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Gu ZF, Hao YD, Wang TY, Cai PL, Zhang Y, Deng KJ, Lin H, Lv H. Prediction of blood-brain barrier penetrating peptides based on data augmentation with Augur. BMC Biol 2024; 22:86. [PMID: 38637801 PMCID: PMC11027412 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier serves as a critical interface between the bloodstream and brain tissue, mainly composed of pericytes, neurons, endothelial cells, and tightly connected basal membranes. It plays a pivotal role in safeguarding brain from harmful substances, thus protecting the integrity of the nervous system and preserving overall brain homeostasis. However, this remarkable selective transmission also poses a formidable challenge in the realm of central nervous system diseases treatment, hindering the delivery of large-molecule drugs into the brain. In response to this challenge, many researchers have devoted themselves to developing drug delivery systems capable of breaching the blood-brain barrier. Among these, blood-brain barrier penetrating peptides have emerged as promising candidates. These peptides had the advantages of high biosafety, ease of synthesis, and exceptional penetration efficiency, making them an effective drug delivery solution. While previous studies have developed a few prediction models for blood-brain barrier penetrating peptides, their performance has often been hampered by issue of limited positive data. RESULTS In this study, we present Augur, a novel prediction model using borderline-SMOTE-based data augmentation and machine learning. we extract highly interpretable physicochemical properties of blood-brain barrier penetrating peptides while solving the issues of small sample size and imbalance of positive and negative samples. Experimental results demonstrate the superior prediction performance of Augur with an AUC value of 0.932 on the training set and 0.931 on the independent test set. CONCLUSIONS This newly developed Augur model demonstrates superior performance in predicting blood-brain barrier penetrating peptides, offering valuable insights for drug development targeting neurological disorders. This breakthrough may enhance the efficiency of peptide-based drug discovery and pave the way for innovative treatment strategies for central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Gu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China
| | - Yu-Duo Hao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China
| | - Tian-Yu Wang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China
| | - Pei-Ling Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Academy for Interdiscipline, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, PR China
| | - Ke-Jun Deng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China
| | - Hao Lin
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China.
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China.
| | - Hao Lv
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China.
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China.
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Jeppesen R, Orlovska-Waast S, Sørensen NV, Christensen RHB, Benros ME. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier in Psychotic Disorders and Individually Matched Healthy Controls. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:1206-1216. [PMID: 35939296 PMCID: PMC9673272 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction have been observed in patients with psychotic disorders. However, previous studies have mainly focused on selected patients and broad screenings of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with recent onset psychosis compared to healthy controls are lacking. STUDY DESIGN We included 104 patients with recent onset psychotic disorder and 104 individually matched healthy controls. CSF and blood were analyzed for readily available markers assessing neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction. Primary outcomes were CSF white blood cell count (WBC), total protein, IgG Index, and CSF/serum albumin ratio. Secondary outcomes included additional markers of inflammation and BBB, and analyses of association with clinical variables. STUDY RESULTS CSF/serum albumin ratio (Relative Mean Difference (MD): 1.11; 95%CI: 1.00-1.23; P = .044) and CSF/serum IgG ratio (MD: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.01-1.36; P = .036) was increased in patients compared to controls. A higher number of patients than controls had CSF WBC >3 cells/µl (seven vs. one, OR: 7.73, 95%CI: 1.33-146.49, P = .020), while WBC>5 cells/µl was found in two patients (1.9%) and no controls. Inpatients had higher serum WBC and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (all p-values for effect heterogeneity < .011). Mean CSF WBC (MD: 1.10; 95%CI: 0.97-1.26), protein (MD: 1.06; 95%CI: 0.98-1.15) and IgG index (MD: 1.05; 95%CI: 0.96-1.15) were not significantly elevated. CONCLUSIONS When comparing a broad group of patients with psychotic disorders with healthy controls, patients had increased BBB permeability, more patients had high CSF WBC levels, and inpatients had increased peripheral inflammation, consistent with the hypothesis of a subgroup of patients with increased activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Jeppesen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonja Orlovska-Waast
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Vindegaard Sørensen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Haubo Bojesen Christensen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Michael Eriksen Benros; Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th floor, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; tel: 45 26255239, fax: 45 38647504, e-mail:
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3
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Hou M, Zhang B, Fu S, Cai Y, Shi Y. Penetration of Organophosphate Triesters and Diesters across the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier: Efficiencies, Impact Factors, and Mechanisms. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:8221-8230. [PMID: 35658413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The penetration of organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) and diesters (di-OPEs) across the blood-brain barrier and their influencing factors remain unclear in humans. In this study, 21 tri-OPEs and 8 di-OPEs were measured in 288 paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected in Jinan, China. Six tri-OPEs were frequently detected in both serum and CSF, with median concentrations ranging from 0.062 to 1.62 and 0.042-1.11 ng/mL, respectively. Their penetration efficiencies across the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) (RCSF/serum, CCSF/Cserum) were calculated at 0.667-2.80, and these efficiencies first increased and then decreased with their log Kow values. The reduced penetration efficiencies of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) may be attributed to their strong binding affinities for human serum albumin and p-glycoprotein due to their high hydrophobicity and aryl structure, as indicated by molecular docking. This suggests that active efflux transport may be involved in the penetration of TPHP and EHDPP in addition to passive diffusion similar to the other four tri-OPEs. Di-OPEs were found in few serum samples and even fewer CSF samples, indicating their limited BCSFB permeability. This may be due to their high polarity, low hydrophobicity, and ionic state in blood. This study has important implications for understanding the neurotoxicity of tri-OPEs and di-OPEs and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bona Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Shanji Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Lakshmi BA, Kim YJ. Modernistic and Emerging Developments of Nanotechnology in Glioblastoma-Targeted Theranostic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031641. [PMID: 35163563 PMCID: PMC8836088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors such as glioblastoma are typically associated with an unstoppable cell proliferation with aggressive infiltration behavior and a shortened life span. Though treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are available in combating glioblastoma, satisfactory therapeutics are still not available due to the high impermeability of the blood–brain barrier. To address these concerns, recently, multifarious theranostics based on nanotechnology have been developed, which can deal with diagnosis and therapy together. The multifunctional nanomaterials find a strategic path against glioblastoma by adjoining novel thermal and magnetic therapy approaches. Their convenient combination of specific features such as real-time tracking, in-depth tissue penetration, drug-loading capacity, and contrasting performance is of great demand in the clinical investigation of glioblastoma. The potential benefits of nanomaterials including specificity, surface tunability, biodegradability, non-toxicity, ligand functionalization, and near-infrared (NIR) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging are sufficient in developing effective theranostics. This review discusses the recent developments in nanotechnology toward the diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy regarding glioblastoma.
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5
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Martens A, de Buhr N, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Characterization of Oxygen Levels in an Uninfected and Infected Human Blood-Cerebrospinal-Fluid-Barrier Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010151. [PMID: 35011713 PMCID: PMC8750020 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The host–pathogen interaction during meningitis can be investigated with blood-cerebrospinal-fluid-barrier (BCSFB) cell culture models. They are commonly handled under atmospheric oxygen conditions (19–21% O2), although the physiological oxygen conditions are significantly lower in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (7–8% O2). We aimed to characterize oxygen levels in a Streptococcus (S.) suis-infected BCSFB model with transmigrating neutrophils. A BCSFB model with human choroid plexus epithelial cells growing on transwell-filters was used. The upper “blood”-compartment was infected and blood-derived neutrophils were added. S. suis and neutrophils transmigrated through the BCSFB into the “CSF”-compartment. Here, oxygen and pH values were determined with the non-invasive SensorDish® reader. Slight orbital shaking improved the luminescence-based measurement technique for detecting free oxygen. In the non-infected BCSFB model, an oxygen value of 7% O2 was determined. However, with S. suis and transmigrating neutrophils, the oxygen value significantly decreased to 2% O2. The pH level decreased slightly in all groups. In conclusion, we characterized oxygen levels in the BCSFB model and demonstrated the oxygen consumption by cells and bacteria. Oxygen values in the non-infected BCSFB model are comparable to in vivo values determined in pigs in the CSF. Infection and transmigrating neutrophils decrease the oxygen value to lower values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Martens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.d.B.); (M.v.K.-B.); Tel.: +49-511-953-6119 (N.d.B.)
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-City, Inaraki 305-8575, Japan;
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.d.B.); (M.v.K.-B.); Tel.: +49-511-953-6119 (N.d.B.)
