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Ullal N, Mehta R, Sunil D. Separation and purification of fluorescent carbon dots - an unmet challenge. Analyst 2024; 149:1680-1700. [PMID: 38407365 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02134c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Literature reports demonstrate versatile optical applications of fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) in biological imaging, full-color solid-state lighting, optoelectronics, sensing, anticounterfeiting and so on. The fluorescence associated with CDs may originate significantly from byproducts generated during their synthesis, which need to be eliminated to achieve error-free results. The significance of purification, specifically for luminescence-based characterizations, is highly critical and imperative. Thus, there is a pressing demand to implement consistent and adequate purification strategies to reduce sample complexity and thereby realize reliable results that can provide a tactical steppingstone towards the advancement of CDs as next-generation optical materials. The article focuses on the mechanism of origin of fluorescence from CDs and further demonstrates the different purification approaches including dialysis, centrifugation, filtration, solvent extraction, chromatography, and electrophoresis that have been adopted by various researchers. Furthermore, the fundamental separation mechanism, as well as the advantages and limitations of each of these purification techniques are discussed. The article finally provides the critical challenges of these purification techniques that need to be overcome to obtain homogeneous CD fractions that demonstrate coherent and reliable optical features for suitable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namratha Ullal
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Riya Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Dhanya Sunil
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
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2
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Baron D, Rozsypal J, Michel A, Secret E, Siaugue JM, Pluháček T, Petr J. Study of interactions between carboxylated core shell magnetic nanoparticles and polymyxin B by capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460433. [PMID: 31427136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, interactions of carboxylated core shell magnetic nanoparticles with polymyxin B sulfate were studied by connecting capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The interaction was probed by affinity mode of capillary electrophoresis with 25 mM phosphate buffer at physiological pH. 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe, 34S, and 12C isotopes were used to monitor the migration of an electroosmotic flow marker and the interaction of the nanoparticles with polymyxin B. The analysis of interaction data showed two distinct interaction regions, one with low polymyxin B concentration, the second with high polymyxin B concentration. These regions differed in the strength of the interaction, 1.49 × 107 M-1 and 1.60 × 104 M-1, and in the stoichiometry of 0.7 and 3.5, respectively. These differences can be explained by the decrease of electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles caused by polymyxin B. This is also in agreement with the nanoparticles peak shapes: sharp for low polymyxin B concentrations and broad for high polymyxin B concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baron
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rozsypal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aude Michel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Secret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Siaugue
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tomáš Pluháček
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Petr
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Yao Y, Zhou L, Li M, Guo X. The cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of chlorpheniramine enantiomers in rat plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 148:142-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Cationic gemini pyrrolidinium surfactants based sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography for simultaneous detection of nine organic pollutants in environmental water. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1475:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Chiral separation and determination of ketamine and norketamine in hair by capillary electrophoresis. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:304-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Moreno I, Barroso M, Martinho A, Cruz A, Gallardo E. Determination of ketamine and its major metabolite, norketamine, in urine and plasma samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1004:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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A new approach for decreasing the detection limit for a ketamine(I) ion-selective electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 49:445-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Abu Shawish HM, Saadeh SM, Tamos H, Abed-Almonem KI, khalili OA. A novel coated silver ketamine(I) electrode for potentiometric determination of ketamine hydrochloride in ampoules and urine samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancr.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Baharifar H, Fakhari AR, Ziyadi H, Oghabian MA, Amani A, Faridi-Majidi R. Influence of polymeric coating on capillary electrophoresis of iron oxide nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-013-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Ho YH, Wang CC, Hsiao YT, Ko WK, Wu SM. Analysis of ten abused drugs in urine by large volume sample stacking-sweeping capillary electrophoresis with an experimental design strategy. