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Migration of plasticisers from the gaskets of lids into oily food in glass jars: An update of the situation on the Swiss market a decade after large European campaigns. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Bandele OJ, Cureton LT, Bailey AB, Ogungbesan A. A review of dietary exposure and toxicological information on epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO) in food-contact applications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2204-2219. [PMID: 30281400 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasticisers have a long history of use in the industrial manufacture and processing of polymers for the purpose of increasing the flexibility and strength of the material. Approximately, 80-90% of the plasticiser market is devoted to the production of PVC, a highly versatile thermoplastic used to produce both rigid and flexible articles. Many types of plasticisers, including ortho-phthalate esters (OPE), can be added to PVC to impart flexibility. Recently, alternatives to OPEs, such as epoxy esters and aliphatic adipates, are becoming more prevalent for use in PVC-based food-contact articles. Epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO) is used as a plasticiser in flexible PVC for many food-contact articles, including food packaging and food processing equipment, from which it can potentially migrate into food and become a component of an individual's daily diet. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the US dietary exposure and toxicological information on ESBO used in PVC-based food-contact articles. The cumulative dietary concentration (CDC) and cumulative estimated daily intake (CEDI) for ESBO from its use as a plasticiser in PVC-based food-contact articles (i.e. gaskets for glass jar lids and film wraps) was calculated to be 2.6 mg/kg (i.e. ppm) and 0.13 mg/kg bw/d, respectively, for the general population. Some regulatory agencies have reported safety levels for ESBO, and the most conservative no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was identified to be 100 mg/kg bw/d (i.e. 2000 ppm) based on a two-year feeding study in rats. The current CEDI is well below these levels, supporting the safe use of ESBO in food-contact applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omari J Bandele
- a Division of Food Contact Notifications, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - LaShonda T Cureton
- a Division of Food Contact Notifications, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Allan B Bailey
- a Division of Food Contact Notifications, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Adejoke Ogungbesan
- a Division of Food Contact Notifications, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
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Driffield M, Bradley E, Castle L, Lloyd A, Parmar M, Speck D, Roberts D, Stead S. Use of atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for plasticisers in gaskets used in contact with foods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1603-1610. [PMID: 28339155 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Plasticisers are used in the PVC gaskets of metal closures on glass jars and bottles used for foods and beverages. They may migrate and so contaminate the packed foodstuff. The plasticisers are present in a high proportion and are often a complex mixture of substances leading to time-consuming analytical methodologies. This work describes a rapid screening method to identify the plasticisers used. METHODS Analysis was carried out by direct sampling of the gaskets using atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe (ASAP) with time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) using a SYNAPT G2 HDMS system. The accurate mass information collected was then compared to a user-prepared database of plasticisers to aid identification. RESULTS The rapid identification approach was shown to be successful for 24 gasket samples previously analysed by alternative more lengthy gas chromatographic (GC) methods. Quantification by dissolution followed by standard addition was also demonstrated to be reliable. CONCLUSIONS The ASAP-TOFMS method is a useful technique for rapidly screening gaskets for the presence of plasticisers. It can be used to identify specific gaskets deserving of further quantitative analysis by chromatographic methods, saving time and money by avoiding unnecessary analyses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Driffield
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Emma Bradley
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Laurence Castle
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Antony Lloyd
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Mita Parmar
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Dennis Speck
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Dominic Roberts
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altringham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Sara Stead
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altringham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
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Hyphenated liquid chromatography–gas chromatography technique: Recent evolution and applications. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Biedermann M, Grob K. On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 1: Method of analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:56-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Migration of plasticizers from the gaskets of lids into oily food in glass jars: a European enforcement campaign. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Bueno-Ferrer C, Garrigós M, Jiménez A. Characterization and thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride) plasticized with epoxidized soybean oil for food packaging. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Bueno-Ferrer C, Jiménez A, Garrigós M. Migration analysis of epoxidized soybean oil and other plasticizers in commercial lids for food packaging by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1469-77. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.502129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Multidimensional chromatography in food analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7110-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Graubardt N, Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Bolzoni L, Cavalieri C, Grob K. Further insights into the mechanism of migration from the PVC gaskets of metal closures into oily foods in glass jars. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030902950835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Graubardt N, Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Bolzoni L, Pedrelli T, Cavalieri C, Simoneau C, Grob K. Search for a more adequate test to predict the long-term migration from the PVC gaskets of metal lids into oily foods in glass jars. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:1113-22. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030902894405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pedersen GA, Jensen LK, Fankhauser A, Biedermann S, Petersen JH, Fabech B. Migration of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) and phthalates from twist closures into food and enforcement of the overall migration limit. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:503-10. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030701519088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Grob K. Testing migration from the PVC gaskets in metal closures into oily foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Analytical screening of polyadipates and other plasticisers in poly(vinyl chloride) gasket seals and in fatty food by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 604:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kerkdijk H, Mol HGJ, van der Nagel B. Volume Overload Cleanup: An Approach for On-Line SPE-GC, GPC-GC, and GPC-SPE-GC. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7975-83. [PMID: 17896824 DOI: 10.1021/ac0701536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new concept for cleanup, based on volume overloading of the cleanup column, has been developed for on-line coupling of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), solid-phase extraction (SPE), or both, to gas chromatography (GC). The principle is outlined and the applicability demonstrated by the determination of pesticide residues in food matrixes using integrated and automated cleanup-GC-MS. Compared to conventional approaches for on-line cleanup-GC, the new technique involves introduction of much smaller volumes (e.g., 2-20 microL) into the GC without sacrificing method LODs. The much smaller injection volumes involved greatly simplify on-line coupling, improve robustness, and increase attractiveness for implementation in routine laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Kerkdijk