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Abstract
The malignant brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is heterogeneous, infiltrative, and associated with chemo- and radioresistance. Despite pharmacological advances, prognosis is poor. Delivery into the brain is hampered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the efficacy of both conventional and novel therapies at the target site. Current treatments for GBM remain palliative rather than curative; therefore, innovative delivery strategies are required and nanoparticles (NPs) are at the forefront of future solutions. Since the FDA approval of Doxil® (1995) and Abraxane (2005), the first generation of nanomedicines, development of nano-based therapies as anti-cancer treatments has escalated. A new generation of NPs has been investigated to efficiently deliver therapeutic agents to the brain, overcoming the restrictive properties of the BBB. This review discusses obstacles encountered with systemic administration along with integration of NPs incorporated with conventional and emerging treatments. Barriers to brain drug delivery, NP transport mechanisms across the BBB, effect of opsonisation on NPs administered systemically, and peptides as NP systems are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Jena
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL UK
| | - Emma McErlean
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL UK
| | - Helen McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL UK
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7
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Grover A, Crippen-Harmon D, Nave L, Vincelette J, Wait JCM, Melton AC, Lawrence R, Brown JR, Webster KA, Yip BK, Baridon B, Vitelli C, Rigney S, Christianson TM, Tiger PMN, Lo MJ, Holtzinger J, Shaywitz AJ, Crawford BE, Fitzpatrick PA, LeBowitz JH, Bullens S, Aoyagi-Scharber M, Bunting S, O'Neill CA, Pinkstaff J, Bagri A. Translational studies of intravenous and intracerebroventricular routes of administration for CNS cellular biodistribution for BMN 250, an enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Sanfilippo type B. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:425-439. [PMID: 31942701 PMCID: PMC7066106 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BMN 250 is being developed as enzyme replacement therapy for Sanfilippo type B, a primarily neurological rare disease, in which patients have deficient lysosomal alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) enzyme activity. BMN 250 is taken up in target cells by the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR, insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor), which then facilitates transit to the lysosome. BMN 250 is dosed directly into the central nervous system via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route, and the objective of this work was to compare systemic intravenous (IV) and ICV delivery of BMN 250 to confirm the value of ICV dosing. We first assess the ability of enzyme to cross a potentially compromised blood-brain barrier in the Naglu-/- mouse model and then assess the potential for CI-MPR to be employed for receptor-mediated transport across the blood-brain barrier. In wild-type and Naglu-/- mice, CI-MPR expression in brain vasculature is high during the neonatal period but virtually absent by adolescence. In contrast, CI-MPR remains expressed through adolescence in non-affected non-human primate and human brain vasculature. Combined results from IV administration of BMN 250 in Naglu-/- mice and IV and ICV administration in healthy juvenile non-human primates suggest a limitation to therapeutic benefit from IV administration because enzyme distribution is restricted to brain vascular endothelial cells: enzyme does not reach target neuronal cells following IV administration, and pharmacological response following IV administration is likely restricted to clearance of substrate in endothelial cells. In contrast, ICV administration enables central nervous system enzyme replacement with biodistribution to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Grover
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | | | - Lacey Nave
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Jon Vincelette
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Jill C M Wait
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Andrew C Melton
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Roger Lawrence
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Jillian R Brown
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | | | - Bryan K Yip
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Brian Baridon
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Catherine Vitelli
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Sara Rigney
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | | | - Pascale M N Tiger
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Melanie J Lo
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - John Holtzinger
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Adam J Shaywitz
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Brett E Crawford
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | | | | | - Sherry Bullens
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | | | - Stuart Bunting
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Charles A O'Neill
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA.
| | - Jason Pinkstaff
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Anil Bagri
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
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8
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves to protect and regulate the CNS microenvironment. The development of an in-vitro mimic of the BBB requires recapitulating the correct phenotype of the in-vivo BBB, particularly for drug permeation studies. However the majority of widely used BBB models demonstrate low transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and poor BBB phenotype. The application of shear stress is known to enhance tight junction formation and hence improve the barrier function. We utilised a high TEER primary porcine brain microvascular endothelial cell (PBMEC) culture to assess the impact of shear stress on barrier formation using the Kirkstall QuasiVivo 600 (QV600) multi-chamber perfusion system. The application of shear stress resulted in a reorientation and enhancement of tight junction formation on both coverslip and permeable inserts, in addition to enhancing and maintaining TEER for longer, when compared to static conditions. Furthermore, the functional consequences of this was demonstrated with the reduction in flux of mitoxantrone across PBMEC monolayers. The QV600 perfusion system may service as a viable tool to enhance and maintain the high TEER PBMEC system for use in in-vitro BBB models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Elbakary
- Applied Health Research Group, Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Raj K S Badhan
- Applied Health Research Group, Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
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Kern JK, Geier DA, Homme KG, Geier MR. Examining the evidence that ethylmercury crosses the blood-brain barrier. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 74:103312. [PMID: 31841767 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scientific research can provide us with factual, repeatable, measurable, and determinable results. As such, scientific research can provide information that can be used in the decision-making process in the care of patients and in public policy. Although it has been suggested that ethylmercury (C2H5Hg+)-containing compounds do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), this review examines the literature that addresses the question as to whether ethylmercury-containing compounds cross the BBB. The review will begin with cellular studies that provide evidence for the passive and active transport of mercury species across the BBB. Then, animal and clinical studies will be presented that specifically examine whether mercury accumulates in the brain after exposure to ethylmercury-containing compounds or Thimerosal (an ethylmercury-containing compound used as a preservative in vaccines and other drugs that metabolizes or degrades to ethylmercury-containing compounds and thiosalicylate). The results indicate that ethylmercury-containing compounds are actively transported across membranes by the L (leucine-preferring)-amino acid transport (LAT) system, the same as methylmercury-containing compounds. Further, 22 studies from 1971 to 2019 show that exposure to ethylmercury-containing compounds (intravenously, intraperitoneally, topically, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intranasally administered) results in accumulation of mercury in the brain. In total, these studies indicate that ethylmercury-containing compounds and Thimerosal readily cross the BBB, convert, for the most part, to highly toxic inorganic mercury-containing compounds, which significantly and persistently bind to tissues in the brain, even in the absence of concurrent detectable blood mercury levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Kern
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA; CoMeD, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA; CONEM US Autism Research Group, Allen, TX, USA.
| | - David A Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA; CoMeD, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kristin G Homme
- International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, ChampionsGate, FL, USA
| | - Mark R Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA; CoMeD, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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10
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Hudecz D, Khire T, Chung HL, Adumeau L, Glavin D, Luke E, Nielsen MS, Dawson KA, McGrath JL, Yan Y. Ultrathin Silicon Membranes for in Situ Optical Analysis of Nanoparticle Translocation across a Human Blood-Brain Barrier Model. ACS Nano 2020; 14:1111-1122. [PMID: 31914314 PMCID: PMC7049097 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a blood-brain barrier (BBB) model that enables high-resolution imaging of nanoparticle (NP) interactions with endothelial cells and the capture of rare NP translocation events. The enabling technology is an ultrathin silicon nitride (SiN) membrane (0.5 μm pore size, 20% porosity, 400 nm thickness) integrated into a dual-chamber platform that facilitates imaging at low working distances (∼50 μm). The platform, the μSiM-BBB (microfluidic silicon membrane-BBB), features human brain endothelial cells and primary astrocytes grown on opposite sides of the membrane. The human brain endothelial cells form tight junctions on the ultrathin membranes and exhibit a significantly higher resistance to FITC-dextran diffusion than commercial membranes. The enhanced optical properties of the SiN membrane allow high-resolution live-cell imaging of three types of NPs, namely, 40 nm PS-COOH, 100 nm PS-COOH, and apolipoprotein E-conjugated 100 nm SiO2, interacting with the BBB. Despite the excellent barrier properties of the endothelial layer, we are able to document rare NP translocation events of NPs localized to lysosomal compartments of astrocytes on the "brain side" of the device. Although the translocation is always low, our data suggest that size and targeting ligand are important parameters for NP translocation across the BBB. As a platform that enables the detection of rare transmission across tight BBB layers, the μSiM-BBB is an important tool for the design of nanoparticle-based delivery of drugs to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diána Hudecz
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Present address: Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tejas Khire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Hung Li Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Laurent Adumeau
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dale Glavin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Emma Luke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Morten S. Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation, Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Scherfigsvej 7, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A. Dawson
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - James L. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Yan Yan
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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11
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Janicka M, Sztanke M, Sztanke K. Predicting the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of New Drug-Like Compounds via HPLC with Various Stationary Phases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030487. [PMID: 31979316 PMCID: PMC7037052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeation of the blood-brain barrier is a very important consideration for new drug candidate molecules. In this research, the reversed-phase liquid chromatography with different columns (Purosphere RP-18e, IAM.PC.DD2 and Cosmosil Cholester) was used to predict the penetration of the blood-brain barrier by 65 newly-synthesized drug-like compounds. The linear free energy relationships (LFERs) model (log BB = c + eE + sS + aA + bB + vV) was established for a training set of 23 congeneric biologically active azole compounds with known experimental log BB (BB = Cblood/Cbrain) values (R2 = 0.9039). The reliability and predictive potency of the model were confirmed by leave-one-out cross validation as well as leave-50%-out cross validation. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to develop the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) to predict the log BB values of compounds that were tested, taking into account the chromatographic lipophilicity (log kw), polarizability and topological polar surface area. The excellent statistics of the developed MLR equations (R2 > 0.8 for all columns) showed that it is possible to use the HPLC technique and retention data to produce reliable blood-brain barrier permeability models and to predict the log BB values of our pharmaceutically important molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Janicka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Sztanke
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (K.S.); Tel.: +48-814486195 (M.S. & K.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Sztanke
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis and Analysis, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (K.S.); Tel.: +48-814486195 (M.S. & K.S.)
