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Srinageshwar B, Florendo M, Clark B, Johnson K, Munro N, Peruzzaro S, Antcliff A, Andrews M, Figacz A, Swanson D, Dunbar GL, Sharma A, Rossignol J. A Mixed-Surface Polyamidoamine Dendrimer for In Vitro and In Vivo Delivery of Large Plasmids. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E619. [PMID: 32635142 PMCID: PMC7407876 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery to the brain is highly hindered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents the entry of many potential drugs/biomolecules into the brain. One of the current strategies to achieve gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases involves direct injection of a viral vector into the brain. There are various disadvantages of viral vectors, including limitations of cargo size and safety concerns. Nanomolecules, such as dendrimers, serve as an excellent alternative to viral delivery. In this study, as proof-of-concept, we used a surface-modified dendrimer complex and delivered large plasmids to cells in vitro and in vivo in healthy rats via intracranial injection. The dendrimers were biodegradable by chemicals found within cells and toxicity assays revealed that the modified dendrimers were much less toxic than unmodified amine-surface dendrimers. As mentioned in our previous publication, these dendrimers with appropriately modified surfaces are safe, can deliver large plasmids to the brain, and can overcome the cargo size limitations associated with viral vectors. The biocompatibility of this dendritic nanomolecule and the ability to finely tune its surface chemistry provides a gene delivery system that could facilitate future in vivo cellular reprograming and other gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhairavi Srinageshwar
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (B.S.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (M.A.); (A.F.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (S.P.); (G.L.D.)
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Maria Florendo
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (B.S.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (M.A.); (A.F.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (S.P.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Brittany Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (B.C.); (K.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Kayla Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (B.C.); (K.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Nikolas Munro
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (S.P.); (G.L.D.)
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Sarah Peruzzaro
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (S.P.); (G.L.D.)
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Aaron Antcliff
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (B.S.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (M.A.); (A.F.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (S.P.); (G.L.D.)
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Melissa Andrews
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (B.S.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (M.A.); (A.F.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (S.P.); (G.L.D.)
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Alexander Figacz
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (B.S.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (M.A.); (A.F.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (S.P.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Douglas Swanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (B.C.); (K.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Gary L. Dunbar
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (S.P.); (G.L.D.)
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary’s of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604, USA
| | - Ajit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (B.C.); (K.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Julien Rossignol
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (B.S.); (M.F.); (A.A.); (M.A.); (A.F.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (S.P.); (G.L.D.)
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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Fana M, Gallien J, Srinageshwar B, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. PAMAM Dendrimer Nanomolecules Utilized as Drug Delivery Systems for Potential Treatment of Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2789-2808. [PMID: 32368055 PMCID: PMC7185330 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s243155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a grade IV astrocytoma that maintains a poor prognosis with respect to current treatment options. Despite major advancements in the fields of surgery and chemoradiotherapy over the last few decades, the life expectancy for someone with glioblastoma remains virtually unchanged and warrants a new approach for treatment. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are a type of nanomolecule that ranges in size (between 1 and 100 nm) and shape and can offer a new viable solution for the treatment of intracranial tumors, including glioblastoma. Their ability to deliver a variety of therapeutic cargo and penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), while preserving low cytotoxicity, make them a favorable candidate for further investigation into the treatment of glioblastoma. Here, we present a systematic review of the current advancements in PAMAM dendrimer technology, including the wide spectrum of dendrimer generations formulated, surface modifications, core modifications, and conjugations developed thus far to enhance tumor specificity and tumor penetration for treatment of glioblastoma. Furthermore, we highlight the extensive variety of therapeutics capable of delivery by PAMAM dendrimers for the treatment of glioblastoma, including cytokines, peptides, drugs, siRNAs, miRNAs, and organic polyphenols. While there have been prolific results stemming from aggressive research into the field of dendrimer technology, there remains a nearly inexhaustible amount of questions that remain unanswered. Nevertheless, this technology is rapidly developing and is nearing the cusp of use for aggressive tumor treatment. To that end, we further highlight future prospects in focus as researchers continue developing more optimal vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fana
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
| | - John Gallien
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
| | - Bhairavi Srinageshwar
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary’s of Michigan, Saginaw, MI48604, USA
| | - Julien Rossignol
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI48859, USA
