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Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this overview (introductory article to a special issue including 14 papers), we consider all main types of natural and artificial inland freshwater habitas (fwh). For each type, we identify the main biodiversity patterns and ecological features, human impacts on the system and environmental issues, and discuss ways to use this information to improve stewardship. Examples of selected key biodiversity/ecological features (habitat type): narrow endemics, sensitive (groundwater and GDEs); crenobionts, LIHRes (springs); unidirectional flow, nutrient spiraling (streams); naturally turbid, floodplains, large-bodied species (large rivers); depth-variation in benthic communities (lakes); endemism and diversity (ancient lakes); threatened, sensitive species (oxbow lakes, SWE); diverse, reduced littoral (reservoirs); cold-adapted species (Boreal and Arctic fwh); endemism, depauperate (Antarctic fwh); flood pulse, intermittent wetlands, biggest river basins (tropical fwh); variable hydrologic regime—periods of drying, flash floods (arid-climate fwh). Selected impacts: eutrophication and other pollution, hydrologic modifications, overexploitation, habitat destruction, invasive species, salinization. Climate change is a threat multiplier, and it is important to quantify resistance, resilience, and recovery to assess the strategic role of the different types of freshwater ecosystems and their value for biodiversity conservation. Effective conservation solutions are dependent on an understanding of connectivity between different freshwater ecosystems (including related terrestrial, coastal and marine systems).
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Pandeirada MS, Craveiro SC, Daugbjerg N, Moestrup Ø, Domingues P, Calado AJ. Studies on Woloszynskioid Dinoflagellates X: Ultrastructure, Phylogeny and Colour Variation in
Tovellia rubescens
n. sp. (Dinophyceae). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:937-953. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S. Pandeirada
- Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro P‐3810‐193 Portugal
- GeoBioTec Research Unit University of Aveiro Aveiro P‐3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Sandra C. Craveiro
- Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro P‐3810‐193 Portugal
- GeoBioTec Research Unit University of Aveiro Aveiro P‐3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Niels Daugbjerg
- Marine Biological Section Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 4 Copenhagen Ø DK‐2100 Denmark
| | - Øjvind Moestrup
- Marine Biological Section Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 4 Copenhagen Ø DK‐2100 Denmark
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre Department of Chemistry & QOPNA University of Aveiro Aveiro P‐3810‐193 Portugal
| | - António J. Calado
- Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro P‐3810‐193 Portugal
- GeoBioTec Research Unit University of Aveiro Aveiro P‐3810‐193 Portugal
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Saber AA, Fučíková K, McManus HA, Guella G, Cantonati M. Novel green algal isolates from the Egyptian hyper-arid desert oases: a polyphasic approach with a description of Pharao desertorum gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:342-357. [PMID: 29603234 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The biodiversity of terrestrial algae is still grossly understudied, and African deserts in particular are barely touched in this respect. Here, four coccoid green algae from oases in the Western Desert of Egypt were characterized using a combination of morphotaxonomic, ecological and 18S rDNA data, with additional carotenoid and lipid analyses for two of the strains. Three strains were identified as affiliated with known taxa: Mychonastes sp., Asterarcys sp. (first report of this genus from a desert soil), and Stichococcus cf. deasonii. The fourth strain is proposed to represent a new cryptic genus Pharao gen. nov., with the type species P. desertorum sp. nov. The new taxon is sister to the clade of uncharacterized North American desert strains of Radiococcaceae (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). The pigment profile of P. desertorum gen. et sp. nov. revealed carotenoids and chlorophylls typical of green algae. Bioorganic analysis showed a complex lipidome based on phospho- (PC), galacto- (MGDG and DGDG), betaine- (DGTS), and sulfoquinovosyl- (SQDG) membrane lipids, besides significant amounts of storage neutral lipids such as diacyl- (DAG) and triacylglycerols (TAG). The presence of saturated alkyl chains within all the membrane lipid classes in P. desertorum and Asterarcys sp. appears to reflect the need to maintain membrane fluidity and viscosity. In summary, African deserts likely still harbor new taxa to be described, and lipidomic analyses of such taxa may provide clues about their ability to survive in the extremely harsh desert habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Saber
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia Square-11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Karolina Fučíková
- Department of Natural Sciences, Assumption College, 500 Salisbury St., Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hilary A McManus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Graziano Guella
- Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo, 38123, Trentino, Italy
- CNR, Institute of Biophysics, Via alla Cascata 56/C, Povo, 38123, Trento, Italy
- Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Cantonati
- Museo delle Scienze - MUSE, Limnology and Phycology Section, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, I-38123, Trento, Italy
