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Dhillon K, Aizel K, Broomhall TJ, Secret E, Goodman T, Rotherham M, Telling N, Siaugue JM, Ménager C, Fresnais J, Coppey M, El Haj AJ, Gates MA. Directional control of neurite outgrowth: emerging technologies for Parkinson's disease using magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic field gradients. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220576. [PMID: 36349444 PMCID: PMC9653228 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge in current stem cell therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) is controlling neuronal outgrowth from the substantia nigra towards the targeted area where connectivity is required in the striatum. Here we present progress towards controlling directional neurite extensions through the application of iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) labelled neuronal cells combined with a magnetic array generating large spatially variant field gradients (greater than 20 T m-1). We investigated the viability of this approach in both two-dimensional and organotypic brain slice models and validated the observed changes in neurite directionality using mathematical models. Results showed that MNP-labelled cells exhibited a shift in directional neurite outgrowth when cultured in a magnetic field gradient, which broadly agreed with mathematical modelling of the magnetic force gradients and predicted MNP force direction. We translated our approach to an ex vivo rat brain slice where we observed directional neurite outgrowth of transplanted MNP-labelled cells from the substantia nigra towards the striatum. The improved directionality highlights the viability of this approach as a remote-control methodology for the control and manipulation of cellular growth for regenerative medicine applications. This study presents a new tool to overcome challenges faced in the development of new therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Dhillon
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K. Aizel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physico Chimie, Paris, France
| | - T. J. Broomhall
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - E. Secret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T. Goodman
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - M. Rotherham
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N. Telling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - J. M. Siaugue
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - C. Ménager
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J. Fresnais
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M. Coppey
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physico Chimie, Paris, France
| | - A. J. El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M. A. Gates
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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Le Jeune M, Secret E, Trichet M, Michel A, Ravault D, Illien F, Siaugue JM, Sagan S, Burlina F, Ménager C. Conjugation of Oligo-His Peptides to Magnetic γ-Fe 2O 3@SiO 2 Core-Shell Nanoparticles Promotes Their Access to the Cytosol. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:15021-15034. [PMID: 35319860 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal entrapment of functional nanoparticles is a severe limitation to their use for biomedical applications. In the case of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), this entrapment leads to poor heating efficiency for magnetic hyperthermia and suppresses the possibility to manipulate them in the cytosol. Current strategies to limit their entrapment include functionalization with cell-penetrating peptides to promote translocation directly across the cell membrane or facilitate endosomal escape. However, these strategies suffer from the potential release of free peptides in the cell, and to the best of our knowledge, there is currently a lack of effective methods for the cytosolic delivery of MNPs after incubation with cells. Herein, we report the conjugation of fluorescently labeled cationic peptides to γ-Fe2O3@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles by click chemistry to improve MNP access to the cytosol. We compare the effect of Arg9 and His4 peptides. On the one hand, Arg9 is a classical cell-penetrating peptide able to enter cells by direct translocation, and on the other hand, it has been demonstrated that sequences rich in histidine residues can promote endosomal escape, possibly by the proton sponge effect. The methodology developed here allows a high colocalization of the peptides and core-shell nanoparticles in cells and confirms that grafting peptides rich in histidine residues onto nanoparticles promotes NPs' access to the cytosol. Endosomal escape was confirmed by a calcein leakage assay and by ultrastructural analysis in transmission electron microscopy. No toxicity was observed for the peptide-nanoparticles conjugates. We also show that our conjugation strategy is compatible with the addition of multiple substrates and can thus be used for the delivery of cytoplasm-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Le Jeune
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Secret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michaël Trichet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Service de Microscopie Électronique (IBPS-SME), 9 quai Saint Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Aude Michel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Ravault
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Illien
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Siaugue
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Ménager
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