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12
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Simon A, Darcsi A, Kéry Á, Riethmüller E. Blood-brain barrier permeability study of ginger constituents. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 177:112820. [PMID: 31476432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe is of great importance in the traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. More than 400 constituents have been reported in the plant, the most important ones being the gingerol and shogaol derivatives. Positive effects of ginger extracts and isolated [6]-gingerol have been proved in animal models of anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. Taken in consideration these promising positive effects of ginger and its constituents in the central nervous system, the isolation of gingerol and shogaol derivatives ([6]-gingerol (1), [8]-gingerol (2), [10]-gingerol (3), [6]-shogaol (4), [10]-shogaol (5), 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione (6), 1-dehydro-[10]-gingerdione (7)) and investigation of their transcellular passive diffusion across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were carried out. For this purpose, a Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay for the Blood-Brain Barrier (PAMPA-BBB) was chosen that had previously been validated for natural compounds. Based on our results, [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol were found to be able to penetrate the BBB via passive diffusion, suggesting them to contribute to the positive effects of ginger extracts in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Simon
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - András Darcsi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kéry
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Eszter Riethmüller
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary.
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13
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Kang P, Li X, Liu Y, Shiers SI, Xiong H, Giannotta M, Dejana E, Price TJ, Randrianalisoa J, Nielsen SO, Qin Z. Transient Photoinactivation of Cell Membrane Protein Activity without Genetic Modification by Molecular Hyperthermia. ACS Nano 2019; 13:12487-12499. [PMID: 31613606 PMCID: PMC7096286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Precise manipulation of protein activity in living systems has broad applications in biomedical sciences. However, it is challenging to use light to manipulate protein activity in living systems without genetic modification. Here, we report a technique to optically switch off protein activity in living cells with high spatiotemporal resolution, referred to as molecular hyperthermia (MH). MH is based on the nanoscale-confined heating of plasmonic gold nanoparticles by short laser pulses to unfold and photoinactivate targeted proteins of interest. First, we show that protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor and an important pathway that leads to pain sensitization, can be photoinactivated in situ by MH without compromising cell proliferation. PAR2 activity can be switched off in laser-targeted cells without affecting surrounding cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate the molecular specificity of MH by inactivating PAR2 while leaving other receptors intact. Second, we demonstrate that the photoinactivation of a tight junction protein in brain endothelial monolayers leads to a reversible blood-brain barrier opening in vitro. Lastly, the protein inactivation by MH is below the nanobubble generation threshold and thus is predominantly due to the nanoscale heating. MH is distinct from traditional hyperthermia (that induces global tissue heating) in both its time and length scales: nanoseconds versus seconds, nanometers versus millimeters. Our results demonstrate that MH enables selective and remote manipulation of protein activity and cellular behavior without genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Yaning Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Stephanie I. Shiers
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Hejian Xiong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Monica Giannotta
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), 20139 Milan, Italy
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, University of Uppsala, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Theodore John Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Jaona Randrianalisoa
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique, Matériaux (ITheMM EA 7548), University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex 2, 51687 France
| | - Steven O. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Corresponding Author: . Phone: (972)883-4440
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14
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Wu LP, Wang D, Li Z. Grand challenges in nanomedicine. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2019; 106:110302. [PMID: 31753337 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotherapeutics and nanopharmaceuticals could achieve and facilitate earlier and more precise individual diagnosis, improve targeted therapies, reduce side effects, and enhance therapeutic monitoring. These advantages will improve quality of life, support a healthier and more independent aging population, and be instrumental in maximizing the cost-effectiveness of health care. However, the field of nanomedicine is at its early stage, most of the research still stays in the laboratory phase, and few success stories are translated into clinical trials and medical practice. This review will demonstrate the numerous challenges that are encountered during the development of commercial nanoparticle-based therapeutics and the possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ping Wu
- Drug Discovery Pipeline, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Danyang Wang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore
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15
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Israel LL, Braubach O, Galstyan A, Chiechi A, Shatalova ES, Grodzinski Z, Ding H, Black KL, Ljubimova JY, Holler E. A Combination of Tri-Leucine and Angiopep-2 Drives a Polyanionic Polymalic Acid Nanodrug Platform Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS Nano 2019; 13:1253-1271. [PMID: 30633492 PMCID: PMC7641102 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems facing the treatment of neurological disorders is the poor delivery of therapeutic agents into the brain. Our goal is to develop a multifunctional and biodegradable nanodrug delivery system that crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to access brain tissues affected by neurological disease. In this study, we synthesized a biodegradable nontoxic β-poly(l-malic acid) (PMLA or P) as a scaffold to chemically bind the BBB crossing peptides Angiopep-2 (AP2), MiniAp-4 (M4), and the transferrin receptor ligands cTfRL and B6. In addition, a trileucine endosome escape unit (LLL) and a fluorescent marker (rhodamine or rh) were attached to the PMLA backbone. The pharmacokinetics, BBB penetration, and biodistribution of nanoconjugates were studied in different brain regions and at multiple time points via optical imaging. The optimal nanoconjugate, P/LLL/AP2/rh, produced significant fluorescence in the parenchyma of cortical layers II/III, the midbrain colliculi, and the hippocampal CA1-3 cellular layers 30 min after a single intravenous injection; clearance was observed after 4 h. The nanoconjugate variant P/LLL/rh lacking AP2, or the variant P/AP2/rh lacking LLL, showed significantly less BBB penetration. The LLL moiety appeared to stabilize the nanoconjugate, while AP2 enhanced BBB penetration. Finally, nanoconjugates containing the peptides M4, cTfRL, and B6 displayed comparably little and/or inconsistent infiltration of brain parenchyma, likely due to reduced trans-BBB movement. P/LLL/AP2/rh can now be functionalized with intra-brain targeting and drug treatment moieties that are aimed at molecular pathways implicated in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron L. Israel
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Oliver Braubach
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Ekaterina S. Shatalova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Zachary Grodzinski
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Hui Ding
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Julia Y. Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
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16
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Florendo M, Figacz A, Srinageshwar B, Sharma A, Swanson D, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. Use of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers in Brain Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092238. [PMID: 30177605 PMCID: PMC6225146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are one of the smallest and most precise nanomolecules available today, which have promising applications for the treatment of brain diseases. Each aspect of the dendrimer (core, size or generation, size of cavities, and surface functional groups) can be precisely modulated to yield a variety of nanocarriers for delivery of drugs and genes to brain cells in vitro or in vivo. Two of the most important criteria to consider when using PAMAM dendrimers for neuroscience applications is their safety profile and their potential to be prepared in a reproducible manner. Based on these criteria, features of PAMAM dendrimers are described to help the neuroscience researcher to judiciously choose the right type of dendrimer and the appropriate method for loading the drug to form a safe and effective delivery system to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florendo
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Alexander Figacz
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Bhairavi Srinageshwar
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Ajit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Douglas Swanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604, USA.