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Srinageshwar B, Dils A, Sturgis J, Wedster A, Kathirvelu B, Baiyasi S, Swanson D, Sharma A, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. Surface-Modified G4 PAMAM Dendrimers Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier Following Multiple Tail-Vein Injections in C57BL/6J Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4145-4150. [PMID: 31390175 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial injections are currently used to deliver drugs into the brain, as most drugs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following systemic injections. Moreover, multiple dosing is difficult with invasive techniques. Therefore, viable systemic techniques are necessary to facilitate treatment paradigms that require multiple dosing of therapeutics across the BBB. In this study, we show that mixed-surface fourth-generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers containing predominantly biocompatible hydroxyl groups and a few amine groups are taken up by cultured primary cortical neurons derived from mouse embryo. We also show that these dendrimers cross the BBB following their administration to healthy mice in multiple doses via tail-vein injections and are taken up by neurons and the glial cells as evidenced by appropriate staining methods. Besides the brain, the dendrimers were found mostly in the kidneys compared to other peripheral organs, such as liver, lungs, and spleen, implying that they may be readily excreted, thereby preventing potential toxic accumulation in the body. Our findings provide a proof-of-concept that appropriate surface modifications of dendrimers provide safe, biocompatible nanomaterial with the potential to deliver therapeutic cargo across the BBB into the brain via multiple tail-vein injections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary L. Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary’s of Michigan, Saginaw 48604, Michigan, United States
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Faraj J, Bodas M, Pehote G, Swanson D, Sharma A, Vij N. Novel cystamine-core dendrimer-formulation rescues ΔF508-CFTR and inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by augmenting autophagy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:177-186. [PMID: 30732491 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1575807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF) is challenged with pathophysiological barriers for effective airway drug-delivery. Hence, we standardized the therapeutic efficacy of the novel dendrimer-based autophagy-inducing anti-oxidant drug, cysteamine. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Human primary-CF epithelial-cells, CFBE41o-cells were used to standardize the efficacy of the dendrimer-cystamine in correcting impaired-autophagy, rescuing ΔF508-CFTR and Pseudomonas-aeruginosa (Pa) infection. RESULTS We first designed a novel cystamine-core dendrimer formulation (G4-CYS) that significantly increases membrane-ΔF508CFTR expression in CFBE41o-cells (p < 0.05) by forming its reduced-form cysteamine, in vivo. Additionally, G4-CYS treatment corrects ΔF508-CFTR-mediated impaired-autophagy as observed by a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in Ub-LC3-positive aggresome-bodies. Next, we verified that in non-permeabilized CFBE41o-cells, G4-CYS significantly (p < 0.05) induces ΔF508-CFTR's forward-trafficking to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, cysteamine's known antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against Pa were enhanced as our findings demonstrate that both G4-CYS and its control DAB-core dendrimer, G4-DAB, exhibited significant (p < 0.05) bactericidal-activity against Pa. We also found that both G4-CYS and G4-DAB exhibit marked mucolytic-activity against porcine-mucus (p < 0.05). Finally, we demonstrate that G4-CYS not only corrects the autophagy-impairment by rescuing ΔF508-CFTR in CFBE41o-cells but also corrects the intrinsic phagocytosis defect (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrates the efficacy of novel cystamine-dendrimer formulation in rescuing ΔF508-CFTR to the plasma membrane and inhibiting Pa bacterial-infection by augmenting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Faraj
- a College of Medicine , Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant , MI , USA
| | - Manish Bodas
- a College of Medicine , Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant , MI , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics and Pulmonary Medicine , The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Garrett Pehote
- a College of Medicine , Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant , MI , USA
| | - Doug Swanson
- d Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Central Michigan University , Mount Pleasant , MI , USA
| | - Ajit Sharma
- d Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Central Michigan University , Mount Pleasant , MI , USA
| | - Neeraj Vij
- a College of Medicine , Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant , MI , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics and Pulmonary Medicine , The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,e 4Dx Limited , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,f VIJ Biotech LLC , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Florendo M, Figacz A, Srinageshwar B, Sharma A, Swanson D, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. Use of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers in Brain Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092238. [PMID: 30177605 PMCID: PMC6225146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are one of the smallest and most precise nanomolecules available today, which have promising applications for the treatment of brain diseases. Each aspect of the dendrimer (core, size or generation, size of cavities, and surface functional groups) can be precisely modulated to yield a variety of nanocarriers for delivery of drugs and genes to brain cells in vitro or in vivo. Two of the most important criteria to consider when using PAMAM dendrimers for neuroscience applications is their safety profile and their potential to be prepared in a reproducible manner. Based on these criteria, features of PAMAM dendrimers are described to help the neuroscience researcher to judiciously choose the right type of dendrimer and the appropriate method for loading the drug to form a safe and effective delivery system to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florendo
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Alexander Figacz
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Bhairavi Srinageshwar
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Ajit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Douglas Swanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604, USA.
