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Gaida M, Stefanuto PH, Focant JF. Theoretical modeling and machine learning-based data processing workflows in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1711:464467. [PMID: 37871505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) has been gradually gaining prominence as a preferred method for the analysis of complex samples due to its higher peak capacity and resolution power compared to conventional gas chromatography (GC). Nonetheless, to fully benefit from the capabilities of GC × GC, a holistic approach to method development and data processing is essential for a successful and informative analysis. Method development enables the fine-tuning of the chromatographic separation, resulting in high-quality data. While generating such data is pivotal, it does not necessarily guarantee that meaningful information will be extracted from it. To this end, the first part of this manuscript reviews the importance of theoretical modeling in achieving good optimization of the separation conditions, ultimately improving the quality of the chromatographic separation. Multiple theoretical modeling approaches are discussed, with a special focus on thermodynamic-based modeling. The second part of this review highlights the importance of establishing robust data processing workflows, with a special emphasis on the use of advanced data processing tools such as, Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. Three widely used ML algorithms are discussed: Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Partial Least Square-Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA), highlighting their role in discovery-based analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Gaida
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys Research Unit, Liège University, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys Research Unit, Liège University, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys Research Unit, Liège University, Belgium
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2
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Milani NBL, van Gilst E, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography- A discussion on recent innovations. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300304. [PMID: 37654057 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Although comprehensive 2-D GC is an established and often applied analytical method, the field is still highly dynamic thanks to a remarkable number of innovations. In this review, we discuss a number of recent developments in comprehensive 2-D GC technology. A variety of modulation methods are still being actively investigated and many exciting improvements are discussed in this review. We also review interesting developments in detection methods, retention modeling, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino B L Milani
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric van Gilst
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Galletta M, Zoccali M, Jones N, Mondello L, Tranchida PQ. Flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry: use of hydrogen as a more sustainable alternative to helium. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6371-6378. [PMID: 35499702 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present research is focused on the use and evaluation of hydrogen, as a more sustainable alternative to helium, within the context of fast flow modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In such a respect, a comparison was made between the two mobile phases in terms of speed and overall chromatography performance. All experiments were carried out by using the following column set: low polarity with dimensions 10 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 µm df and medium polarity with dimensions 2 m × 0.10 mm ID × 0.10 µm df. Fundamental gas chromatography parameters (efficiency, resolution) were measured under different experimental conditions, using the two carrier gases. Efficiency was measured in both the first and second dimensions, using a probe compound under isothermal conditions; after defining the optimum carrier gas conditions, a mixture containing 20 pesticides was analyzed to measure resolution, again in the first and second dimensions, using a temperature program. It was found (as expected) that a similar chromatography performance could be attained when using hydrogen, albeit with a circa 25% reduction in analysis time. Signal-to-noise ratios of the pesticides were calculated, using both carrier gases, with such values generally reduced (on average by 14%) when using hydrogen. Finally, a comparison was made between mass spectral profiles obtained analyzing the pesticides and fatty acid methyl esters using the two mobile phases. Even though mass spectral differences were observed, the ion profiles could be considered generally similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Galletta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Nick Jones
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont S.R.L, c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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4
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Zayoud A, Dao Thi H, Kusenberg M, Eschenbacher A, Kresovic U, Alderweireldt N, Djokic M, Van Geem KM. Pyrolysis of end-of-life polystyrene in a pilot-scale reactor: Maximizing styrene production. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 139:85-95. [PMID: 34953380 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polystyrene (PS) via pyrolysis is of great industrial, and academic interest, with styrene being the primary product of interest. To identify the optimal process conditions, the pyrolysis of end-of-life PS was studied in a pilot-scale unit consisting of an extruder, and a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The PS was pyrolyzed with continuous feeding at a pressure range from 0.02 to 1.0bara, and a temperature range from 450 to 600 °C, giving primarily styrene, other mono-aromatics, and oligomers. The comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled with flame ionization detector (FID), and time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ToF-MS) as well as GC with thermal conductivity detector (TCD) were used to characterize the liquid, and gaseous products exhaustively. The styrene yield increased from 36 wt% at 1.0bara, and 450 °C to 56 wt% at 0.02bara, and 550 °C. Working under a vacuum enhanced the styrene recovery at all corresponding temperature levels. The yield of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) increased from 4 wt% at 450 °C, and 0.02 bara to 17 wt% at 450 °C, and 1.0 bara. The experimental results have been used in a mathematical model that can explain the combined effect of temperature, and pressure on the yield of the primary products. The present work illustrates the potential of a continuous pyrolysis process for end-of-life PS, and paves the way for this technology to be rapidly transferred from mere laboratory use to industrial processes in the circular (petro-) chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Gent 9052, Belgium; Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Hang Dao Thi
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Gent 9052, Belgium
| | - Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Gent 9052, Belgium
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Gent 9052, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marko Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Gent 9052, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Gent 9052, Belgium.