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1295:136-41. [PMID: 23683398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A statistical tool equipped with Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD) was used for fast stacking analysis of ten frequently consumed drugs, namely codeine, morphine, methamphetamine, ketamine, alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, nitrazepam and oxazepam, by capillary electrophoresis (CE). This statistical design is expected to help quick analysis with few procedures, avoiding tedious work required because of the large number of variables or parameters. A large volume sample stacking (LVSS)-sweeping CE is developed for concentrating and analyzing the 10 abused drugs. First, phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 2.3) containing methanol was filled into a capillary and then the extracted urine sample was loaded (1 psi, 200 s) to enhance sensitivity. The sweeping and separating steps were completed simultaneously by phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 2.3) containing methanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate, within 15 min. Better resolution was obtained by the experimental design than the "one factor at a time" (OFAT) approach. During method validation, calibration plots were linear (r>0.998), over a range of 25-1500 ng/mL for the six benzodiazepines, methamphetamine and ketamine, and 50-3000 ng/mL for codeine and morphine. The RSD of precision and absolute RE of accuracy in intra-day and inter-day assays were below 14.54% and 16.61%, respectively. The minimum limits for detection (S/N=3) of analytes were in the range of 7.5-30 ng/mL. This stacking method increased sensitivity more than 200-fold and can be applied for detection of the presence of methamphetamine in an abuser's urine (3600 ng/mL), which was confirmed by GC-MS. The method is considered feasible for fast screening of abused drugs in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Ho
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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11
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Fast screening of ketamine in biological samples based on molecularly imprinted photonic hydrogels. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 771:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Determination of ketamine and norketamine in hair by micropulverized extraction and liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 226:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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A novel derivatization approach for determination of ketamine in urine and plasma by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1264:104-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Li X, Hu J, Han H. Determination of cypromazine and its metabolite melamine in milk by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping-capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:323-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Brown SD, Melton TC. Trends in bioanalytical methods for the determination and quantification of club drugs: 2000-2010. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:300-21. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Wu CS, Liu FK, Ko FH. Potential role of gold nanoparticles for improved analytical methods: an introduction to characterizations and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:103-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Luo X, Jiang X, Tu X, Luo S, Yan L, Chen B. Determination of malachite green in fish water samples by cloud-point extraction coupled to cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping-MEKC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:688-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Liu FK. Analysis and applications of nanoparticles in the separation sciences: A case of gold nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:9034-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Sample stacking techniques remain an important tool for enhancement of the selectivity and sensitivity of analyses in contemporary CZE. This contribution reviews new knowledge on this topic published since 2006. It is organized according to the operational principles used, which include concentration adjustment, application of a pH step, MEKC and sweeping, and transient ITP. Techniques combining several of these principles and comparative studies are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic
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20
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Chiang JF, Hsiao YT, Ko WK, Wu SM. Analysis of multiple abused drugs and hypnotics in urine by sweeping CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2583-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Su HL, Lan MT, Hsieh YZ. Using the cationic surfactants N-cetyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bromide and 1-cetyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide for sweeping–micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5313-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Using sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography to analyze Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its major metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3512-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Aranas AT, Guidote AM, Quirino JP. Sweeping and new on-line sample preconcentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:175-85. [PMID: 19255749 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sweeping is a powerful on-line sample preconcentration technique that improves the concentration sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis (CE). This approach is designed to focus the analyte into narrow bands within the capillary, thereby increasing the sample volume that can be injected, without any loss of CE efficiency. It utilizes the interactions between an additive [i.e., a pseudostationary phase (PS) or complexing agent] in the separation buffer and the sample in a matrix that is devoid of the additive used. The accumulation occurs due to chromatographic partitioning, complexation or any interaction between analytes and the additive through electrophoresis. The extent of the preconcentration is dependent on the strength of interaction involved. Both charged and neutral analytes can be preconcentrated. Remarkable improvements--up to several thousandfold--in detection sensitivity have been achieved. This suggests that sweeping is a superior and general approach to on-line sample preconcentration in CE. The focusing mechanism of sweeping under different experimental conditions and its combination with other on-line preconcentration techniques are discussed in this review. The recently introduced techniques of transient trapping (tr-trapping) and analyte focusing by micelle collapse (AFMC) as well as other novel approaches to on-line sample preconcentration are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes T Aranas
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Davao University, School of Arts and Sciences, Davao City, 8000, Philippines