| | - Julien Rossignol
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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Brockman SM, Bodas M, Silverberg D, Sharma A, Vij N. Dendrimer-based selective autophagy-induction rescues ΔF508-CFTR and inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184793. [PMID: 28902888 PMCID: PMC5597233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by mutation(s) in the CF-transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr) gene. The most common mutation, ΔF508, leads to accumulation of defective-CFTR protein in aggresome-bodies. Additionally, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), a common CF pathogen, exacerbates obstructive CF lung pathology. In the present study, we aimed to develop and test a novel strategy to improve the bioavailability and potentially achieve targeted drug delivery of cysteamine, a potent autophagy-inducing drug with anti-bacterial properties, by developing a dendrimer (PAMAM-DEN)-based cysteamine analogue. Results We first evaluated the effect of dendrimer-based cysteamine analogue (PAMAM-DENCYS) on the intrinsic autophagy response in IB3-1 cells and observed a significant reduction in Ub-RFP and LC3-GFP co-localization (aggresome-bodies) by PAMAM-DENCYS treatment as compared to plain dendrimer (PAMAM-DEN) control. Next, we observed that PAMAM-DENCYS treatment shows a modest rescue of ΔF508-CFTR as the C-form. Moreover, immunofluorescence microscopy of HEK-293 cells transfected with ΔF508-CFTR-GFP showed that PAMAM-DENCYS is able to rescue the misfolded-ΔF508-CFTR from aggresome-bodies by inducing its trafficking to the plasma membrane. We further verified these results by flow cytometry and observed significant (p<0.05; PAMAM-DEN vs. PAMAM-DENCYS) rescue of membrane-ΔF508-CFTR with PAMAM-DENCYS treatment using non-permeabilized IB3-1 cells immunostained for CFTR. Finally, we assessed the autophagy-mediated bacterial clearance potential of PAMAM-DENCYS by treating IB3-1 cells infected with PA01-GFP, and observed a significant (p<0.01; PAMAM-DEN vs. PAMAM-DENCYS) decrease in intracellular bacterial counts by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Also, PAMAM-DENCYS treatment significantly inhibits the growth of PA01-GFP bacteria and demonstrates potent mucolytic properties. Conclusions We demonstrate here the efficacy of dendrimer-based autophagy-induction in preventing sequestration of ΔF508-CFTR to aggresome-bodies while promoting its trafficking to the plasma membrane. Moreover, PAMAM-DENCYS decreases Pa infection and growth, while showing mucolytic properties, suggesting its potential in rescuing Pa-induced ΔF508-CF lung disease that warrants further investigation in CF murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Mackenzie Brockman
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Manish Bodas
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David Silverberg
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ajit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Neeraj Vij
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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PAMAM Dendrimers Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier When Administered through the Carotid Artery in C57BL/6J Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030628. [PMID: 28335421 PMCID: PMC5372641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS) is challenging due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and drug delivery into the brain overcoming the BBB can be achieved using nanoparticles such as dendrimers. The conventional cationic dendrimers used are highly toxic. Therefore, the present study investigates the role of novel mixed surface dendrimers, which have potentially less toxicity and can cross the BBB when administered through the carotid artery in mice. In vitro experiments investigated the uptake of amine dendrimers (G1-NH2 and G4-NH2) and novel dendrimers (G1-90/10 and G4-90/10) by primary cortical cultures. In vivo experiments involved transplantation of G4-90/10 into mice through (1) invasive intracranial injections into the striatum; and (2) less invasive carotid injections. The animals were sacrificed 24-h and 1-week post-transplantations and their brains were analyzed. In vivo experiments proved that the G4-90/10 can cross the BBB when injected through the carotid artery and localize within neurons and glial cells. The dendrimers were found to migrate through the corpus callosum 1-week post intracranial injection. Immunohistochemistry showed that the migrating cells are the dendrimer-infected glial cells. Overall, our results suggest that poly-amidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers may be used as a minimally invasive means to deliver biomolecules for treating neurological diseases or disorders
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Tomalia DA, Khanna SN. A Systematic Framework and Nanoperiodic Concept for Unifying Nanoscience: Hard/Soft Nanoelements, Superatoms, Meta-Atoms, New Emerging Properties, Periodic Property Patterns, and Predictive Mendeleev-like Nanoperiodic Tables. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2705-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald A. Tomalia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- National Dendrimer & Nanotechnology Center, NanoSynthons LLC, 1200 North Fancher Avenue, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48858, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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Upadhaya SK, Swanson DR, Tomalia DA, Sharma A. Analysis of polyamidoamine dendrimers by isoelectric focusing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:455-8. [PMID: 24247550 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine dendrimers have been studied extensively for their potential applications in nanomedicine. Their uses as imaging, drug, and nucleic acid delivery agents are nearing clinical trials. As such, characterization of polyamidoamine dendrimers and their nano-devices is of immense importance for monitoring the efficiency of their synthesis, purity, and quality control of manufactured products as well as their in vivo behavior. We report here the analysis of polyamidoamine dendrimers possessing various cores and surface groups with a simple and inexpensive isoelectric focusing method. The isoelectric points of the dendrimers were readily determined from a calibration plot generated by running proteins with known pI values. The isoelectric points for various surface-modified polyamidoamine dendrimers ranged from 4 to 9. Polyamidoamine dendrimers possessing terminal hydroxyl groups gave a pI > 7, while those with terminal carboxyl groups exhibit a pI < 7. Generation number and cores of the dendrimers did not significantly affect their isoelectric points. Isoelectric focusing thus offers another important tool for characterizing these nanomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samik K Upadhaya
- Department of Chemistry, Dow 346, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
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Gary DJ, Min J, Kim Y, Park K, Won YY. The effect of N/P ratio on the in vitro and in vivo interaction properties of PEGylated poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]-based siRNA complexes. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1059-71. [PMID: 23828845 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PEG-PnBA-PDMAEMA triblock and PEG-PDMAEMA diblock copolymers are used as model systems for studying the role of N/P ratio on the in vivo behavior of PEGylated siRNA carriers in mice. The presence of a free/uncomplexed polymer population coexisting with siRNA complexes is established. A change in the N/P ratio exerts no significant influence on the in vivo biodistribution and ex vivo blood chemistry properties of the respective systems. Histological analysis of major organs indicates that the presence of uncomplexed polymer elicits toxicity to the organ that is associated with the clearance of the siRNA complexes from the circulation system. This effect can be eliminated by working at N/P ratios near the charge-neutralization point of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Gary
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
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Dohnal V, Malý J, Havlíčková M, Semerádtová A, Herman D, Kuča K. A new concept in the separation of polyethyleneglycol-modified PAMAM dendrons by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:321-8. [PMID: 23613158 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a unique high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and applied for monitoring the synthesis of polyethyleneglycol surface modified poly(amidoamine) cystamine core dendrimers (PEG-PAMAMs) and PEG-PAMAM-alkynes with a single alkyne moiety attached to the core of a dendron through a unique sulfhydryl group. The separation of the products was performed on a column with a pentafluorphenylpropyl stationary phase, allowing multiple mechanisms of selectivity. More than 50 peaks were separated in one run, reflecting the degree of dendrimer PEGylation (PEG average molecular mass: 3,000). Moreover, modification of PAMAM with a single alkyne group could be distinguished. The developed method can be used for the general characterization and separation of PAMAM derivatives, in which the degree of modification is critical for final applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Dohnal
- 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, CZ-500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Tomalia DA. Twenty-First Century Polymer Science After Staudinger: The Emergence of Dendrimers/Dendritic Polymers as a Fourth Major Architecture and Window to a New Nano-periodic System. HIERARCHICAL MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURES: 60 YEARS AFTER THE STAUDINGER NOBEL PRIZE I 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Delong RK, Risor A, Kanomata M, Laymon A, Jones B, Zimmerman SD, Williams J, Witkowski C, Warner M, Ruff M, Garrad R, Fallon JK, Hickey AJ, Sedaghat-Herati R. Characterization of biomolecular nanoconjugates by high-throughput delivery and spectroscopic difference. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1851-62. [PMID: 22943129 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Nanoparticle conjugates have the potential for delivering siRNA, splice-shifting oligomers or nucleic acid vaccines, and can be applicable to anticancer therapeutics. This article compares tripartite conjugates with gold nanoparticles or synthetic methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-polyamidoamine dendrimers. MATERIALS & METHODS Interactions with model liposomes of a 1:1 molar ratio of tripalmitin:cholesterol or phospholipid:cholesterol were investigated by high-throughput absorbance, as well as fluorescence difference and cellular luminescence assays. RESULTS Spectral differences and dynamic light-scattering spectroscopy shifts demonstrated the interaction of conjugates with liposomes. Biological activity was demonstrated by upregulation of gene expression via splice-shifting oligomers, delivery of anti-B-Raf siRNA in cultured human cancer cells or tuberculosis antigen 85B plasmid expression vector in a coculture model of antigen presentation. CONCLUSION The data suggests that gold nanoparticles and methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-polyamidoamine dendrimer nanoconjugates may have potential for binding, stabilization and delivery of splice-shifting oligomers, siRNA and nucleic acid vaccines for preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Delong
- Missouri State University, Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Springfield, MO 65897, USA.