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Raudzus F, Schöneborn H, Neumann S, Secret E, Michel A, Fresnais J, Brylski O, Ménager C, Siaugue JM, Heumann R. Magnetic spatiotemporal control of SOS1 coupled nanoparticles for guided neurite growth in dopaminergic single cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22452. [PMID: 33384447 PMCID: PMC7775457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The axon regeneration of neurons in the brain can be enhanced by activating intracellular signaling pathways such as those triggered by the membrane-anchored Rat sarcoma (RAS) proto-oncogene. Here we demonstrate the induction of neurite growth by expressing tagged permanently active Harvey-RAS protein or the RAS-activating catalytic domain of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (SOS1cat), in secondary dopaminergic cells. Due to the tag, the expressed fusion protein is captured by functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in the cytoplasm of the cell. We use magnetic tips for remote translocation of the SOS1cat-loaded magnetic nanoparticles from the cytoplasm towards the inner face of the plasma membrane where the endogenous Harvey-RAS protein is located. Furthermore, we show the magnetic transport of SOS1cat-bound nanoparticles from the cytoplasm into the neurite until they accumulate at its tip on a time scale of minutes. In order to scale-up from single cells, we show the cytoplasmic delivery of the magnetic nanoparticles into large numbers of cells without changing the cellular response to nerve growth factor. These results will serve as an initial step to develop tools for refining cell replacement therapies based on grafted human induced dopaminergic neurons loaded with functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in Parkinson model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Raudzus
- Department of Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hendrik Schöneborn
- Department of Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Neumann
- Department of Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Emilie Secret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aude Michel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Fresnais
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Brylski
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Physik, Biophotonik, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Ménager
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Siaugue
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Rolf Heumann
- Department of Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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Bongaerts M, Aizel K, Secret E, Jan A, Nahar T, Raudzus F, Neumann S, Telling N, Heumann R, Siaugue JM, Ménager C, Fresnais J, Villard C, El Haj A, Piehler J, Gates MA, Coppey M. Parallelized Manipulation of Adherent Living Cells by Magnetic Nanoparticles-Mediated Forces. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186560. [PMID: 32911745 PMCID: PMC7555211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The remote actuation of cellular processes such as migration or neuronal outgrowth is a challenge for future therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. Among the different methods that have been proposed, the use of magnetic nanoparticles appears to be promising, since magnetic fields can act at a distance without interactions with the surrounding biological system. To control biological processes at a subcellular spatial resolution, magnetic nanoparticles can be used either to induce biochemical reactions locally or to apply forces on different elements of the cell. Here, we show that cell migration and neurite outgrowth can be directed by the forces produced by a switchable parallelized array of micro-magnetic pillars, following the passive uptake of nanoparticles. Using live cell imaging, we first demonstrate that adherent cell migration can be biased toward magnetic pillars and that cells can be reversibly trapped onto these pillars. Second, using differentiated neuronal cells we were able to induce events of neurite outgrowth in the direction of the pillars without impending cell viability. Our results show that the range of forces applied needs to be adapted precisely to the cellular process under consideration. We propose that cellular actuation is the result of the force on the plasma membrane caused by magnetically filled endo-compartments, which exert a pulling force on the cell periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bongaerts
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (M.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Koceila Aizel
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (M.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Emilie Secret
- Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; (E.S.); (J.-M.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Audric Jan
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Pierre Gilles de Gène, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.V.)
| | - Tasmin Nahar
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK; (T.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Fabian Raudzus
- Department of Biochemistry II – Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (F.R.); (S.N.); (R.H.)
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sebastian Neumann
- Department of Biochemistry II – Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (F.R.); (S.N.); (R.H.)
| | - Neil Telling
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK; (T.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Rolf Heumann
- Department of Biochemistry II – Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (F.R.); (S.N.); (R.H.)
| | - Jean-Michel Siaugue
- Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; (E.S.); (J.-M.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Christine Ménager
- Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; (E.S.); (J.-M.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Jérôme Fresnais
- Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; (E.S.); (J.-M.S.); (C.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Catherine Villard
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Pierre Gilles de Gène, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.V.)