| | - Julien Rossignol
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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17
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Cox A, Andreozzi P, Dal Magro R, Fiordaliso F, Corbelli A, Talamini L, Chinello C, Raimondo F, Magni F, Tringali M, Krol S, Jacob Silva P, Stellacci F, Masserini M, Re F. Evolution of Nanoparticle Protein Corona across the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS Nano 2018; 12:7292-7300. [PMID: 29953205 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles offer the chance to improve drug transport and delivery through biological barriers, exploiting the possibility to leave the blood circulation and traverse the endothelial vascular bed, blood-brain barrier (BBB) included, to reach their target. It is known that nanoparticles gather molecules on their surface upon contact with biological fluids, forming the "protein corona", which can affect their fate and therapeutic/diagnostic performance, yet no information on the corona's evolution across the barrier has been gathered so far. Using a cellular model of the BBB and gold nanoparticles, we show that the composition of the corona undergoes dramatic quantitative and qualitative molecular modifications during passage from the "blood" to the "brain" side, while it is stable once beyond the BBB. Thus, we demonstrate that the nanoparticle corona dynamically and drastically evolves upon crossing the BBB and that its initial composition is not predictive of nanoparticle fate and performance once beyond the barrier at the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Cox
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Patrizia Andreozzi
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology , IFOM-IEO Campus , Milan 20139 , Italy
- CICbiomaGUNE, Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group , San Sebastian-Donostia , 20014 Guipuzcoa , Spain
| | - Roberta Dal Magro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- IRCCS Institute of Pharmacological Research "Mario Negri″ , Milan 20139 , Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- IRCCS Institute of Pharmacological Research "Mario Negri″ , Milan 20139 , Italy
| | - Laura Talamini
- IRCCS Institute of Pharmacological Research "Mario Negri″ , Milan 20139 , Italy
| | - Clizia Chinello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Francesca Raimondo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Fulvio Magni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Maria Tringali
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan 20126 , Italy
| | - Silke Krol
- IRCCS Foundation Institute for Neurology "Carlo Besta" , IFOM-IEO Campus , Milan 20139 , Italy
- IRCCS Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari 70021 , Italy
| | - Paulo Jacob Silva
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1000 , Switzerland
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1000 , Switzerland
- Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1000 , Switzerland
| | - Massimo Masserini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
| | - Francesca Re
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB , University of Milano-Bicocca , Via Raoul Follereau 3 , 20854 Vedano al Lambro (MB) , Italy
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18
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Zeiadeh I, Najjar A, Karaman R. Strategies for Enhancing the Permeation of CNS-Active Drugs through the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061289. [PMID: 29843371 PMCID: PMC6100436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic and functional structure which poses a vast challenge in the development of drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS). While most substances are denied BBB crossing, selective penetration of substances mainly occurs through diffusion, carrier mediated transport, or receptor mediated transcytosis. Methods: Strategies in enhancing BBB penetration have been reviewed and summarized in accordance with their type of formulation. Highlights in monoclonal antibodies, peptide-vectors, nanoparticles, and simple prodrugs were included. Conclusion: Nanoparticles and simple prodrugs, for example, can be used for efficient BBB penetration through inhibition of efflux mechanisms, however, monoclonal antibodies are the most promising strategy in BBB penetration. Close follow-up of future development in this area should confirm our expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra' Zeiadeh
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
| | - Anas Najjar
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
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19
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Uhl B, Hirn S, Immler R, Mildner K, Möckl L, Sperandio M, Bräuchle C, Reichel CA, Zeuschner D, Krombach F. The Endothelial Glycocalyx Controls Interactions of Quantum Dots with the Endothelium and Their Translocation across the Blood-Tissue Border. ACS Nano 2017; 11:1498-1508. [PMID: 28135073 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the engineering of nanoparticles (NPs), which represent particles of less than 100 nm in one external dimension, led to an increasing utilization of nanomaterials for biomedical purposes. A prerequisite for their use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications, however, is the targeted delivery to the site of injury. Interactions between blood-borne NPs and the vascular endothelium represent a critical step for nanoparticle delivery into diseased tissue. Here, we show that the endothelial glycocalyx, which constitutes a glycoprotein-polysaccharide meshwork coating the luminal surface of vessels, effectively controls interactions of carboxyl-functionalized quantum dots with the microvascular endothelium. Glycosaminoglycans of the endothelial glycocalyx were found to physically cover endothelial adhesion and signaling molecules, thereby preventing endothelial attachment, uptake, and translocation of these nanoparticles through different layers of the vessel wall. Conversely, degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx promoted interactions of these nanoparticles with microvascular endothelial cells under the pathologic condition of ischemia-reperfusion, thus identifying the injured endothelial glycocalyx as an essential element of the blood-tissue border facilitating the targeted delivery of nanomaterials to diseased tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Uhl
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hirn
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Immler
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Karina Mildner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Leonhard Möckl
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Bräuchle
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph A Reichel
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fritz Krombach
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 81377 Munich, Germany
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20
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Zhao Y, Li Y, Qin X, Lou Q, Qin Z. Accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the brain compared with the levels in other tissues among different vertebrates from an e-waste recycling site. Environ Pollut 2016; 218:1334-1341. [PMID: 27613322 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the brain compared with that in other tissues among different vertebrates. We collected mice, chickens, ducks, frogs, and fish from an e-waste recycling region in Taizhou, China, and measured PBDE concentrations in brain, liver and muscle tissues. The levels of PBDE in the tissues of mice, chickens, ducks, frogs and fish ranged 0.45-206, 0.06-18.8, 1.83-112, 2.75-108, and 0.02-32.0 ng/g wet weight, respectively. Preferential distribution in the liver and muscle relative to the brain was observed for PBDEs in mice, chickens, ducks and frogs. However, a high retention in the brain compared to the liver and muscle was observed in fish. Comparison of the brain/liver concentration (B/L) ratios revealed differences in PBDEs accumulation in the brain among these vertebrates. PBDEs accumulation in the brain was greatest in fish, followed by frogs, while the lowest accumulation occurred in the brains of mammals and birds. The findings apparently coincided with the evolution of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) across vertebrates, i.e. the BBB of fish might be less efficient than those of mammals, birds and amphibian. Low brominated congeners (such as BDE-28, BDE-47 and BDE-99) were predominant in the brains of investigated vertebrates, whereas BDE-209 was most abundant in liver and muscle tissues of mice, chickens and ducks. Significant differences in B/L ratios among PBDE congeners were found in both mice and chickens (p < 0.05). Particularly in mice, the B/L ratios of PBDE congeners presented a declining trend with increased bromine number. Our findings suggested that low brominated congeners might have a higher capacity to penetrate the BBB and accumulate in the brain, whereas high brominated congeners such as BDE-209 might have less potency to pass through the barrier. Further experimental studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Zhao
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100029, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinqin Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhanfen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China.
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Raevsky OA, Polianczyk DE, Mukhametov A, Grigorev VY. Assessment of the classification abilities of the CNS multi-parametric optimization approach by the method of logistic regression. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2016; 27:629-635. [PMID: 27477321 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2016.1212922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of "CNS drugs/CNS candidates" classification abilities of the multi-parametric optimization (CNS MPO) approach was performed by logistic regression. It was found that the five out of the six separately used physical-chemical properties (topological polar surface area, number of hydrogen-bonded donor atoms, basicity, lipophilicity of compound in neutral form and at pH = 7.4) provided accuracy of recognition below 60%. Only the descriptor of molecular weight (MW) could correctly classify two-thirds of the studied compounds. Aggregation of all six properties in the MPOscore did not improve the classification, which was worse than the classification using only MW. The results of our study demonstrate the imperfection of the CNS MPO approach; in its current form it is not very useful for computer design of new, effective CNS drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Raevsky
- a Department of Computer-aided Molecular Design , Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Science , Chernogolovka , Russian Federation
| | - D E Polianczyk
- a Department of Computer-aided Molecular Design , Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Science , Chernogolovka , Russian Federation
| | - A Mukhametov
- a Department of Computer-aided Molecular Design , Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Science , Chernogolovka , Russian Federation
| | - V Y Grigorev
- a Department of Computer-aided Molecular Design , Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Science , Chernogolovka , Russian Federation
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22
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Cardone A, Brady M, Sriram R, Pant HC, Hassan SA. Computational study of the inhibitory mechanism of the kinase CDK5 hyperactivity by peptide p5 and derivation of a pharmacophore. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:513-21. [PMID: 27387995 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The hyperactivity of the cyclic dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) induced by the activator protein p25 has been linked to a number of pathologies of the brain. The CDK5-p25 complex has thus emerged as a major therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative conditions. Experiments have shown that the peptide p5 reduces the CDK5-p25 activity without affecting the endogenous CDK5-p35 activity, whereas the peptide TFP5, obtained from p5, elicits similar inhibition, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and exhibits behavioral rescue of AD mice models with no toxic side effects. The molecular basis of the kinase inhibition is not currently known, and is here investigated by computer simulations. It is shown that p5 binds the kinase at the same CDK5/p25 and CDK5/p35 interfaces, and is thus a non-selective competitor of both activators, in agreement with available experimental data in vitro. Binding of p5 is enthalpically driven with an affinity estimated in the low µM range. A quantitative description of the binding site and pharmacophore is presented, and options are discussed to increase the binding affinity and selectivity in the design of drug-like compounds against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cardone
- Software and System Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
- Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - M Brady
- Software and System Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - R Sriram
- Software and System Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - H C Pant
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S A Hassan
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Division of Computational Bioscience, CIT, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Sharma G, Lakkadwala S, Modgil A, Singh J. The Role of Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Transferrin on Enhanced Delivery of Drug to Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060806. [PMID: 27231900 PMCID: PMC4926340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenge of effectively delivering therapeutic agents to brain has led to an entire field of active research devoted to overcome the blood brain barrier (BBB) and efficiently deliver drugs to brain. This review focusses on exploring the facets of a novel platform designed for the delivery of drugs to brain. The platform was constructed based on the hypothesis that a combination of receptor-targeting agent, like transferrin protein, and a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) will enhance the delivery of associated therapeutic cargo across the BBB. The combination of these two agents in a delivery vehicle has shown significantly improved (p < 0.05) translocation of small molecules and genes into brain as compared to the vehicle with only receptor-targeting agents. The comprehensive details of the uptake mechanisms and properties of various CPPs are illustrated here. The application of this technology, in conjunction with nanotechnology, can potentially open new horizons for the treatment of central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
| | - Sushant Lakkadwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
| | - Amit Modgil
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
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Mei KC, Rubio N, Costa PM, Kafa H, Abbate V, Festy F, Bansal SS, Hider RC, Al-Jamal KT. Synthesis of double-clickable functionalised graphene oxide for biological applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14981-4. [PMID: 26295072 PMCID: PMC4594119 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05412e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Azide- and alkyne-double functionalised graphene oxide (Click(2) GO) was synthesised and characterised with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy. Fourteen-percentage increase in azide content was found, after pre-treatment of GO with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), determined with elemental analysis. No effect on A549 cell viability was found, up to 100 μg mL(-1) and 72 h of incubation, determined with the modified lactate dehydrogenase (mLDH) assay. Two sequential copper(i) catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions were performed to conjugate the propargyl-modified blood-brain barrier targeting peptide Angiopep-2, and a bis-azide polyethylene glycol (MW = 3500), to the Click(2) GO. The final conjugate was characterised with ATR-FTIR and TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ching Mei
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building , 150 Stamford Street , London SE1 9NH , UK .