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Nanaware-Kharade N, Gonzalez GA, Lay JO, Hendrickson HP, Peterson EC. Therapeutic anti-methamphetamine antibody fragment-nanoparticle conjugates: synthesis and in vitro characterization. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1864-72. [PMID: 22873701 DOI: 10.1021/bc300204n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatments specific to the medical problems caused by methamphetamine (METH) abuse are greatly needed. Toward this goal, we are developing new multivalent anti-METH antibody fragment-nanoparticle conjugates with customizable pharmacokinetic properties. We have designed a novel anti-METH single chain antibody fragment with an engineered terminal cysteine (scFv6H4Cys). Generation 3 (G3) polyamidoamine dendrimer nanoparticles were chosen for conjugation due to their monodisperse properties and multiple amine functional groups. ScFv6H4Cys was conjugated to G3 dendrimers via a heterobifunctional PEG cross-linker that is reactive to a free amine on one end and a thiol group on the other. PEG modified dendrimers were synthesized by reacting the PEG cross-linker with dendrimers in a stoichiometric ratio of 11:1, which were further reacted with 3-fold molar excess of anti-METH scFv6H4Cys. This reaction resulted in a heterogeneous mix of G3-PEG-scFv6H4Cys conjugates (dendribodies) with three to six scFv6H4Cys conjugated to each dendrimer. The dendribodies were separated from the unreacted PEG modified dendrimers and scFv6H4Cys using affinity chromatography. A detailed in vitro characterization of the PEG modified dendrimers and the dendribodies was performed to determine size, purity, and METH binding function. The dendribodies were found to have affinity for METH identical to that of the unconjugated scFv6H4Cys in saturation binding assays, whereas the PEG modified dendrimers had no affinity for METH. These data suggest that an anti-METH scFv can be successfully conjugated to a PEG modified dendrimer nanoparticle with no adverse effects on METH binding properties. This study is a critical step toward preclinical characterization and development of a novel nanomedicine for the treatment of METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nanaware-Kharade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #611, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Rousseau G, Fensterbank H, Baczko K, Cano M, Allard E, Larpent C. Azido-Coated Nanoparticles: A Versatile Clickable Platform for the Preparation of Fluorescent Polystyrene Core–PAMAM Shell Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Rousseau
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Hélène Fensterbank
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Krystyna Baczko
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Manuel Cano
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Allard
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Chantal Larpent
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles cedex, France
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Lee CY, Sharma A, Uzarski RL, Cheong JE, Xu H, Held RA, Upadhaya SK, Nelson JL. Potent antioxidant dendrimers lacking pro-oxidant activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:918-25. [PMID: 20977937 PMCID: PMC3047602 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that antioxidants have protective effects against oxidative stress. Unfortunately, in the presence of transition metals, antioxidants, including polyphenols with potent antioxidant activities, may also exhibit pro-oxidant effects, which may irreversibly damage DNA. Therefore, antioxidants with strong free radical-scavenging abilities and devoid of pro-oxidant effects would be of immense biological importance. We report two antioxidant dendrimers with a surface rich in multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups, benzylic hydrogens, and electron-donating ring substituents that contribute to their potent free radical-quenching properties. To minimize their pro-oxidant effects, the dendrimers were designed with a metal-chelating tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) core. The dendritic antioxidants were prepared by attachment of six syringaldehyde or vanillin molecules to TREN by reductive amination. They exhibited potent radical-scavenging properties: 5 times stronger than quercetin and 15 times more potent than Trolox according to the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay. The antioxidant dendrimers also protected low-density lipoprotein, lysozyme, and DNA against 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced free radical damage. More importantly, unlike quercetin and Trolox, the two TREN antioxidant dendrimers did not damage DNA via their pro-oxidant effects when incubated with physiological amounts of copper ions. The dendrimers also showed no cytotoxicity toward Chinese hamster ovary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
- Corresponding authors: C. Y. Lee, , 989-774-3289; A. Sharma, , 989-774-3303
| | - Ajit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
- Corresponding authors: C. Y. Lee, , 989-774-3289; A. Sharma, , 989-774-3303
| | - Rebecca L. Uzarski
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
| | - Jae Eun Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
| | - Rich A. Held
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