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Facanali R, Porto NDA, Crucello J, Carvalho RM, Vaz BG, Hantao LW. Naphthenic Acids: Formation, Role in Emulsion Stability, and Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Methods. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:6078084. [PMID: 34956687 PMCID: PMC8709775 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6078084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are compounds naturally present in most petroleum sources comprised of complex mixtures with a highly variable composition depending on their origin. Their occurrence in crude oil can cause severe corrosion problems and catalysts deactivation, decreasing oil quality and consequently impacting its productivity and economic value. NAs structures also allow them to behave as surfactants, causing the formation and stabilization of emulsions. In face of the ongoing challenge of treatment of water-in-oil (W/O) or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions in the oil and gas industry, it is important to understand how NAs act in emulsified systems and which acids are present in the interface. Considering that, this review describes the properties of NAs, their role in the formation and stability of oil emulsions, and the modern analytical methods used for the qualitative analysis of such acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselaine Facanali
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Crucello
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogerio M. Carvalho
- Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 20031-912, RJ, Brazil
| | - Boniek G. Vaz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Leandro W. Hantao
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
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Detailed Group-Type Characterization of Plastic-Waste Pyrolysis Oils: By Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Including Linear, Branched, and Di-Olefins. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8070103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic-waste pyrolysis oils contain large amounts of linear, branched, and di-olefinic compounds. This makes it not obvious to determine the detailed group-type composition in particular to the presence of substantial amounts of N-, S-, and O-containing heteroatomic compounds. The thorough evaluation of different column combinations for two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), i.e., non-polar × polar and polar × non-polar, revealed that the second combination had the best performance, as indicated by the bi-dimensional resolution of the selected key compounds. By coupling the GC × GC to multiple detectors, such as the flame ionization detector (FID), a sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD), a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD), and a mass spectrometer (MS), the identification and quantification were possible of hydrocarbon, oxygen-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing compounds in both naphtha (C5–C11) and diesel fractions (C7–C23) originating from plastic-waste pyrolysis oils. Group-type quantification showed that large amounts of α-olefins (36.39 wt%, 35.08 wt%), iso-olefins (8.77 wt%, 9.06 wt%), and diolefins (4.21 wt%, 4.20 wt%) were present. Furthermore, oxygen-containing compounds (alcohols, ketones, and ethers) could be distinguished from abundant hydrocarbon matrix, by employing Stabilwax as the first column and Rxi-5ms as the second column. Ppm levels of sulfides, thiophenes, and pyridines could also be quantified by the use of selective SCD and NCD detectors.