| | - Alicia El Haj
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
| | - Monte A. Gates
- Institute of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Mathieu Coppey
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (M.B.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Baron D, Rozsypal J, Michel A, Secret E, Siaugue JM, Pluháček T, Petr J. Study of interactions between carboxylated core shell magnetic nanoparticles and polymyxin B by capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460433. [PMID: 31427136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, interactions of carboxylated core shell magnetic nanoparticles with polymyxin B sulfate were studied by connecting capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The interaction was probed by affinity mode of capillary electrophoresis with 25 mM phosphate buffer at physiological pH. 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe, 34S, and 12C isotopes were used to monitor the migration of an electroosmotic flow marker and the interaction of the nanoparticles with polymyxin B. The analysis of interaction data showed two distinct interaction regions, one with low polymyxin B concentration, the second with high polymyxin B concentration. These regions differed in the strength of the interaction, 1.49 × 107 M-1 and 1.60 × 104 M-1, and in the stoichiometry of 0.7 and 3.5, respectively. These differences can be explained by the decrease of electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles caused by polymyxin B. This is also in agreement with the nanoparticles peak shapes: sharp for low polymyxin B concentrations and broad for high polymyxin B concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baron
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rozsypal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aude Michel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Secret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Siaugue
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tomáš Pluháček
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Petr
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Toraille L, Aïzel K, Balloul É, Vicario C, Monzel C, Coppey M, Secret E, Siaugue JM, Sampaio J, Rohart S, Vernier N, Bonnemay L, Debuisschert T, Rondin L, Roch JF, Dahan M. Optical Magnetometry of Single Biocompatible Micromagnets for Quantitative Magnetogenetic and Magnetomechanical Assays. Nano Lett 2018; 18:7635-7641. [PMID: 30380877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical manipulation of magnetic nanoparticles is a powerful approach to probing and actuating biological processes in living systems. Implementing this technique in high-throughput assays can be achieved using biocompatible micromagnet arrays. However, the magnetic properties of these arrays are usually indirectly inferred from simulations or Stokes drag measurements, leaving unresolved questions about the actual profile of the magnetic fields at the micrometer scale and the exact magnetic forces that are applied. Here, we exploit the magnetic field sensitivity of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond to map the 3D stray magnetic field produced by a single soft ferromagnetic microstructure. By combining this wide-field optical magnetometry technique with magneto-optic Kerr effect microscopy, we fully analyze the properties of the micromagnets, including their magnetization saturation and their size-dependent magnetic susceptibility. We further show that the high magnetic field gradients produced by the micromagnets, greater than 104 T·m-1 under an applied magnetic field of about 100 mT, enables the manipulation of magnetic nanoparticles smaller than 10 nm inside living cells. This work paves the way for quantitative and parallelized experiments in magnetogenetics and magnetomechanics in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Toraille
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Koceila Aïzel
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie , Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University , Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 , 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Élie Balloul
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie , Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University , Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 , 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Chiara Vicario
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie , Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University , Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 , 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Cornelia Monzel
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie , Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University , Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 , 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Experimental Medical Physics , Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstrasse 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Mathieu Coppey
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie , Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University , Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 , 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Emilie Secret
- Physico-chimie des électrolytes et nanosystèmes interfaciaux , PHENIX, CNRS UMR 8234, Sorbonne Université , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Jean-Michel Siaugue
- Physico-chimie des électrolytes et nanosystèmes interfaciaux , PHENIX, CNRS UMR 8234, Sorbonne Université , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - João Sampaio
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Stanislas Rohart
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Nicolas Vernier
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies , CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay , France
| | | | - Thierry Debuisschert
- Thales Research & Technology , 1 avenue Augustin Fresnel , 91767 Palaiseau Cedex , France
| | - Loïc Rondin
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Jean-François Roch
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Maxime Dahan
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie , Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University , Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 , 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Abstract