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building , 150 Stamford Street , London SE1 9NH , UK .
| | - Pedro M. Costa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building , 150 Stamford Street , London SE1 9NH , UK .
| | - Houmam Kafa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building , 150 Stamford Street , London SE1 9NH , UK .
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building , 150 Stamford Street , London SE1 9NH , UK .
| | - Frederic Festy
- Biomaterials and Biomimetics Department , King's College London Dental Institute , London SE1 9RT , UK
| | - Sukhvinder S. Bansal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building , 150 Stamford Street , London SE1 9NH , UK .
| | - Robert C. Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building , 150 Stamford Street , London SE1 9NH , UK .
| | - Khuloud T. Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building , 150 Stamford Street , London SE1 9NH , UK .
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Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was originally discovered as a vasoconstrictor. 5-HT lowers blood pressure when administered peripherally to both normotensive and hypertensive male rats. Because the serotonin transporter (SERT) can function bidirectionally, we must consider whether 5-HT can be transported from the bloodstream to the central nervous system (CNS) in facilitating the fall in blood pressure. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective barrier that restricts movement of substances from the bloodstream to the CNS and vice versa, but the rat BBB has not been investigated in terms of SERT expression. This requires us to determine whether the BBB of the rat, the species in which we first observed a fall in blood pressure to infused 5-HT, expresses SERT. We hypothesized that SERT is present in the BBB of the male rat. To test this hypothesis, over 500 blood vessels were sampled from coronal slices of six male rat brains. Immunofluorescence of these coronal slices was used to determine whether SERT and RecA-1 (an endothelial cell marker) colocalized to the BBB. Blood vessels were considered to be capillaries if they were between 1.5 and 23 µm (intraluminal diameter). SERT was identified in the largest pial vessels of the BBB (mean ± SEM = 228.70 ± 18.71 µm, N = 9) and the smallest capillaries (mean ± SEM = 2.75 ± 0.12 µm, N = 369). SERT was not identified in the endothelium of blood vessels ranging from 20 to 135 µm (N = 45). The expression of SERT in the rat BBB means that 5-HT entry into the CNS must be considered a potential mechanism when investigating 5-HT-induced fall in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey W Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Emma S Darios
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Epidemiological data on central nervous system disorders call for a focus on the major hindrance to brain drug delivery, blood-central nervous system barriers. Otherwise, there is little chance of improving the short-term survival of patients with diseases such as glioblastoma multiforme, which is one of the brain disorders associated with many years of life lost. Targetable nanocarriers for treating malignant gliomas are a unique way to overcome low chemotherapeutic levels at target sites devoid of systemic toxicity. This review describes the currently available targetable nanocarriers, focusing particularly on one of the newest nanocarriers, lipid nanocapsules. All of the strategies that are likely to be exploited by lipid nanocapsules to bypass blood-central nervous system barriers, including the most recent targeting approaches (mesenchymal cells), and novel administration routes (convection enhanced delivery) are discussed, together with their most remarkable achievements in glioma-implanted animal models. Although these systems are promising, much research remains to be done in this field.
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27
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Jones AR, Stutz CC, Zhou Y, Marks JD, Shusta EV. Identifying blood-brain-barrier selective single-chain antibody fragments. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:664-74. [PMID: 24644233 PMCID: PMC4073886 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents an obstacle in targeting and delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system. In order to discover new BBB-targeting molecules, we panned a phage-displayed nonimmune human single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) library against a representative BBB model comprised of hydrocortisone-treated primary rat brain endothelial cells. Parallel screens were performed with or without pre-subtraction against primary rat heart and lung endothelial cells in an effort to identify antibodies that may have binding selectivity toward brain endothelial cells. After three rounds of screening, three unique scFvs, scFv15, scFv38, and scFv29, were identified that maintained binding to primary rat brain endothelial cells, both in phage and soluble scFv format. While scFv29 and to a lesser extent, scFv15, exhibited some brain endothelial cell specificity in tissue culture, scFv29 did not appear to bind a BBB antigen in vivo. In contrast, both scFv15 and scFv38 were capable of immunolabeling rat brain vessels in vivo and displayed brain vascular selectivity with respect to all peripheral organs tested other than heart. Taken together, scFv15 and scFv38 represent two new antibodies that are capable of binding antigens that are expressed at the BBB in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - C. Christopher Stutz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James D. Marks
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric V. Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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28
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Oesterling BM, Gulati A, Joshi MD. Nanocarrier-based approaches for treatment and detection of Alzheimer's disease. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2014; 14:137-156. [PMID: 24730256 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2014.8906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurological disorder in people over the age of 65. It has been estimated that in 2010 there were 4.7 million individuals aged 65 years or older with AD dementia, and it is projected that the total number of individuals with AD dementia in 2050 will be 13.8 million. The most commonly believed cause and most frequently studied aspect of AD is the aggregation of beta amyloid (Abeta), both as soluble Abeta and in the form of extracellular plaque. Treatment options are limited mainly due to the inability of drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier. Nanoparticulate drug carriers that have been targeted to the brain are able to pass through by virtue of their size, surface potential, surface coatings (e.g., polyethylene glycol, polysorbate), surface decoration with ligands or antibodies attached toward the receptors on the blood-brain barrier. Herein, we discuss the current front-runner nanocarriers under investigation for effective delivery of pharmaceuticals active in the treatment and detection of AD and their mechanisms and discuss a few of the outstanding studies.
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29
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Domínguez A, Suárez-Merino B, Goñi-de-Cerio F. Nanoparticles and blood-brain barrier: the key to central nervous system diseases. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2014; 14:766-779. [PMID: 24730296 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2014.9119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Major central nervous system disorders represent a significant and worldwide public health problem. In fact, the therapeutic success of many pharmaceuticals developed to treat central nervous system diseases is still moderate, since the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the access of systemically administered compounds to the brain. Therefore, they require the application of a large total dose of a drug, and cause numerous toxic effects. The development of nanotechnological systems are useful tools to deliver therapeutics and/or diagnostic probes to the brain due to nanocarriers having the potential to improve the therapeutic effect of drugs and to reduce their side effects. This review provides a brief overview of the variety of carriers employed for central nervous system drug and diagnostic probes delivery. Further, this paper focuses on the novel nanocarriers developed to enhance brain delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Special attention is paid to liposomes, micelles, polymeric and lipid-based nanoparticles, dendrimers and carbon nanotubes. The recent developments in nanocarrier implementation through size/charge optimization and surface modifications (PEGylation, targeting delivery, and coating with surfactants) have been discussed. And a detailed description of the nanoscaled pharmaceutical delivery devices employed for the treatment of central nervous system disorders have also been defined. The aim of the review is to evaluate the nanotechnology-based drug delivery strategies to treat different central nervous system disorders.