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7
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Janssen HG, Gah C, Steenbergen H, Rosing E, Spraul M. A Fast GC-MS-Based Method for Efficacy Assessment of Natural Anti-Oxidants for Inhibiting Lipid Oxidation. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:260-266. [PMID: 34020454 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For health reasons it is preferred to prepare food products with edible fats and oils that are high in unsaturated fatty acids. Unfortunately, these unsaturated acids are susceptible to lipid oxidation and the addition of natural antioxidants, e.g., rosemary extracts, etc. is needed. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of natural oxidation inhibition strategies, fast, yet realistic, and objective methods are needed to study oxidation inhibition. METHODS A model system consisting of salt and sunflower oil is proposed as a model for dry soups and sauces. Hexanal formation is studied using fast GC-MS as a quantitative indicator for lipid oxidation. RESULTS A fast GC-MS method using a short, 6-m 150 µm inner-diameter column was developed that allowed elution of hexanal within approximately 20 s, with a total run time of 2 min. The GC method has quantification limits below 1 ppm and is hence much more sensitive than the human nose. CONCLUSIONS The new accelerated method with hexanal read-out was successfully applied in a study to identify spices and herbs mixtures that can act as natural inhibitors of lipid oxidation. The fast GC-MS method is extremely stable and allowed the analysis of thousands of samples with very little maintenance. HIGHLIGHTS With the right mixture of spices and herbs, lipid oxidation can be delayed more than 100 times as compared to non-stabilized systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gerd Janssen
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Science and Technology, Bronland 14, 6708 WH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen University, Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Gah
- Unilever R&D Savoury, Knorrstrasse 1, D-74074 Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Herrald Steenbergen
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Science and Technology, Bronland 14, 6708 WH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ed Rosing
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Science and Technology, Bronland 14, 6708 WH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Spraul
- Unilever R&D Savoury, Knorrstrasse 1, D-74074 Heilbronn, Germany
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8
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Robbat A, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Untargeted approaches in food-omics: The potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Mommers J, van der Wal S. Column Selection and Optimization for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:183-202. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1707643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Mommers
- DSM Material Science Center, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd van der Wal
- Polymer-Analysis Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Cordero C, Kiefl J, Reichenbach SE, Bicchi C. Characterization of odorant patterns by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: A challenge in omic studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Alexandrino GL, de Sousa GR, de A.M. Reis F, Augusto F. Optimizing loop-type cryogenic modulation in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using time-variable combination of the dual-stage jets for analysis of crude oil. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:82-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Magagna F, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Tao Q, Carretta A, Cobelli L, Giardina M, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Advanced fingerprinting of high-quality cocoa: Challenges in transferring methods from thermal to differential-flow modulated comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:122-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Strączyński G, Ligor T. Comprehensive Gas Chromatography: Food and Metabolomocs Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:176-185. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1390426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska, Toruń, Poland
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14
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Yan D, Tedone L, Koutoulis A, Whittock SP, Shellie RA. Parallel comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:202-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Mucédola V, Vieira LC, Pierone D, Gobbi AL, Poppi RJ, Hantao LW. Thermal desorption modulation for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using a simple and inexpensive segmented-loop fluidic interface. Talanta 2017; 164:470-476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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Cordero C, Rubiolo P, Reichenbach SE, Carretta A, Cobelli L, Giardina M, Bicchi C. Method translation and full metadata transfer from thermal to differential flow modulated comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography: Profiling of suspected fragrance allergens. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1480:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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17
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Ristic ND, Djokic MR, Van Geem KM, Marin GB. On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes. J Vis Exp 2016:54236. [PMID: 27583700 PMCID: PMC5091750 DOI: 10.3791/54236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC × GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad D Ristic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University;
| | - Guy B Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
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Carlin S, Vrhovsek U, Franceschi P, Lotti C, Bontempo L, Camin F, Toubiana D, Zottele F, Toller G, Fait A, Mattivi F. Regional features of northern Italian sparkling wines, identified using solid-phase micro extraction and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 208:68-80. [PMID: 27132825 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We carried out comprehensive mapping of volatile compounds in 70 wines, from 48 wineries and 6 vintages, representative of the two main production areas for Italian sparkling wines, by HS-SPME-GCxGC-TOF-MS and multivariate analysis. The final scope was to describe the metabolomics space of these wines, and to verify whether the grape cultivar signature, the pedoclimatic influence of the production area, and the complex technology were measurable in the final product. The wine chromatograms provided a wealth of information, with 1695 compounds being found. A large number of putative markers influenced by the cultivation area was observed. A subset of 196 biomarkers fully discriminated between the two types of sparkling wines investigated. Among the new compounds, safranal and α-isophorone were observed. We showed how correlation-based network analysis could be used as a tool to detect the differences in compound behaviour based on external/environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carlin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Pietro Franceschi
