μg of NaSCN per measurement, generating 6.0 mL of waste. Bromide determination was carried out after UV-assisted conversion with K2S2O8 using 300 µL of sample within the range 20-400 µg L(-1) Br(-). The generated bromate was then determined by the proposed flow system. The results for tap and commercial mineral water samples agreed with those obtained with the reference procedure at the 95% confidence level. The proposed procedure is therefore a sensitive, environmentally friendly and reliable alternative for inorganic bromine speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo L Rocha
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 96, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos C Machado
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 96, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Wanessa R Melchert
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 9, 13418-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Guo Y, Xu F, Meng L, Tang W, Xia Y, Wu Y, Zhang S. Preparation and application of trimethylamine amination polychloromethyl styrene nanolatex coated capillary column for the determination of bromate by field-amplified sample stacking open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1312-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiao Guo
- Chemistry Department; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; P. R. China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Chemistry Department; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; P. R. China
| | - Lei Meng
- Chemistry Department; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; P. R. China
| | - Wei Tang
- Chemistry Department; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; P. R. China
| | - Yan Xia
- School of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin; P. R. China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- Chemistry Department; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; P. R. China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Chemistry Department; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou; P. R. China
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Guo J, Wang F, Qin Y, He G. ESTIMATION OF BROMATE IN FLOUR AND FLOUR PRODUCTS BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY USING POST COLUMN DERIVATIZATION METHOD WITH TRIIODIDE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.644047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- a China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory; International Science & Technology Cooperation Base (Genetic Engineering) of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education , College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , China
- b Technology Center of Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of PRC , Wuhan , China
| | - Fan Wang
- b Technology Center of Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of PRC , Wuhan , China
| | - Yina Qin
- b Technology Center of Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of PRC , Wuhan , China
| | - Guangyuan He
- a China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory; International Science & Technology Cooperation Base (Genetic Engineering) of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education , College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan , China
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Marák J, Staňová A, Vaváková V, Hrenáková M, Kaniansky D. On-line capillary isotachophoresis–capillary zone electrophoresis analysis of bromate in drinking waters in an automated analyzer with coupled columns and photometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:252-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lim HH, Shin HS. Sensitive and robotic determination of bromate in sea water and drinking deep-sea water by headspace solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 741:32-7. [PMID: 22840702 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A robotic method has been established for the determination of bromate in sea water and drinking deep-sea water. Bromate in water was converted into volatile derivative, which was measured with headspace solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GC-MS). Derivatization reagent and the HS-SPME parameters (selection of fibre, extraction/derivatization temperature, heating time and; the morality of HCl) were optimized and selected. Under the established conditions, the detection and the quantification limits were 0.016 μg L(-1) and 0.051 μg L(-1), respectively, and the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation was less than 7% at concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 μg L(-1). The calibration curve showed good linearity with r(2)=0.9998. The common ions Cl(-), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), HPO(4)(2-), H(2)PO(4)(-), K(+), Na(+), NH(4)(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(4+), Mn(2+), Fe(3+) and Fe(2+) did not interfere even when present in 1000-fold excess over the active species. The method was successfully applied to the determination of bromate in sea water and drinking deep-sea water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Lim
- Department of Environmental Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