One major challenge in the pharmaceutical industry is how to deliver drugs locally and specifically to a target area. One way to accomplish this is to develop drug delivery vehicles that respond to biomarkers or other cues that are indicative of a disease state. Over the past several years, enzymes have become key targets for bio-recognition due to their role in both healthy and diseased tissues. This has led to the development of drug delivery vehicles that release their cargo via either carrier degradation, shape change, or bond cleavage due to enzymes over-expressed at the disease site. This chapter will focus on the use of both oxidoreductases and hydrolases as triggers for enzyme-responsive drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Secret
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jennifer S. Andrew
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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Makrygenni O, Secret E, Michel A, Brouri D, Dupuis V, Proust A, Siaugue JM, Villanneau R. Heteropolytungstate-decorated core-shell magnetic nanoparticles: A covalent strategy for polyoxometalate-based hybrid nanomaterials. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 514:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
Photoluminescent silicon nanocrystals are very attractive for biomedical and electronic applications. Here a new process is presented to synthesize photoluminescent silicon nanocrystals with diameters smaller than 6 nm from a porous silicon template. These nanoparticles are formed using a pore-wall thinning approach, where the as-etched porous silicon layer is partially oxidized to silica, which is dissolved by a hydrofluoric acid solution, decreasing the pore-wall thickness. This decrease in pore-wall thickness leads to a corresponding decrease in the size of the nanocrystals that make up the pore walls, resulting in the formation of smaller nanoparticles during sonication of the porous silicon. Particle diameters were measured using dynamic light scattering, and these values were compared with the nanocrystallite size within the pore wall as determined from X-ray diffraction. Additionally, an increase in the quantum confinement effect is observed for these particles through an increase in the photoluminescence intensity of the nanoparticles compared with the as-etched nanoparticles, without the need for a further activation step by oxidation after synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Secret
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Camille Leonard
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Stefan J Kelly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Amanda Uhl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Clayton Cozzan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jennifer S Andrew
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Secret E, Wu CC, Chaix A, Galarneau A, Gonzalez P, Cot D, Sailor MJ, Jestin J, Zanotti JM, Cunin F, Coasne B. Control of the Pore Texture in Nanoporous Silicon via Chemical Dissolution. Langmuir 2015; 31:8121-8128. [PMID: 26135844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The surface and textural properties of porous silicon (pSi) control many of its physical properties essential to its performance in key applications such as optoelectronics, energy storage, luminescence, sensing, and drug delivery. Here, we combine experimental and theoretical tools to demonstrate that the surface roughness at the nanometer scale of pSi can be tuned in a controlled fashion using partial thermal oxidation followed by removal of the resulting silicon oxide layer with hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. Such a process is shown to smooth the pSi surface by means of nitrogen adsorption, electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering. Statistical mechanics Monte Carlo simulations, which are consistent with the experimental data, support the interpretation that the pore surface is initially rough and that the oxidation/oxide removal procedure diminishes the surface roughness while increasing the pore diameter. As a specific example considered in this work, the initial roughness ξ ∼ 3.2 nm of pSi pores having a diameter of 7.6 nm can be decreased to 1.0 nm following the simple procedure above. This study allows envisioning the design of pSi samples with optimal surface properties toward a specific process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Secret
- †UMR 5253 CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Chia-Chen Wu
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnaud Chaix
- †UMR 5253 CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Galarneau
- †UMR 5253 CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Gonzalez
- †UMR 5253 CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Cot
- §ENSCM/UM2/UMR 5635, Institut Européen des Membranes, Place Eugène Bataillon CC 047, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael J Sailor
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Jacques Jestin
- ∥Laboratoire Leon Brillouin, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marc Zanotti
- ∥Laboratoire Leon Brillouin, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Cunin
- †UMR 5253 CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Coasne
- †UMR 5253 CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
- ⊥MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment, CNRS/MIT (UMI 3466), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- #Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Secret E, Crannell KE, Kelly SJ, Villancio-Wolter M, Andrew JS. Matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive hydrogel microparticles for pulmonary drug delivery of small molecule drugs or proteins. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5629-5634. [PMID: 32262533 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel microparticles are particularly attractive for pulmonary drug delivery. Their size can be engineered for efficient delivery into the bronchi, where they subsequently swell, avoiding macrophage uptake. In this study, enzyme-responsive peptide functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based hydrogel microparticles were synthesized by an emulsion polymerization. Here, we demonstrate that these microparticles are nontoxic and demonstrated their viability as a drug carrier by studying the encapsulation and release of three types of drugs: a hydrophobic (dexamethasone), a hydrophilic (methylene blue) and a protein (horseradish peroxidase)-based drug. The release of each of these three drugs was studied in the presence of varying concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). Each of the three types of drugs were able to be encapsulated in the microparticles, and we further showed that the protein is still functional after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Secret