| | - Samik K. Upadhaya
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
| | - Julie L. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859
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Bawa P, Pillay V, Choonara YE, du Toit LC, Ndesendo VMK, Kumar P. A composite polyelectrolytic matrix for controlled oral drug delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:227-38. [PMID: 21225384 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to formulate drug-loaded polyelectrolyte matrices constituting blends of pectin, chitosan (CHT) and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAAm) for controlling the premature solvation of the polymers and modulating drug release. The model drug employed was the highly water-soluble antihistamine, diphenhydramine HCl (DPH). Polyelectrolyte complex formation was validated by infrared spectroscopy. Matrices were characterized by textural profiling, porositometry and SEM. Drug release studies were performed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions using USP apparatus 3. FTIR spectra revealed distinctive peaks indicating the presence of -COO(-) symmetrical stretching (1,425-1,390 cm(-1)) and -NH (3) (+) deformation (1,535 cm(-1)) with evidence of electrostatic interaction between the cationic CHT and anionic HPAAm corroborated by molecular mechanics simulations of the complexes. Pectin-HPAAm matrices showed electrostatic attraction due to residual -NH(2) and -COO(-) groups of HPAAm and pectin, respectively. Textural profiling demonstrated that CHT-HPAAm matrices were most resilient at 6.1% and pectin-CHT-HPAAm matrices were the least (3.9%). Matrix hardness and deformation energy followed similar behavior. Pectin-CHT-HPAAm and CHT-HPAAm matrices produced type IV isotherms with H3 hysteresis and mesopores (22.46 nm) while pectin-HPAAm matrices were atypical with hysteresis at a low P/P(0) and pore sizes of 5.15 nm and a large surface area. At t (2 h), no DPH was released from CHT-HPAAm matrices, whereas 28.2% and 82.2% was released from pectin-HPAAm and pectin-CHT-HPAAm matrices, respectively. At t (4 h), complete DPH release was achieved from pectin-CHT-HPAAm matrices in contrast to only 35% from CHT-HPAAm matrices. This revealed the release-modulating capability of each matrix signifying their applicability in controlled oral drug delivery applications.
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Kelbysheva ES, Pleshkova AP, Lyubimov SE, Dolgova SP, Loim NM. Chiral modification of polyformyl compounds of dendrite type with optically active primary and secondary 1,2-aminoalcohols. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042801002020x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Coussot G, Nicol E, Commeyras A, Desvignes I, Pascal R, Vandenabeele-Trambouze O. Colorimetric quantification of amino groups in linear and dendritic structures. POLYM INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Facile fabrication of a novel high performance CO2 separation membrane: Immobilization of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers in poly(ethylene glycol) networks. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen X, Dou S, Liu G, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen L, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ. Synthesis and in vitro characterization of a dendrimer-MORF conjugate for amplification pretargeting. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1518-25. [PMID: 18646837 DOI: 10.1021/bc8001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Amplification pretargeting can play an important role in molecular imaging by significantly increasing the accumulation of signal in target tissues. Multiple-step amplification pretargeting offers the potential to greatly improve target localization of effector molecules through the intermediate use of polymers conjugated with multiple copies of complementary oligomers. In this study, PAMAM dendrimer generation 3 (G3) was conjugated with multiple copies of a phosphorodiamidate morpholino (MORF) oligomer. Characterization of the conjugate by native-PAGE and SE-HPLC demonstrated that the conjugation was successful. The average numbers of MORF groups in the G3-MORF conjugate, both attached and accessible to the (99m)Tc labeled complementary MORF (cMORF), were determined. The antitumor antibody CC49 was conjugated with both MORF and cMORF (collectively (c)MORF) at an average of about one group per molecule. Nine of the 32 carboxyl groups of the dendrimer were modified with MORF, of which 90% were accessible in solution to (99m)Tc-cMORF. After purification, the G3-MORF was radiolabeled with tracer (99m)Tc-labeled cMORF (i.e., G3-MORF/(99m)Tc-cMORF) and added to the antibody CC49 previously conjugated with cMORF (i.e., CC49-cMORF/G3-MORF/(99m)Tc-cMORF), the complex demonstrated a single peak on SE-HPLC as evidence of complete hybridization between G3-MORF/(99m)Tc-cMORF and CC49-cMORF. The CC49-(c)MORF were bound to both Protein G and Protein L coated plates, and G3-MORF was added to hybridize with CC49-cMORF before the (99m)Tc-cMORF was added to test amplification pretargeting. In comparison to conventional pretargeting without the G3-MORF, the signal was amplified about 6 and 14 times, respectively, showing that the G3-MORF participated in amplifying the signal. Further amplification studies using the CC49-(c)MORF for LS174T tumor cells in tissue culture also demonstrated clear evidence of signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangji Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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CE of poly(amidoamine) succinamic acid dendrimers using a poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillary. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:510-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Medvedeva NV, Ipatova OM, Ivanov YD, Drozhzhin AI, Archakov AI. Nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750807020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang X, Inapagolla R, Kannan S, Lieh-Lai M, Kannan RM. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro activity of dendrimer-streptokinase conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:791-9. [PMID: 17429940 DOI: 10.1021/bc060322d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimer conjugation with low molecular weight drugs has been of increasing interest recently for improving pharmacokinetics, targeting drugs to specific sites, and facilitating cellular uptake. Opportunities for increasing the performance of relatively large therapeutic proteins such as streptokinase (SK) using dendrimers are being explored in this study. Using the active ester method, a series of streptokinase-poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) G3.5 conjugates were synthesized with varying amounts of dendrimer-to-protein molar ratios. Characterization of these conjugates by GPC, IEC, and native-PAGE suggested that the conjugation reaction was successful, resulting in relatively pure SK-dendrimer conjugates. The conjugate made with an equimolar ratio of dendrimer to streptokinase (1:1) exhibited the highest enzymatic activity retention ( approximately 80% retained) that has been reported so far for conjugated streptokinase with macromolecules such as PEG or dextran. SK conjugates with higher streptokinase-to-dendrimer molar ratios (1:10 and 1:20) exhibited lower initial enzymatic activities. However, these conjugates showed sustained thrombolytic activity in plasma, perhaps due to the release of SK from the conjugate. All of the SK conjugates displayed significantly improved stability in phosphate buffer solution, compared to free SK. The high coupling reaction efficiencies and the resulting high enzymatic activity retention achieved in this study could enable a desirable way for modifying many bioactive macromolecules with dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Wang
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan/Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Han HJ, Sebby KB, Singel DJ, Cloninger MJ. EPR Characterization of Heterogeneously Functionalized Dendrimers. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070383m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jung Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Bioinspired Nanomaterials, Montana State University, 108 Gaines Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Karl B. Sebby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Bioinspired Nanomaterials, Montana State University, 108 Gaines Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - David J. Singel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Bioinspired Nanomaterials, Montana State University, 108 Gaines Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Mary J. Cloninger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Bioinspired Nanomaterials, Montana State University, 108 Gaines Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717
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Carter B, Desai A, Sharma A. Use of poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillaries for separation of amino-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimers. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:335-40. [PMID: 17191277 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of amino-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimers by CE suffers from a lack of resolution for higher generations and poor between-day reproducibility of retention times. Under optimal conditions of temperature, voltage, and sample amount, 0-5 generations of dendrimers could be resolved with a bare fused-silica capillary. However, reproducibility was poor due to potential interactions of the polycationic dendrimers with the uncoated quartz capillary wall. Use of a poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillary significantly decreased the migration times of the nanomolecules without compromising resolution. Dendrimer mixtures containing generations 0-5 are separated as discrete, nonoverlapping peaks in about 15 min. In addition, the between-day precision of retention times was dramatically improved without the need for internal standards or data normalization. Dendrimers of various generations and cores run on different days showed an RSD of retention times of less than 4%. The poly(vinyl alcohol) coating was very stable as shown by the excellent precision of migration times obtained on a capillary used for a month with more than 100 injections. Similar to PAGE, separation of polyamidoamine dendrimers on a bare fused-silica and poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillary showed an exponential relationship between migration times and calculated charge density of the nanomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton Carter