- Department of Analytical Research, TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Marmiroli G, Avanzini G, Rutschmann E, Pfenninger S, Grob K. Migration from the gaskets of lids into oily foods: first results on polyadipates. Eur Food Res Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-007-0670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Rothenbacher T, Schwack W. Determination of epoxidized soybean oil by gas chromatography/single quadrupole and tandem mass spectrometry stable isotope dilution assay. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1937-43. [PMID: 17510930 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PVC lids of glass jars often contain epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO), able to migrate and contaminate food. To establish a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA), the 13C18-labelled internal standard ethyl 9,10,12,13-diepoxyoctadecanoate (13C(18:2E)Et) was synthesized, providing after sample preparation the same retention time as methyl 9,10,12,13-diepoxyoctadecanoate ((18:2E)Me), commonly used as a marker for ESBO in gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. For eleven different food matrices, the GC capillary columns VF-17ms, DB1701 and DB1 were tested with single quadrupole (GC/MS) as well as tandem mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS/MS). Overall, the VF-17ms column coupled with MS/MS detection showed the best results in terms of separation and sensitivity. The method validation for the matrix spiked olive oil resulted in a limit of detection (LOD) of 5 mg kg-1, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11 mg kg-1, a mean recovery (n=5, c=106.5 mg kg-1) of 99.7+/-5.5%, with a repeatability (within-run precision) of 6.0%. By means of GC/MS an LOQ of 21 mg kg-1 and a mean recovery (n=5, c=106.5 mg kg-1) of 103.3+/-0.8% with a repeatability of 0.9% were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Rothenbacher
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstrasse 3/2, 70736 Fellbach, Germany
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Biedermann-Brem S, Biedermann M, Fankhauser-Noti A, Grob K, Helling R. Determination of epoxidized soy bean oil (ESBO) in oily foods by GC–FID or GC–MS analysis of the methyl diepoxy linoleate. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fankhauser-Noti A, Fiselier K, Biedermann-Brem S, Grob K. Assessment of epoxidized soy bean oil (ESBO) migrating into foods: comparison with ESBO-like epoxy fatty acids in our normal diet. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1279-86. [PMID: 16600458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epoxidized soy bean oil (ESBO) was found to be toxic for rats, but the toxic constituent is unknown. It became an issue as the migration from the gaskets in the lids for jars into oily foods regularly far exceeds the European legal limit (overall migration limit and specific migration limit derived from the tolerable daily intake (TDI)). In the context of risk management it was of interest to determine the epoxidized fatty acids of ESBO in those foods of our normal diet which are expected to contain the highest concentrations, i.e., oxidized edible oils (including degraded frying oils), fried foods, bakery ware and roasted meat. The contribution of epoxy oleic acid from ESBO to our diet turned out to be negligible. If this acid were the toxic component in ESBO, the toxicological assessment would primarily be a warning regarding oxidized fats and oils. The contribution of diepoxy linoleic acid from ESBO might be similar to the exposure from oxidized fats and oils of our diet, whereas the intake of triepoxy linolenic acid from ESBO exceeds that from normal food by around two orders of magnitude. Hence use of an epoxidized edible oil virtually free of linolenic acid would be inconspicuous in our diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Fankhauser-Noti
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, GC, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
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Fankhauser-Noti A, Grob K. Migration of plasticizers from PVC gaskets of lids for glass jars into oily foods: Amount of gasket material in food contact, proportion of plasticizer migrating into food and compliance testing by simulation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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PVC plasticizers/additives migrating from the gaskets of metal closures into oily food: Swiss market survey June 2005. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-005-0223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Suman M, La Tegola S, Catellani D, Bersellini U. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of epoxidized soybean oil in food products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:9879-84. [PMID: 16366669 DOI: 10.1021/jf052151x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) is widely used as a plasticizer and stabilizer in such polymers [poly(vinyl chloride) in particular] commonly adopted for manufacturing of gaskets of the lids for glass jars and plastic films for food packaging. Human exposure to ESBO and its derivatives is likely to occur over a lifetime with a significant variation according to life stage. A reversed phase liquid chromatography interfaced with electrospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of ESBO in foods was developed. A simple sample treatment procedure entailing the use of an extraction step with dichloromethane without any further cleanup was proved. Chromatographic separation was performed using two C18 columns with an aqueous acetic acid-acetone-acetonitrile mixture as the mobile phase under gradient conditions. The method was validated in terms of detection limits (4 mg kg(-1)), quantitation limits, linearity (established over 2 orders of magnitude), recovery (good mean recoveries, higher than 90% for all of the signals detected), precision (RSD% < 8), and trueness. The applicability of the method to the determination of ESBO in different food matrices (in particular those rich in edible oil) was demonstrated, and the performances were compared to those reachable by the commonly well-known gas chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Suman
- Barilla G. R. F.lli SpA, R&D Central Research Labs, via Mantova 166, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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Biedermann-Brem S, Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Grob K. Compositional GC-FID analysis of the additives to PVC, focusing on the gaskets of lids for glass jars. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2005; 22:1274-84. [PMID: 16356892 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500309426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic (FID) method is described which aims at the quantitative compositional analysis of the additives in plasticized PVC, particularly the plastisols used as gaskets for lids of glass jars. An extract of the PVC is analysed directly as well as after transesterification to ethyl esters. Transesterification enables the analysis of epoxidized soya bean and linseed oil (ESBO and ELO) as well as polyadipates. For most other additives, the shifts in the chromatogram resulting from transesterification is used to confirm the identifications made by direct analysis. In the gaskets of 69 lids from the European market used for packaging oily foods, a broad variety of plastisol compositions was found, many or possibly all of which do not comply with legal requirements. In 62% of these lids, ESBO was the principal plasticizer, whereas in 25% a phthalate had been used.
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