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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12
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Secret E, Maynadier M, Gallud A, Chaix A, Bouffard E, Gary-Bobo M, Marcotte N, Mongin O, El Cheikh K, Hugues V, Auffan M, Frochot C, Morère A, Maillard P, Blanchard-Desce M, Sailor MJ, Garcia M, Durand JO, Cunin F. Two-photon excitation of porphyrin-functionalized porous silicon nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Adv Mater 2014; 26:7643-8. [PMID: 25323443 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) act as a sensitizer for the 2-photon excitation of a pendant porphyrin using NIR laser light, for imaging and photodynamic therapy. Mannose-functionalized pSiNPs can be vectorized to MCF-7 human breast cancer cells through a mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis mechanism to provide a 3-fold enhancement of the 2-photon PDT effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Secret
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM2-UM1, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296, Montpellier, France
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13
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Collart-Dutilleul PY, Panayotov I, Secret E, Cunin F, Gergely C, Cuisinier F, Martin M. Initial stem cell adhesion on porous silicon surface: molecular architecture of actin cytoskeleton and filopodial growth. Nanoscale Res Lett 2014; 9:564. [PMID: 25386101 PMCID: PMC4217708 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The way cells explore their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) during development and migration is mediated by lamellipodia at their leading edge, acting as an actual motor pulling the cell forward. Lamellipodia are the primary area within the cell of actin microfilaments (filopodia) formation. In this work, we report on the use of porous silicon (pSi) scaffolds to mimic the ECM of mesenchymal stem cells from the dental pulp (DPSC) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Our atomic force microscopy (AFM), fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that pSi promoted the appearance of lateral filopodia protruding from the DPSC cell body and not only in the lamellipodia area. The formation of elongated lateral actin filaments suggests that pores provided the necessary anchorage points for protrusion growth. Although MCF-7 cells displayed a lower presence of organized actin network on both pSi and nonporous silicon, pSi stimulated the formation of extended cell protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Panayotov
- BioNano Laboratory EA 4203, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier 34193, France
| | - Emilie Secret
- Matériaux Avancés Catalyse Santé, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS, Montpellier 34296, France
| | - Frédérique Cunin
- Matériaux Avancés Catalyse Santé, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS, Montpellier 34296, France
| | - Csilla Gergely
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier 34095, France ; Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Frédéric Cuisinier
- BioNano Laboratory EA 4203, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier 34193, France
| | - Marta Martin
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier 34095, France ; Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France
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14
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Secret E, Kelly SJ, Crannell KE, Andrew JS. Enzyme-responsive hydrogel microparticles for pulmonary drug delivery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:10313-21. [PMID: 24926532 DOI: 10.1021/am501754s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) based hydrogel microparticles were developed for pulmonary drug delivery. Hydrogels are particularly attractive for pulmonary delivery because they can be size engineered for delivery into the bronchi, yet also swell upon reaching their destination to avoid uptake and clearance by alveolar macrophages. To develop enzyme-responsive hydrogel microparticles for pulmonary delivery a new synthesis method based on a solution polymerization was developed. This method produces spherical poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microparticles from high molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)-based precursors that incorporate peptides in the polymer chain. Specifically, we have synthesized hydrogel microparticles that degrade in response to matrix metalloproteinases that are overexpressed in pulmonary diseases. Small hydrogel microparticles with sizes suitable for lung delivery by inhalation were obtained from solid precursors when PEGDA was dissolved in water at a high concentration. The average diameter of the particles was between 2.8 and 4 μm, depending on the molecular weight of the precursor polymer used and its concentration in water. The relation between the physical properties of the particles and their enzymatic degradation is also reported, where an increased mesh size corresponds to increased degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Secret
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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15