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Pilati S, Brazzale D, Guella G, Milli A, Ruberti C, Biasioli F, Zottini M, Moser C. The onset of grapevine berry ripening is characterized by ROS accumulation and lipoxygenase-mediated membrane peroxidation in the skin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:87. [PMID: 24693871 PMCID: PMC4021102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ripening of fleshy fruits is a complex developmental program characterized by extensive transcriptomic and metabolic remodeling in the pericarp tissues (pulp and skin) making unripe green fruits soft, tasteful and colored. The onset of ripening is regulated by a plethora of endogenous signals tuned to external stimuli. In grapevine and tomato, which are classified as non-climacteric and climacteric species respectively, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and extensive modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes at the onset of ripening has been reported, suggesting that ROS could participate to the regulatory network of fruit development. In order to investigate this hypothesis, a comprehensive biochemical study of the oxidative events occurring at the beginning of ripening in Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir has been undertaken. RESULTS ROS-specific staining allowed to visualize not only H2O2 but also singlet oxygen (1O2) in berry skin cells just before color change in distinct subcellular locations, i.e. cytosol and plastids. H2O2 peak in sample skins at véraison was confirmed by in vitro quantification and was supported by the concomitant increase of catalase activity. Membrane peroxidation was also observed by HPLC-MS on galactolipid species at véraison. Mono- and digalactosyl diacylglycerols were found peroxidized on one or both α-linolenic fatty acid chains, with a 13(S) absolute configuration implying the action of a specific enzyme. A lipoxygenase (PnLOXA), expressed at véraison and localizing inside the chloroplasts, was indeed able to catalyze membrane galactolipid peroxidation when overexpressed in tobacco leaves. CONCLUSIONS The present work demonstrates the controlled, harmless accumulation of specific ROS in distinct cellular compartments, i.e. cytosol and chloroplasts, at a definite developmental stage, the onset of grape berry ripening. These features strongly candidate ROS as cellular signals in fruit ripening and encourage further studies to identify downstream elements of this cascade. This paper also reports the transient galactolipid peroxidation carried out by a véraison-specific chloroplastic lipoxygenase. The function of peroxidized membranes, likely distinct from that of free fatty acids due to their structural role and tight interaction with photosynthesis protein complexes, has to be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Daniele Brazzale
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Povo, Italy
- CNR, Istituto di Biofisica Trento, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Alberto Milli
- Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Michela Zottini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
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Řezanka T, Nedbalová L, Kolouchová I, Sigler K. LC-MS/APCI identification of glucoside esters and diesters of astaxanthin from the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis including their optical stereoisomers. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 88:34-42. [PMID: 23398889 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
HPLC methods (LC-MS/APCI and chiral HPLC) were used for the identification of astaxanthin derivatives from the red snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis collected in Austrian Alps, Slovak High Tatra Mountains and Bulgarian Pirin. We observed a striking difference in the composition of astaxanthin optical isomers in C. nivalis collected in geographically distinct regions. Furthermore, algae from the Pirin Mountains differed in the dominance of astaxanthin diglucoside diesters, suggesting an alternative strategy to enhance cell viability at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Obertegger U, Camin F, Guella G, Flaim G. ADAPTATION OF A PSYCHROPHILIC FRESHWATER DINOFLAGELLATE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:811-820. [PMID: 27020017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the UV photobiology of psychrophilic dinoflagellates, particularly in freshwater systems. We addressed the life strategies of Borghiella dodgei Moestrup, Gert. Hansen et Daugbjerg to cope with ambient levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) under cold conditions. Several physiological parameters related to growth, metabolism, and UVR protection were determined for 4 d in UVR-exposed and control cells by applying stable isotope analysis, spectrophotometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). In UVR-exposed cells, assimilation of (15) N and (13) C and content of chl a and carotenoids, specifically diatoxanthin with respect to dinoxanthin and diadinoxanthin, were increased; furthermore, catalase activity showed a cyclic pattern with a strong increase after UVR exposure but a rapid return to preexposure levels. Both in UVR-exposed and control cells, no lipid peroxidation of galactolipids was observed. However, in UVR-exposed cells, content of galactolipids was higher and linked to an increase in monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs). We concluded that Borghiella's adaptation to UVR depended on a general metabolic enhancement and efficient scavenging of oxygen radicals to mitigate and counteract damage. While Borghiella seemed to be well adapted to ambient UVR, the interactive effects of higher temperature and UVR on psychrophilic species in front of climate change merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Obertegger
- IASMA Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach- Via E. Mach 2 -38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, ItalyUniversity of Trento-Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, via Sommarive 14-38123 Povo, Trentino, ItalyIASMA Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach- Via E. Mach 2-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- IASMA Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach- Via E. Mach 2 -38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, ItalyUniversity of Trento-Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, via Sommarive 14-38123 Povo, Trentino, ItalyIASMA Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach- Via E. Mach 2-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- IASMA Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach- Via E. Mach 2 -38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, ItalyUniversity of Trento-Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, via Sommarive 14-38123 Povo, Trentino, ItalyIASMA Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach- Via E. Mach 2-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Flaim