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 , USA
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Sedláková P, Svobodová J, Miksík I, Tomás H. Separation of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer generations by dynamic coating capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 841:135-9. [PMID: 16569517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The separation of compounds possessing amino groups (peptides, proteins, polyamino compounds) by capillary zone electrophoresis suffers from the interaction (sticking) of these solutes with the capillary wall. This sticking can result in the absence or incomplete separation of compounds or even in their retention in the capillary. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are a class of spherical polymers with primary amino groups at the surface. These compounds can be separated reasonably well at acidic pH but not at neutral pH. A new method based on the dynamic coating of the capillary was developed for the separation of these compounds at pH 7.4. The method comprises separation in a fused-silica capillary (57 cm total length, 50 cm to the detector, ID 75 microm) and a background electrolyte consisting of a Tris-phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 7.4) and 0.05% (w/v) polyethyleneimine. This system is suitable for the separation of 7 generations of dendrimers (generations 0-6). The dynamic coating agent (polyethyleneimine) also improves the separation at acid pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sedláková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Shi X, Majoros IJ, Patri AK, Bi X, Islam MT, Desai A, Ganser TR, Baker JR. Molecular heterogeneity analysis of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-based mono- and multifunctional nanodevices by capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2006; 131:374-81. [PMID: 16496045 DOI: 10.1039/b515624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer-based nanodevices are of recent interest in targeted cancer therapy. Characterization of mono- and multifunctional PAMAM-based nanodevices remains a great challenge because of their molecular complexity. In this work, various mono- and multifunctional nanodevices based on PAMAM G5 (generation 5) dendrimer were characterized by UV-Vis spectrometry, (1)H NMR, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE was extensively utilized to measure the molecular heterogeneity of these PAMAM-based nanodevices. G5-FA (FA denotes folic acid) conjugates (synthesized from amine-terminated G5.NH(2) dendrimer, approach 1) with acetamide and amine termini exhibit bimodal or multi-modal distributions. In contrast, G5-FA and bifunctional G5-FA-MTX (MTX denotes methotrexate) conjugates with hydroxyl termini display a single modal distribution. Multifunctional G5.Ac(n)-FI-FA, G5.Ac(n)-FA-OH-MTX, and G5.Ac(n)-FI-FA-OH-MTX (Ac denotes acetamide; FI denotes fluorescein) nanodevices (synthesized from partially acetylated G5 dendrimer, approach 2) exhibit a monodisperse distribution. It indicates that the molecular distribution of PAMAM conjugates largely depends on the homogeneity of starting materials, the synthetic approaches, and the final functionalization steps. Hydroxylation functionalization of dendrimers masks the dispersity of the final PAMAM nanodevices in both synthetic approaches. The applied CE analysis of mono- and multifunctional PAMAM-based nanodevices provides a powerful tool to evaluate the molecular heterogeneity of complex dendrimer conjugate nanodevices for targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Shi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Shi X, Bi X, Ganser TR, Hong S, Myc LA, Desai A, Holl MMB, Baker JR. HPLC analysis of functionalized poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and the interaction between a folate-dendrimer conjugate and folate binding protein. Analyst 2006; 131:842-8. [PMID: 16802031 DOI: 10.1039/b602546c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of different generations with carboxyl, acetyl, and hydroxyl terminal groups and a folic acid (FA)-dendrimer conjugate were separated and analyzed using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis of both the individual PAMAM derivatives and the separation of mixed generations can be achieved using a linear gradient 0-50% acetonitrile (ACN) (balance water) within 40 min. We also show that PAMAMs with defined acetylation and carboxylation degrees can be analyzed using HPLC. Furthermore, a generation 5 dendrimer-FA conjugate (G5.75Ac-FA4; Ac denotes acetyl) was analyzed and its specific binding with a bovine folic acid binding protein (FBP) was monitored. The HPLC and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results indicate the formation of three complexes after the binding of G5.75Ac-FA4 with FBP. Dendrimers with FA moieties show much higher specific binding capability with FBP than those without FA moieties. Findings from this study indicate that HPLC is an effective technique not only for characterization and separation of functionalized PAMAM dendrimers and conjugates but also for investigation of the interaction between dendrimers and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Shi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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