- Biostatistics and Data Management, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Cesare Lotti
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - David Toubiana
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands (FAAB), The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Fabio Zottele
- Department of Experimentation and Technology Services, Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Giambattista Toller
- Department of Experimentation and Technology Services, Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Aaron Fait
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands (FAAB), The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010-San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
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19
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Patrushev YV, Sidelnikov VN. The use of high-speed multicapillary column in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flow modulation. J Chromatogr A 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Tranchida PQ, Purcaro G, Maimone M, Mondello L. Impact of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry on food analysis. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:149-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Q. Tranchida
- “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Chromaleonts.r.l, c/o “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Mariarosa Maimone
- “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- Chromaleonts.r.l, c/o “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Roma Italy
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Comparison of cryogenic and differential flow (forward and reverse fill/flush) modulators and applications to the analysis of heavy petroleum cuts by high-temperature comprehensive gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1387:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Retention time prediction in temperature-programmed, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: Modeling and error assessment. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1368:190-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Nicolotti L, Cordero C, Bressanello D, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Magagna F, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C. Parallel dual secondary column-dual detection: A further way of enhancing the informative potential of two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:264-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Urinary metabolic fingerprinting of mice with diet-induced metabolic derangements by parallel dual secondary column-dual detection two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:265-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Dijkmans T, Van Geem KM, Djokic MR, Marin GB. Combined Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Analysis of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons/Polyaromatic Sulfur-Containing Hydrocarbons (PAH/PASH) in Complex Matrices. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5000888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dijkmans
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R. Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography under high outlet pressure conditions: a new approach to correct the flow-mismatch issue in the two dimensions. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1332:57-63. [PMID: 24513348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The typical column sets employed in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) suffer from the impossibility to fully exploit the efficiency of both dimensions simultaneously. Adding a restrictor at the end of the second dimension is a possible approach to adjust the linear velocity profile. Under these high outlet pressure conditions the second dimension becomes much slower while the effect on the primary column is limited. The gap in terms of optimum inlet pressures is thus reduced. A program written in Microsoft Excel was used to calculate the efficiencies of the two dimensions in GC × GC at different outlet pressures. A GC × GC set-up with a restrictor at the end of the second dimension column was successfully installed. Experiments proved that this is a possible way to have a better exploitation of the columns. The chromatograms obtained for a number of applications confirm that the separations achieved at elevated outlet pressure are more efficient than those obtained with the same column set under atmospheric outlet conditions. The price to pay is that the separations become considerably slower.
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Welke JE, Manfroi V, Zanus M, Lazzarotto M, Alcaraz Zini C. Differentiation of wines according to grape variety using multivariate analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection data. Food Chem 2013; 141:3897-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Peroni D, Sampat AA, van Egmond W, de Koning S, Cochran J, Lautamo R, Janssen HG. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with a multi-capillary second dimension: A new column-set format for simultaneous optimum linear velocity operation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peroni D, Vonk RJ, van Egmond W, Janssen HG. Macroporous polymer monoliths as second dimension columns in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: A feasibility study. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Tranchida PQ, Zoccali M, Franchina FA, Dugo P, Mondello L. Measurement of fundamental chromatography parameters in conventional and split-flow comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A focus on the importance of second-dimension injection efficiency. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:212-8. [PMID: 23034883 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present manuscript reports a comparative study between conventional and split-flow comprehensive GC×GC-MS. Conventional GC×GC-MS was performed by using a single GC oven, and with a widely employed apolar (30 m × 0.25 mm id)-polar (1 m × 0.10 mm id) column combination. Split-flow GC×GC-MS experiments were carried out by using the same first and second analytical columns, and by diverting part of the primary-capillary flow to waste, via a waste line. The latter was located at the conjunction point between the two dimensions. The measurement of fundamental gas chromatography parameters (efficiency, resolution), in both dimensions and under different experimental conditions, enabled the attainment of detailed information related to GC×GC-MS method optimization. Finally, the results derived from the present investigation highlight an important GC×GC issue, namely the efficiency of band reinjection onto the second-dimension capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