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Collart-Dutilleul PY, Secret E, Panayotov I, Deville de Périère D, Martín-Palma RJ, Torres-Costa V, Martin M, Gergely C, Durand JO, Cunin F, Cuisinier FJ. Adhesion and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells from dental pulp on porous silicon scaffolds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:1719-28. [PMID: 24428409 DOI: 10.1021/am4046316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In regenerative medicine, stem-cell-based therapy often requires a scaffold to deliver cells and/or growth factors to the injured site. Porous silicon (pSi) is a promising biomaterial for tissue engineering as it is both nontoxic and bioresorbable. Moreover, surface modification can offer control over the degradation rate of pSi and can also promote cell adhesion. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) are pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells found within the teeth and constitute a readily source of stem cells. Thus, coupling the good proliferation and differentiation capacities of DPSC with the textural and chemical properties of the pSi substrates provides an interesting approach for therapeutic use. In this study, the behavior of human DPSC is analyzed on pSi substrates presenting pores of various sizes, 10 ± 2 nm, 36 ± 4 nm, and 1.0 ± 0.1 μm, and undergoing different chemical treatments, thermal oxidation, silanization with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and hydrosilylation with undecenoic acid or semicarbazide. DPSC adhesion and proliferation were followed for up to 72 h by fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), enzymatic activity assay, and BrdU assay for mitotic activity. Porous silicon with 36 nm pore size was found to offer the best adhesion and the fastest growth rate for DPSC compared to pSi comporting smaller pore size (10 nm) or larger pore size (1 μm), especially after silanization with APTES. Hydrosilylation with semicarbazide favored cell adhesion and proliferation, especially mitosis after cell adhesion, but such chemical modification has been found to led to a scaffold that is stable for only 24-48 h in culture medium. Thus, semicarbazide-treated pSi appeared to be an appropriate scaffold for stem cell adhesion and immediate in vivo transplantation, whereas APTES-treated pSi was found to be more suitable for long-term in vitro culture, for stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
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16
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Secret E, Smith K, Dubljevic V, Moore E, Macardle P, Delalat B, Rogers ML, Johns TG, Durand JO, Cunin F, Voelcker NH. Drug Delivery: Antibody-Functionalized Porous Silicon Nanoparticles for Vectorization of Hydrophobic Drugs (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 5/2013). Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201370025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Secret E, Smith K, Dubljevic V, Moore E, Macardle P, Delalat B, Rogers ML, Johns TG, Durand JO, Cunin F, Voelcker NH. Antibody-functionalized porous silicon nanoparticles for vectorization of hydrophobic drugs. Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [PMID: 23203914 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe the preparation of biodegradable porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNP) functionalized with cancer cell targeting antibodies and loaded with the hydrophobic anti-cancer drug camptothecin. Orientated immobilization of the antibody on the pSiNP is achieved using novel semicarbazide based bioconjugate chemistry. To demonstrate the generality of this targeting approach, the three antibodies MLR2, mAb528 and Rituximab are used, which target neuroblastoma, glioblastoma and B lymphoma cells, respectively. Successful targeting is demonstrated by means of flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry both with cell lines and primary cells. Cell viability assays after incubation with pSiNPs show selective killing of cells expressing the receptor corresponding to the antibody attached on the pSiNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Secret
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM2-UM1, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, France
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18
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Secret E, Maynadier M, Gallud A, Gary-Bobo M, Chaix A, Belamie E, Maillard P, Sailor MJ, Garcia M, Durand JO, Cunin F. Anionic porphyrin-grafted porous silicon nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4202-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Collart-Dutilleul PY, Secret E, Panayotov I, Gergely C, Cunin F, Cuisinier F. Human dental pulp stem cells growth and osteodifferentiation on porous resorbable scaffolds. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 2012; 51:e03. [PMID: 25460782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Short Communication selected from the Oral Presentations of the 56th Congress of the Groupèment International pour la Recherche Scientifique en Stomatologie et Odontologie, Peñafiel (Portugal) May 2012.
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20
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Collard-Dutilleul PY, Secret E, Gergely C, Cunin F, Cuisinier F. Osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells on porous silicon loaded with β-glycerophosphate. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 2011; 50:31-33. [PMID: 22750707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Y Collard-Dutilleul
- Laboratoire Biosanté Nanoscience EA 4203, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
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21
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Collard-Dutilleul PY, Secret E, Panayotov I, Gergely C, Cunin F, Cuisinier F. Dental pulp stem cells adhesion on surface-modified porous silicon: towards a scaffold for regenerative medicine. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 2011; 50:47-51. [PMID: 22750601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Collard-Dutilleul
- Laboratoire Biosanté Nanoscience EA 4203, Université Montpellier, 545 Av Pr JL Viala 34193 Montpellier, France
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22
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Sciacca B, Secret E, Pace S, Gonzalez P, Geobaldo F, Quignard F, Cunin F. Chitosan-functionalized porous silicon optical transducer for the detection ofcarboxylic acid-containing drugs in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Bencheqroun M, el-Kohen B, Secret E. [Sidi Harazem water and cholesterol: preliminary study]. Maroc Med 1970; 50:175-80. [PMID: 5517528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Secret E. [Doctor Mornas]. Maroc Med 1958; 37:294-5. [PMID: 13551287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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25
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Secret E. [Morbid rheumatism]. Maroc Med 1955; 34:1468-70. [PMID: 13308387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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