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Kim HJ, Shin HS. Ultra trace determination of bromate in mineral water and table salt by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 99:677-82. [PMID: 22967610 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) was developed in order to determine the bromate in mineral water and table salt. The following optimum conditions for the LC-MS/MS detection were established: derivatization reagent (300 mg/L of 2,6-dimethylaniline), acidity (0.2M HCl), reaction temperature (30 °C) and heating time (20 min). The formed derivative was directly injected in the LC system without extraction or purification procedures. In the established conditions, the method was used to detect bromate in mineral water and table salt. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of bromate in mineral water were 0.02 μg/L and 0.07 μg/L, respectively, and those of table salt were 0.07 μg/kg and 0.23 μg/kg, respectively. The 17 common ions did not interfere even when present in 1,000-fold excess over the bromated ion of 10.0 μg/L. The accuracy was in a range of 92-104% and the assay precision was less than 9% in the table salt. The method was successfully applied to determine bromate in mineral water and table salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
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Shin HS. Sensitive determination of bromate in ozonated and chlorinated water, and sea water by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1223:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fotsing M, Barbeau B, Prevost M. Low-level bromate analysis in drinking water by ion chromatography with optimized suppressed conductivity cell current followed by a post-column reaction and UV/Vis detection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:420-425. [PMID: 21391036 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.542401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a high capacity anion exchange column was used to efficiently and simultaneously separate traces of oxyhalide disinfection byproducts (DBP) anions and bromide by an ion chromatography system followed by a post-column reaction (PCR). The PCR generates in situ hydroiodic (HI) acid from the excess of potassium iodate that combines with bromate from the column effluent to form the triiodide anion detectable by UV/Vis absorbance at 352 nm. The suppressed conductivity cell current was optimized at 70 mA, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a 9 mM carbonate eluent. Its performance was investigated on a trace-level determination of bromate in ozonated municipal and bottled drinking water. Based on ozonated municipal drinking water matrix, the method detection limit of 0.27 μg BrO(-)(3)/L was evaluated with the Method Quantification Limit (MQL) of 0.89 μg BrO(-)(3)/L. However, in ultrapure water, a MDL of 0.015 μg BrO(-)(3)/L and a MRL of 0.052 μg BrO(-)(3)/L were achieved. The recovery for spiked municipal samples was in the range of 90%-115%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcellin Fotsing
- Geological and Mining (CGM) Department, NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal,Civil, Montreal, Canada
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Michalski R, Lyko A. Determination of bromate in water samples using post column derivatization method with triiodide. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:1275-1280. [PMID: 20635295 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2010.493821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the application of the method of post-column derivatization with triiodide and UV detection at 352 nm for the determination of bromate in drinking water, mineral water and swimming pool water samples. Optimized analytical conditions were further validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The method detection limit was at the level of 0.4 μg/L, and the spiked recovery for bromate was in the range of 92% - 104%. The method did not need a special sample treatment and was successfully applied to the analysis of bromate at the required value that is below 2.5 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmund Michalski
- Institute of Environmental Engineering of Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland.
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Involvement of salivary glands in regulating the human nitrate and nitrite levels. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:613-20. [PMID: 20598286 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the dynamic fluctuations of nitrate and nitrite content in humans following damage to major salivary glands. METHODS Fifteen nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients, scheduled to undergo IMRT, were recruited. The prescription dose to GTV, CTV1 and CTV2, was 68, 60 and 54 Gy, respectively, in 30 fractions, 1 fraction/day. Saliva, serum and urine samples were collected at baseline, RT10, RT20 and at endpoint of radiation. Ions concentration was determined using ion chromatography. RESULTS Salivary flow rates and nitrate content decreased over time (p<0.0001), whereas serum and urinary nitrite rose. Salivary nitrite increased transiently and then plateaued. Cumulative irradiation dose to salivary glands correlated with nitrate content in serum (p<0.0001), but not in saliva and urine (p=0.876 and p=0.175). The salivary flow rates correlated to the nitrate content in serum (p<0.0001), but not in saliva and urine (p=0.230 and p=0.428). CONCLUSIONS Nitrate and nitrite contents in saliva, serum or urine changed in response to salivary gland damage. Salivary glands are associated with the metabolism of both ions in humans. The decreased serum nitrate appears to provide adjuvant information about salivary dysfunction.