- IASMA Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach- Via E. Mach 2 -38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, ItalyUniversity of Trento-Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, via Sommarive 14-38123 Povo, Trentino, ItalyIASMA Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach- Via E. Mach 2-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
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Klejdus B, Kopecký J, Benesová L, Vacek J. Solid-phase/supercritical-fluid extraction for liquid chromatography of phenolic compounds in freshwater microalgae and selected cyanobacterial species. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:763-71. [PMID: 19111311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper a new extraction technique based on the combination of solid-phase/supercritical-fluid extraction (SPE/SFE) with subsequent reversed-phase HPLC is described. The SPE/SFE extractor was originally constructed from SPE-cartridge incorporated into the SFE extraction cell. Selected groups of benzoic acid derivatives (p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, gallic, vanillic and syringic acid), hydroxybenzaldehydes (4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde) and cinnamic acid derivatives (o-coumaric, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, sinapic and chlorogenic acid) were extracted. Cyclic addition of binary extraction solvent system based on methanol:water (1:1, v/v) and methanol/ammonia aqueous solution was used for extraction at 40MPa and 80 degrees C. The p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, vanillic, syringic, caffeic and chlorogenic acid; 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde were identified by HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry in SPE/SFE extracts of acid hydrolyzates of microalga (Spongiochloris spongiosa) and cyanobacterial strains (Spirulina platensis, Anabaena doliolum, Nostoc sp., and Cylindrospermum sp.). For the identification and quantification of the compounds the quasi-molecular ions [M-H](-) and specific fragments were analysed by quadrupole mass spectrometry analyzer. Our analysis showed that the microalgae and cyanobacteria usually contained phenolic acids or aldehydes at microg levels per gram of lyophilized sample. The proposed SPE/SFE extraction method would be useful for the analysis of different plant species containing trace amount of polar fraction of phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Klejdus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Czech Republic
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Frassanito R, Cantonati M, Flaim G, Mancini I, Guella G. A new method for the identification and the structural characterisation of carotenoid esters in freshwater microorganisms by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3531-3539. [PMID: 18853402 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) has been employed to identify carotenoid esters present in raw organic extracts of pigmented freshwater microalgae and to gain structural information on these compounds. In particular, acyl carotenoid derivatives of Haematococcus pluvialis and Euglena sanguinea have been characterised by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in a quadrupole ion trap. ESI-MS/MS allows recognition of the presence of carotenoid esters in complicated mixtures without any initial chromatographic work-up and without the need to use UV-Vis photo-diode array (PDA) detectors. Product ion scans of the [M + Na]+ ion lead to known neutral losses of the C7H8 and C8H10 residues from the conjugated polyene moiety of the carotenoid unit, that permit the unambiguous identification of the carotenoid itself. These structurally relevant ions are not observed in positive or negative ion APCI (atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation) mass spectra. Moreover, the several product ions observed in positive and/or negative ion ESI-MS/MS not only are a diagnostic signature of the main structural features of the acyl chains such as length, position and unsaturation, but also display the nominal mass of the parent xanthophyll. Our methodology has been validated (i) by using esters of astaxanthin obtained from off-line purification of the H. pluvialis extracts and structurally elucidated through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and (ii) by product analysis of esters by alkaline hydrolysis. The characterisation of the unknown carotenoid esters of E. sanguinea is a demonstration of the capabilities of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Frassanito
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, I-38100 Povo, Trento, Italy.
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Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity of terrestrial cyanobacterial strains from Serbia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 51:941-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-008-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rezanka T, Nedbalová L, Sigler K, Cepák V. Identification of astaxanthin diglucoside diesters from snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:479-90. [PMID: 17681561 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for the identification of astaxanthin glucoside esters from snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-MS/APCI). The method is based on the use of preparative HPLC and subsequent identification of astaxanthin diglucoside diesters by microbore LC-MS/APCI. The combination of these two techniques was used to identify more than 100 molecular species. The astaxanthin diglucoside diester, i.e. (all-E)-[di-(6-O-oleoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)]-astaxanthin, was also synthesized to unambiguously confirm its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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High production of unexpected carotenoids in Dinophyceae. Astaxanthin esters from the freshwater dinoflagellate Tovellia sanguinea. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:128-39. [PMID: 16402416 DOI: 10.1002/jms.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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