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Sun ZC, Wang X. [Preliminary construction of studies on "pharmaceutical chemistry of cerebrospinal fluid containing Chinese medicine"]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2013; 38:289-291. [PMID: 23672059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
According to the research methods for pharmaceutical chemistry of serum containing Chinese medicine, we put forward the concept, research ideas and methods of "pharmaceutical chemistry of cerebrospinal fluid containing Chinese medicine" for the first time on the basis of summary of the present situation in research on the base of single and compound Chinese medicine by applying the composition analysis methods on pharmaceutical chemistry of the drug through blood brain barrier. At the same time, scientific research value and prospect of pharmaceutical chemistry of cerebrospinal fluid containing Chinese medicine were discussed. The study on "pharmaceutical chemistry of cerebrospinal fluid containing Chinese medicine" will give an important complement to the study methods of material base of traditional Chinese medicine, and promote the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Cui Sun
- School of Basic Medical, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China.
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31
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Marrache S, Pathak RK, Darley KL, Choi JH, Zaver D, Kolishetti N, Dhar S. Nanocarriers for tracking and treating diseases. Curr Med Chem 2013; 20:3500-14. [PMID: 23834187 PMCID: PMC8085808 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320280007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Site directed drug delivery with high efficacy is the biggest challenge in the area of current pharmaceuticals. Biodegradable polymer-based controlled release nanoparticle platforms could be beneficial for targeted delivery of therapeutics and contrast agents for a myriad of important human diseases. Biodegradable nanoparticles, which can be engineered to load multiple drugs with varied physicochemical properties, contrast agents, and cellular or intracellular component targeting moieties, have emerged as potential alternatives for tracking and treating human diseases. In this review, we will highlight the current advances in the design and execution of such platforms for their potential application in the diagnosis and treatment of variety of diseases ranging from cancer to Alzheimer's and we will provide a critical analysis of the associated challenges for their possible clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Marrache
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Rakesh Kumar Pathak
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Kasey L. Darley
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Joshua H. Choi
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Dhillon Zaver
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Shanta Dhar
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Deracinois B, Duban-Deweer S, Pottiez G, Cecchelli R, Karamanos Y, Flahaut C. TNAP and EHD1 are over-expressed in bovine brain capillary endothelial cells after the re-induction of blood-brain barrier properties. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48428. [PMID: 23119012 PMCID: PMC3485243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the physiological properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are relatively well known, the phenotype of the component brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) has yet to be described in detail. Likewise, the molecular mechanisms that govern the establishment and maintenance of the BBB are largely unknown. Proteomics can be used to assess quantitative changes in protein levels and identify proteins involved in the molecular pathways responsible for cellular differentiation. Using the well-established in vitro BBB model developed in our laboratory, we performed a differential nano-LC MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS study of Triton X-100-soluble protein species from bovine BCECs displaying either limited BBB functions or BBB functions re-induced by glial cells. Due to the heterogeneity of the crude extract, we increased identification yields by applying a repeatable, reproducible fractionation process based on the proteins' relative hydrophobicity. We present proteomic and biochemical evidence to show that tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and Eps15 homology domain-containing protein 1(EDH1) are over-expressed by bovine BCECs after the re-induction of BBB properties. We discuss the impact of these findings on current knowledge of endothelial and BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Deracinois
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Université d’Artois, LBHE, Lens, France
- IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Duban-Deweer
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Université d’Artois, LBHE, Lens, France
- IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Gwënaël Pottiez
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Université d’Artois, LBHE, Lens, France
- IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Roméo Cecchelli
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Université d’Artois, LBHE, Lens, France
- IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Yannis Karamanos
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Université d’Artois, LBHE, Lens, France
- IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Flahaut
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Université d’Artois, LBHE, Lens, France
- IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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33
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Lin Y, Pan Y, Shi Y, Huang X, Jia N, Jiang JY. Delivery of large molecules via poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles into the injured rat brain. Nanotechnology 2012; 23:165101. [PMID: 22460562 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/16/165101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Poly(n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticles have been successfully applied to deliver small-molecule drugs to the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is unclear whether PBCA nanoparticles can be used as the delivery system for large molecules to potentially treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, we tested the capacity of PBCA nanoparticles in passing through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and transporting large molecules into normal and injured brains in the rat. We first synthesized PBCA nanoparticles by dispersion polymerization and then loaded the particles with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP, 44 kDa) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP, 29 kDa), which were further coated with polysorbate 80. Next, the polysorbate 80-coated HRP or EGFP-loaded PBCA nanoparticles were intravenously injected into the normal and brain-injured rats. We found that, at 45 min after injection, PBCA nanoparticle-delivered HRP or EGFP was hardly detected in the normal brains of the rats, but a small amount of EGFP carried by PBCA nanoparticles was noted in the normal brains 48 h after administration, which was further confirmed by immunolocalization with anti-EGFP antibodies. In contrast, at 4 h after TBI with a circulation time of 45 min, although the penetration of HRP or EGFP alone was hampered by the BBB, the PBCA nanoparticle-delivered HRP or EGFP was widely distributed near injured sites. Together, our findings provide histological evidence that PBCA nanoparticles can be used as an efficient delivery system for large molecules to overcome the barrier in the brain with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
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Montenegro L, Trapani A, Latrofa A, Puglisi G. In vitro evaluation on a model of blood brain barrier of idebenone-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2012; 12:330-7. [PMID: 22523983 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2012.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the permeation of the antioxidant agent Idebenone (IDE) loaded into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) across MDCKII-MDR1 cell monolayer, selected as an in vitro model of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). SLN were prepared using cetyl palmitate as solid lipid and different non-ionic surfactants, oleth-20, ceteth-20 and isoceth-20, by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) technique. The resulting SLN showed physiological pH and osmolarity values, a mean particle diameter in the range of 33-63 nm, a single peak in size distribution, and a zeta potential ranging from +3.14 to -2.89 mV. When incubating these SLN in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), the particle size was maintained for all samples throughout the study. IDE permeability across MDCKII-MDR1 cell monolayers from the SLN under investigation was 0.40-0.53 fold lower than free IDE and no significant difference was observed comparing IDE permeation from all the SLN tested. It is noteworthy that IDE loading into SLN avoided the use of an organic solvent to solubilize IDE, a poor water soluble compound, allowing the parenteral administration of this drug in aqueous vehicles. Furthermore, the results of in vitro transport studies, performed using fluorescein-dextran 4000 (FD4) and diazepam (DZ) as markers of the paracellular pathway and the transcellular pathway, respectively, pointed out that IDE could permeate via a transcellular pathway. Therefore, these novel nanocarriers could be regarded as a promising strategy to design delivery systems for IDE administration to the brain, deserving further investigations under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Montenegro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Avenarius DFM, Svendsen JS, Malm D. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic detection of oligomannosidic n glycans in alpha-mannosidosis: a method of monitoring treatment. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:1023-7. [PMID: 21541723 PMCID: PMC3173639 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In Alpha-mannosidosis (MIM 248500) the patients accumulate mainly unbranched oligosaccharide chains in the lysosomes in all body tissues, including the brain. With ensuing therapeutic modalities in man (BMT and ERT) non-invasive methods of monitoring the effect of treatment are needed. Paramount is the possible effect of the treatment on the brain, since this organ is regarded as difficult to reach because of the blood-brain barrier. We therefore performed proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the brain in two untreated patients, and a 16-year-old patient treated with BMT at the age of 10 to assess whether this non-invasive method could be applied in the monitoring of the accumulation of abnormal chemicals in the brain of patients. We found an abnormal peak that was not present in the treated patient. A similar pattern was also found in MRS of urine from patients, reflecting the concentration of oligosaccharides in serum and tissues. We therefore conclude that MRS can be a useful method to monitor the effect of treatment for Alpha-Mannosidosis.