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Ahn HS, Kim HK, Park JH, Jung DI, Kim TS. Determination of bromate in bottled mineral water in Korea. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2010.23.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fukushi K, Yamazaki R, Yamane T. Determination of bromate in highly saline samples using CZE with on-line transient ITP. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:457-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pohl C, Saini C. New developments in the preparation of anion exchange media based on hyperbranched condensation polymers. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1213:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Reddy-Noone K, Jain A, Verma KK. Liquid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of bromate, iodate, bromide and iodide in high-chloride matrix. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1148:145-51. [PMID: 17391685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the determination of bromate and iodate, any free bromide and iodide present was quantitatively removed by anion exchange with silver chloride exploiting the differences in silver salts solubility product, being AgCl, 1.8 x 10(-10), AgBr, 5.0 x 10(-13), AgI, 8.3 x 10(-17), AgBrO(3), 5.5 x 10(-5) and AgIO(3), 3.1 x 10(-8). The oxyhalides were reduced with ascorbic acid to halides and converted to 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylaniline and 4-iodo-2,6-dimethylaniline by their reaction with 2-iodosobenzoate in the presence of 2,6-dimethylaniline at pH 6.4 and 2-3, respectively. Single drop microextraction (SDME) of the haloanilines in 2 microl of toluene and injection of the whole extract into GC-MS, or liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) into 50 microl of toluene and injection of 2 microl of extract, resulted in a sensitive method for bromate and iodate. The latter method of extraction has been found more robust, sensitive and to give better extraction in shorter period than SDME. Total bromine/iodine was determined without any treatment with silver chloride. High concentration of chloride in the matrix did not interfere. A rectilinear calibration graph was obtained for 0.05 microg-25 mg l(-1) of bromate/bromide and iodate/iodide, the limit of detection were 20 ng l(-1) of bromate, 15 ng l(-1) of iodate, 20 ng l(-1) of bromide and 10 ng l(-1) of iodide (by LPME in 50 microl of toluene). The method has been applied to seawater and table salt. From the pooled data, the average recovery of spiked oxyhalide/halide to real samples was in range 96.7-105.7% with RSD in range 1.6-6.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Reddy-Noone
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 482001, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Uraisin K, Takayanagi T, Nacapricha D, Motomizu S. Novel oxidation reaction of prochlorperazine with bromate in the presence of synergistic activators and its application to trace determination by flow injection/spectrophotometric method. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 580:68-74. [PMID: 17723757 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple and fast flow injection spectrophotometric method for the determination of bromate in water samples was developed. The detection system is based on the oxidation of prochlorperazine (PCP) with bromate in strongly acidic medium. Large amounts of chloride and bromide was found, for the first time, to act as an activator, and to enhance the sensitivity for bromate detection. The oxidation product of PCP gives pink color, which can be used to monitor the reaction spectrophotometrically at 525 nm. Under the optimal conditions, the method is selective; only nitrite, chlorite and hypochlorite can interfere with the determination of bromate. The elimination of these three ions is discussed. The calibration graph for bromate determination was linear in the range of 10-130 microg L(-1) with a detection limit of 2.3 microg L(-1). The repeatability was satisfactory, with the relative standard deviation of 1.1% (25 microg L(-1), n=10). The sample throughput was 44 h(-1). The proposed method was found to be highly reliable for screening drinking waters containing bromate, which is above or below legislation limit of 10 microg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Uraisin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Shi Y, Liang L, Cai Y, Mou S. Determination of trace levels of bromate in flour and related foods by ion chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:5217-9. [PMID: 16848496 DOI: 10.1021/jf0609577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a method of determining trace levels of bromate in flour and related foods by ion chromatography with large volume injection has been proposed. The detection of bromate was performed with a suppressed conductivity detector after separation on an IonPac AS19 column with KOH as the gradient eluent. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of bromate, such as the flour-to-water ratio, extraction time, and temperature, were studied in detail. The optimized pretreatment process was then selected. By using the large volume injection technique, the solution detection limit was decreased to 0.5 microg/L. The linear range of this method was from 5 to 1000 microg/L, and the linear correlation coefficient was 0.9998. The method has been applied to the detection of bromate in flour and related foods, and different concentration levels of bromate were detected in various samples. The spiked recoveries ranged from 86 to 110%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the bromate peak height for the seven successive injections of the flour sample was 6.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicity, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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A Novel Simplified Column-Switching Technique for the Determination of Traces of Bromate in High Concentration Matrices. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li Z, Chen J, Pan D, Tao W, Nie L, Yao S. A sensitive amperometric bromate sensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes/phosphomolybdic acid composite film. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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