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24
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Using micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the highly efficient preconcentration and separation of gold nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2554-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Silva M. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Methodological and instrumental advances focused on practical aspects. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:50-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Preconcentration and separation of neutral steroid analytes using a combination of sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography and a Au nanoparticle-coated solid phase extraction sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1215:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Su HL, Feng LI, Jen HP, Hsieh YZ. Determination of cocaine and its metabolites using cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping-MEKC. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4270-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Simpson SL, Quirino JP, Terabe S. On-line sample preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:504-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F. Recent advances in the applications of CE to forensic sciences (2005–2007). Electrophoresis 2008; 29:260-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Liu FK. A high-efficiency capillary electrophoresis-based method for characterizing the sizes of Au nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1167:231-5. [PMID: 17850805 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a highly efficient capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based method for characterizing the sizes of Au nanoparticles (NPs). We used the reversed electrode polarity stacking mode (REPSM) of CE for on-line enhancement of the detection and separation of Au NPs. Under the on-line enhancement separation conditions [buffer: SDS (70 mM) and 3-cyclohexylamino-1-propanesulfonic acid (10 mM) at pH 10.0; applied voltage: 20 kV; using the REPSM for sample concentration], the detection sensitivity toward the Au NPs improved by up to 260-fold. A linear relationship (R(2)=0.994) existed between the electrophoretic mobilities and the sizes of the Au NPs within the range of diameters from 5.3 to 59.9 nm; the relative standard deviations of the electrophoretic mobilities for these NPs were below 0.6%. When using these conditions to analyze Au NPs produced through seed-assisted synthesis, a good correlation existed between the sizes obtained using CE and those provided by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the analyses performed using CE were rapid (<4 min) and required very low sample volumes (several nanoliters), yet they proceeded with high sensitivity. These findings confirm that CE is an efficient tool for characterizing the sizes of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ken Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, No. 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nan Tzu District, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
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31
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Lin KH, Chu TC, Liu FK. On-line enhancement and separation of nanoparticles using capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1161:314-21. [PMID: 17559859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a rapid, simple, and highly efficient capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based method for the analysis of nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we used the reversed electrode polarity stacking mode (REPSM) of CE to assess the feasibility of enhancing the detection of Au NPs and Au/Ag NPs, optimizing parameters such as the length of time for which the REPSM was applied, the concentrations of the buffer and the sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) surfactant, and the pH. Under the optimized on-line enhancement conditions [buffer: SDS (40 mM) and 3-cyclohexylamino-1-propanesulfonic acid (CAPS; 10 mM) at pH 10.0; applied voltage: 20 kV; REPSM applied for 24s], the detection limits of the Au NPs and Au/Ag NPs increased by ca. 30- and 140-fold, respectively. In addition, when the NPs were subjected to on-line enhancement and separation by CE using diode array detection (DAD), this approach allowed chemical characterization of the NP species. Our results suggest that such CE analyses will be useful for accelerating the rates of fabrication and characterization of future nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Hua Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Determination of 3-Nitrotyrosine by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography with on-Column High-Salt Stacking. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(07)60069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Wu CH, Huang MH, Wang SM, Lin CC, Liu RH. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of ketamine and its metabolites--a comparative study on the utilization of different derivatization groups. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1157:336-51. [PMID: 17499756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Method of chemical derivatization is the main difference among the GC-MS based methodologies reported for the analysis of ketamine and its major metabolites (norketamine and dehydronorketamine). These approaches included acylation and silylation resulting in the formation of acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, heptafluorobutyryl, and pentafluorobenzoyl (for acylation); and possibly trimethylsilyl and t-butyldimethylsilyl (for silylation) derivatives. This study evaluates the merits of these approaches based on the following criteria: reaction yields and ionization efficiency of the derivatization products; chromatographic characteristics; and cross-contributions to the intensities of ions designating the analyte and the internal standard. Pentafluorobenzoyl-derivatives were found to provide the best performance characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Wu
- Department of Medical Technology, Fooyin University, Ta-Liao Hsiang, Kaohsiung Hsien 831-02, Taiwan
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:127-38. [PMID: 17199253 PMCID: PMC7166443 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author (6 Weeks journals ‐ Search completed at 4th. Oct. 2006)
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