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Zhou X, Qiao J, Yin W, Zhu L, Kung HF. Determination of the penetration of 9-fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine across the blood-brain barrier in rats by microdialysis combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3041-6. [PMID: 21937290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the penetration of the blood-brain barrier by 9-fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (AV-133), microdialysis probes were implanted simultaneously into rat blood and brain, and a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated to monitor the AV-133 concentration in the microdialysates. The chromatographic separation was performed on an XTerra C(18) column (150 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 5 μm particles) with gradient elution. The mass spectrometer was operated in positive mode using electrospray ionization. The analytes were measured using the multiple-reaction-monitoring mode. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 5.00-1000 ng/mL AV-133, with a coefficient of determination >0.995. The accuracies ranged from 99.5% to 105.0% and the precisions were <10% for AV-133. This method was used to determine the concentrations of AV-133 and its pharmacokinetics in the brains and blood of rats. The blood and brain concentration-time profiles for AV-133 were obtained, and the blood-brain barrier penetration was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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Abstract
Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification of proteins in mammalian cells and is limited mainly to membrane and secreted proteins. Glycoproteins play several key roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are attractive as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for many neurological diseases. However, large-scale glycoproteomic studies of the BBB have been lacking, largely due to the complexity of analyzing glycoproteins and a lack of available tools for this analysis. Recent development of the hydrazide capture method and significant advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics over the last few years have enabled selective enrichment of glycoproteins from complex biological samples and their quantitative comparisons in multiple conditions. In this chapter, we describe methods for: (1) isolating membrane and secreted proteins from BEC and other cells of the neurovascular unit, (2) enriching glycoproteins using hydrazide capture, and (3) performing label-free quantitative proteomics to identify differential glycoprotein expression in various biological conditions. Hydrazide capture, when coupled with label-free quantitative proteomics, is a reproducible and sensitive method that allows for quantitative profiling of a large number of glycoproteins from biological samples for the purposes of differential expression measurements and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan S Haqqani
- Proteomics Group, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Abstract
A compelling body of literature suggests berry phytochemicals play beneficial roles in reversing age-related cognitive impairment and protect against neurodegenerative disorders. Anthocyanins are bioactive phytochemicals in berries suspected to be responsible for some of these neuroprotective effects. The plausible mechanisms of anthocyanin bioactivity in brain tissue are dependent on their bioavailability to the brain. Pigs were fed 2% whole freeze-dried, powdered blueberry in the diet for 8 weeks. Anthocyanin and anthocyanin glucuronides were measured in the cortex, cerebellum, and midbrain and diencephalon by LC-MS/MS. Anthocyanins and their glucuronides were found in the range of femtomoles per gram of fresh weight of tissue at 18 h postprandial, after anthocyanins had been removed from the blood by xenobiotic metabolism. Xenobiotic metabolism, anthocyanin interaction, and transporter barriers to brain bioavailability are briefly discussed. The plausible mechanism of neuroprotective action of anthocyanins may be via modulation of signal transduction processes and/or gene expression in brain tissue rather than by direct antioxidant radical quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Milbury
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Gray SJ, Blake BL, Criswell HE, Nicolson SC, Samulski RJ, McCown TJ, Li W. Directed evolution of a novel adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector that crosses the seizure-compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB). Mol Ther 2010; 18:570-8. [PMID: 20040913 PMCID: PMC2831133 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA shuffling and directed evolution were employed to develop a novel adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector capable of crossing the seizure-compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) and transducing cells in the brain. Capsid DNA from AAV serotypes 1-6, 8, and 9 were shuffled and recombined to create a library of chimeric AAVs. One day after kainic acid-induced limbic seizure activity in rats, the virus library was infused intravenously (i.v.), and 3 days later, neuron-rich cells were mechanically dissociated from seizure-sensitive brain sites, collected and viral DNA extracted. After three cycles of selection, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-packaged clones were administered directly into brain or i.v. 1 day after kainic acid-induced seizures. Several clones that were effective after intracranial administration did not transduce brain cells after the i.v. administration. However, two clones (32 and 83) transduced the cells after direct brain infusion and after i.v. administration transduced the cells that were localized to the piriform cortex and ventral hippocampus, areas exhibiting a seizure-compromised BBB. No transduction occurred in areas devoid of BBB compromise. Only one parental serotype (AAV8) exhibited a similar expression profile, but the biodistribution of 32 and 83 diverged dramatically from this parental serotype. Thus, novel AAV vectors have been created that can selectively cross the seizure-compromised BBB and transduce cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Gray
- UNC Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Anastasi G. Sarcoglycan[s] are not muscle-specific: hypothetical roles. Ital J Anat Embryol 2010; 115:19-24. [PMID: 21072985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The sarcoglycan complex is a multimember transmembrane complex interacting with other proteins to provide a mechano-signaling connection from the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix in myofibers. This complex plays a key role at the membrane and is crucial in maintaining sarcolemma viability in muscle fibers. Recent observations have demonstrated that in the lung this glycoprotein is associated with both alveoli and bronchioles, and that the urogenital and digestive tracts are epsilon-sarcoglycan positive. Further addressing this issue, in this work we extend our previous studies to better verify whether the sarcoglycan complex also exists in epithelial tissue. All our observations showed staining for all sarcoglycans to be a normal pattern in all tested epithelial cells. We hypothesize a key role for sarcoglycans in bidirectional signaling between cells and extracellular matrix, and an important role in the regulation of inhibitory synapses and of blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Anastasi
- Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, University of Messina.
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Westholm DE, Salo DR, Viken KJ, Rumbley JN, Anderson GW. The blood-brain barrier thyroxine transporter organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1c1 displays atypical transport kinetics. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5153-62. [PMID: 19819953 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide (Oatp) 1c1 is a high-affinity T(4) transporter expressed in brain barrier cells. Oatp1c1 transports a variety of additional ligands including the conjugated sterol estradiol 17beta-glucuronide (E(2)17betaG). Intriguingly, published data suggest that E(2)17betaG inhibition of Oatp1c1-mediated T(4) transport exhibits characteristics suggestive of atypical transport kinetics. To determine whether Oatp1c1 exhibits atypical transport kinetics, we first performed detailed T(4) and E(2)17betaG uptake assays using Oatp1c1 stably transfected HEK293 cells and a wide range of T(4) and E(2)17betaG concentrations (100 pm to 300 nm and 27 nm to 200 mum, respectively). Eadie-Hofstee plots derived from these detailed T(4) and E(2)17betaG uptake experiments display a biphasic profile consistent with atypical transport kinetics. These data along with T(4) and E(2)17betaG cis-inhibition dose-response measurements revealed shared high- and low-affinity Oatp1c1 binding sites for T(4) and E(2)17betaG. T(4) and E(2)17betaG recognized these Oatp1c1 binding sites with opposite preferences. In addition, sterols glucuronidated in the 17 or 21 position, exhibited preferential substrate-dependent inhibition of Oatp1c1 transport, inhibiting Oatp1c1-mediated E(2)17betaG transport more strongly than T(4) transport. Together these data reveal that Oatp1c1-dependent substrate transport is a complex process involving substrate interaction with multiple binding sites and competition for binding with a variety of other substrates. A thorough understanding of atypical Oatp1c1 transport processes and substrate-dependent inhibition will allow better prediction of endo- and xenobiotic interactions with the Oatp transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Westholm
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
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Ohtsuki S, Sato S, Yamaguchi H, Kamoi M, Asashima T, Terasaki T. Exogenous expression of claudin-5 induces barrier properties in cultured rat brain capillary endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 210:81-6. [PMID: 16998798 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are thought to be major components of tight junctions (TJs), and claudin-5 and -12 are localized at TJs of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Claudin-5-deficient mice exhibit size-selective (<800 Da) opening of the BBB. The purpose of this study was to clarify the expression levels of claudin-5 and -12 in rat brain capillary endothelial cells, and to examine the ability of claudin-5 to form TJs in cultured rat brain capillary endothelial cells (TR-BBB). Expression of claudin-5 mRNA in rat brain capillary fraction was 751-fold greater than that of claudin-12. The level of claudin-5 mRNA in the rat brain capillary fraction (per total mRNA) was 35.6-fold greater than that in whole brain, while the level of claudin-12 mRNA was only 13.9% of that in whole brain, suggesting that expression of claudin-12 mRNA is not restricted to brain capillaries. Transfection of TR-BBB cells with the claudin-5 gene afforded TR-BBB/CLD5 cells, which showed no change in expression of claudin-12 or ZO-1, while the expressed claudin-5 was detected at the cell-cell boundaries. The permeability surface product of [(14)C]inulin at a TR-BBB/CLD5 cell monolayer was significantly smaller (P < 0.01) than that for the parental TR-BBB cells, and the values of the permeability coefficient (Pe) were 1.14 x 10(-3) and 11.6 x 10(-3) cm/min, respectively. These results indicate that claudin-5, but not claudin-12, is predominantly expressed in brain capillaries, and plays a key role in the appearance of barrier properties of brain capillary endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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Bergman P, Johansson L, Wan H, Jones A, Gallo RL, Gudmundsson GH, Hökfelt T, Jonsson AB, Agerberth B. Induction of the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP in the blood-brain barrier and meninges after meningococcal infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6982-91. [PMID: 17030578 PMCID: PMC1698100 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01043-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are present in most living species and constitute important effector molecules of innate immunity. Recently, we and others have detected antimicrobial peptides in the brain. This is an organ that is rarely infected, which has mainly been ascribed to the protective functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and meninges. Since the bactericidal properties of the BBB and meninges are not known, we hypothesized that antimicrobial peptides could play a role in these barriers. We addressed this hypothesis by infecting mice with the neuropathogenic bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. Brains were analyzed for expression of the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP by immunohistochemistry in combination with confocal microscopy. After infection, we observed induction of CRAMP in endothelial cells of the BBB and in cells of the meninges. To explore the functional role of CRAMP in meningococcal disease, we infected mice deficient of the CRAMP gene. Even though CRAMP did not appear to protect the brain from invasion of meningococci, CRAMP knockout mice were more susceptible to meningococcal infection than wild-type mice and exhibited increased meningococcal growth in blood, liver, and spleen. Moreover, we could demonstrate that carbonate, a compound that accumulates in the circulation during metabolic acidosis, makes meningococci more susceptible to CRAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles vag 2, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
This paper has two objectives: first to develop an in silico model for the prediction of blood brain barrier permeability of new chemical entities and second to find the role of active transport specific to the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate probability in blood brain barrier permeability. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model has been developed to predict the ratios of the steady-state concentrations of drugs in the brain to those in the blood (logBB) from their molecular structural parameters. Seven descriptors including P-gp substrate probability have been used for model development. The developed model is able to capture a relationship between P-gp and logBB. The predictive ability of the ANN model has also been compared with earlier computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Garg
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India.
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Song Y, Xu J, Hamme A, Liu YM. Capillary liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry of tetrahydroisoquinoline derived neurotoxins: A study on the blood–brain barrier of rat brain. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1103:229-34. [PMID: 16310796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Certain tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives such as 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1-BnTIQ) and N-methylsalsolinol are parkinsonian neurotoxins. This paper describes a sensitive and reliable analytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives (TIQs) in brain dialysate. Samples (20 microL injected) were effectively stacked and cleaned up in-line on a capillary column (5 cm x 0.25 mm I.D.) packed with 5 microm phenyl reversed-phase silica particles. Under the optimized conditions, electrospray ionisation-MS/MS detection of TIQs was highly sensitive. The capillary LC-MS/MS method had a detection limit of 2 ng/ml for TIQ. The method was used in combination with in vivo microdialysis to study the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for TIQs. The microdialysis probe was implanted in the frontal cortex of rat brain. Test compounds were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). Four TIQs including 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline (5-TIQ), 1-BnTIQ, and salsolinol (SAL) were studied. A concentration maximum was detected in brain dialysate for TIQ, 5-TIQ, and 1-BnTIQ about 40 min after drug administration. However, SAL, the precursor of N-methylsalsolinol was found unable to cross the BBB of rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Song
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Galea I, Palin K, Newman TA, Van Rooijen N, Perry VH, Boche D. Mannose receptor expression specifically reveals perivascular macrophages in normal, injured, and diseased mouse brain. Glia 2005; 49:375-84. [PMID: 15538754 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular macrophages are believed to have a significant role in inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). They express a number of different receptors that point toward functions in both innate immunity, through pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition, phagocytosis, and cytokine responsiveness, and acquired immunity, through antigen presentation and co-stimulation. We are interested in the receptors that are differentially expressed by perivascular macrophages and microglia in both the normal CNS as well as in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this article we report the use of a well-characterized monoclonal antibody, 5D3, to localize the expression of the mannose receptor to perivascular macrophages in the normal CNS and in various models of brain pathology. Mannose receptor expression was limited to perivascular, meningeal, and choroid plexus macrophages in normal, inflamed, injured, and diseased CNS. In particular, activated microglia and invading hematogenous leukocytes were mannose receptor negative while expressing the F4/80 antigen, macrosialin (CD68), FcRII (CD32), scavenger receptor (CD204), and CR3 (CD11b/CD18). Since the perivascular macrophages expressing the mannose receptor are known to be the only constitutively phagocytic cells in the normal CNS, we injected clodronate-loaded liposomes intracerebroventricularly in control mice to deplete these cells. In these mice, there was no detectable mannose receptor expression in perivascular spaces after immunocytochemistry with the 5D3 monoclonal antibody. This finding underlines the value of the monoclonal antibody 5D3 as a tool to study murine perivascular macrophages selectively. Mannose receptor expression by macrophages located at blood-brain (perivascular), brain-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (meningeal), and CSF-blood (choroid plexus) interfaces supports a functional role of these cells in responding to external stimuli such as infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Galea
- CNS Inflammation Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the capability of a fluorometric assay to identify and characterize the drug efflux interactions of a broad spectrum of drug agents in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). METHODS Various concentrations of drug agent (1, 10, and 100 microM) were evaluated for their effect on the cellular accumulation of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) probe R123 (3.2 microM), and the mixed P-gp and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) probe, BCECF (1 microM), in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell (BBMEC) monolayers. Drugs demonstrating a significant effect were further quantitated using an expanded concentration range and a nonlinear regression curve fit to determine the potency (IC50) and efficacy (Imax) of the drug for P-gp and/or MRP. RESULTS Several of the 36 therapeutic agents examined showed drug efflux transporter interactions in BBMEC monlayers. Melphalan and risperidone significantly enhanced the accumulation of R123 over control (1.47- and 1.82-fold, respectively) with resulting IC50s of 1.4 and 14.6 microM, respectively. Chlorambucil and valproic acid significantly enhanced the accumulation of BCECF compared to control monolayers (2.02- and 4.01-fold, respectively) with resulting IC50s of 146.1 and 768.5 microM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrates the feasibility of a fluorometric assay consisting of R123 and BCECF in assessing the drug efflux interactions of a variety of drugs in the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin J Bachmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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Learmonth DA, Palma PN, Vieira-Coelho MA, Soares-da-Silva P. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Studies of a Novel, Peripherally Selective Inhibitor of Catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6207-17. [PMID: 15566291 DOI: 10.1021/jm040848o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of potent, peripherally selective, and long-acting inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) has been synthesized. The introduction and nature of heteroatom-containing substituents to the side-chain of the nitrocatechol pharmacophore was found to have a profound effect on both peripheral selectivity and duration of COMT inhibition in the mouse. This approach led to the discovery of 1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-3-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]-1-propanone hydrochloride 35 (BIA 3-335), which was found to possess a superior inhibitory profile in vivo over both the nonselective inhibitor tolcapone 1 and the peripherally selective but short-acting entacapone 2. In this model, 35 retained 75% inhibition of peripheral COMT at 6 h after oral administration, yet significantly, only a minor reduction of central (cerebral) COMT activity was observed. Molecular modeling techniques were applied to review the analysis of the ternary enzyme-inhibitor complex previously determined by X-ray crystallography and to provide a deeper understanding of the structure-activity relationships within this novel series. Furthermore, a computational approach was applied in an effort to elucidate the particular structural factors relevant to the poor blood-brain permeability of 35. In conclusion, the improved biological properties herein reported reveal 35 as a candidate for clinical studies as an adjunct to L-DOPA therapy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Learmonth
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Research & Development, BIAL, 4745-457 S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
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Suomalainen P, Johans C, Söderlund T, Kinnunen PKJ. Surface activity profiling of drugs applied to the prediction of blood-brain barrier permeability. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1783-8. [PMID: 15027870 DOI: 10.1021/jm0309001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes a novel in vitro platform for physicochemical profiling of compounds, based on their impact on the air/water interfacial tension. Interfacial partitioning coefficient, cross-sectional area, and critical micelle concentration were derived from the Gibbs adsorption isotherms recorded for 76 structurally diverse drugs. An approximation for the membrane partitioning coefficient, K(memb), is introduced and calculated for the measured compounds. This methodology provides a fully automatic, high-throughput screening technique for compound characterization, yielding precise thermodynamic information on the partitioning behavior of molecules at air/water interfaces, which can be directly related to their anisotropic interaction with lipid bilayers in biological membranes. The latter represents the barrier for the passive entry of compounds into cells. The surface activity profiles are shown to correlate to the ability of the compounds to pass passively through the blood-brain barrier.
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50
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Abstract
Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles enable the delivery of a number of drugs, including doxorubicin, loperamide, tubocurarine, the NMDA receptor antagonist MRZ 2/576, and the peptides dalargin and kytorphin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after coating with surfactants. However, only the surfactants polysorbate (Tween) 20, 40, 60 and 80, and some poloxamers (Pluronic F 68) can induce this uptake. The mechanism for the delivery across the BBB most likely is endocytosis via the LDL receptor by the endothelial cells lining the brain blood capillaries after injection of the nanoparticles into the blood stream. This endocytotic uptake seems to be mediated by the adsorption of apolipoprotein B and/or E adsorption from the blood. Thus, the nanoparticles could mimic lipoprotein particles and act as "Trojan Horses." The drug, then, may be released either within these cells followed by passive diffusion into the brain or be transported into the brain by transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kreuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, D-60439 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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