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31
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. Die umfassende zweidimensionale Gaschromatographie - eine neue Dimension für analytische Trennwissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. A New Dimension in Separation Science: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10460-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Mostafa A, Edwards M, Górecki T. Optimization aspects of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:38-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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van Stee LL, Brinkman UA. Peak clustering in two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection based on theoretical calculation of two-dimensional peak shapes: The 2DAid approach. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7878-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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35
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Arsene C, Vione D, Grinberg N, Olariu RI. GC × GC-MS HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN AIR. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.587749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Arsene
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi, Romania
| | - Davide Vione
- b Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica , Università di Torino , Torino, Italy
- c Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Università di Torino , Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Nelu Grinberg
- d Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Romeo Iulian Olariu
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi, Romania
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36
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Poisson L, Hug C, Baggenstoss J, Blank I, Kerler J. Emerging Analytical Techniques for the Assessment of Aroma Relevant Sulfur Compounds in Coffee. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1068.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Poisson
- Nestle Product Technology Centre Orbe, Nestec LTD., CH-1350 Orbe, Switzerland
- Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christine Hug
- Nestle Product Technology Centre Orbe, Nestec LTD., CH-1350 Orbe, Switzerland
- Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Juerg Baggenstoss
- Nestle Product Technology Centre Orbe, Nestec LTD., CH-1350 Orbe, Switzerland
- Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Imre Blank
- Nestle Product Technology Centre Orbe, Nestec LTD., CH-1350 Orbe, Switzerland
- Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Josef Kerler
- Nestle Product Technology Centre Orbe, Nestec LTD., CH-1350 Orbe, Switzerland
- Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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37
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Brokl M, Soria AC, Ruiz-Matute AI, Sanz ML, Ramos L. Separation of disaccharides by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Application to honey analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11561-11567. [PMID: 20973549 DOI: 10.1021/jf102646n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new method based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToF MS) has been developed for the first time for the analysis of complex mixtures of disaccharides previously converted to their trimethylsilyl oximes (TMSO). Among the different experimental parameters considered for optimization, both the column set combination and the dimensions of the second-dimension column were found to be the most significant with regard to the complete resolution of structurally similar disaccharides. Application of the optimized method to honey analysis allowed the separation of most of the honey disaccharides previously described in the literature. Furthermore, 12 other unknown disaccharides have been separated by this method and characterized from their mass spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Brokl
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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38
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Van Geem KM, Pyl SP, Reyniers MF, Vercammen J, Beens J, Marin GB. On-line analysis of complex hydrocarbon mixtures using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6623-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Optimized use of a 50 μm ID secondary column in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4160-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Dutriez T, Courtiade M, Thiébaut D, Dulot H, Bertoncini F, Hennion MC. Extended characterization of a vacuum gas oil by offline LC-high-temperature comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1787-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Hayward DG, Pisano TS, Wong JW, Scudder RJ. Multiresidue method for pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in milk and cream using comprehensive two-dimensional capillary gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5248-5256. [PMID: 20441225 DOI: 10.1021/jf100021p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A method for the analysis of pesticides and their metabolites including most of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in milk and cream is described. The method was single-laboratory validated through milk fortification in quadruplicate with 34 pesticides, isomers, and metabolites including 12 of the insecticide POPs and their metabolites. Whole cow's milk was fortified at 0.2, 0.4, 1, 2, 10, or 50 microg/kg wet weight and extracted with acetone/cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (2:1:1) with the addition of Mg(2)SO(4) and NaCl. Fat recovered in the extract accurately reflected the fat content of the milk or cream. All test portions were purified on a gel permeation chromatograph (GPC) followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup on a mixed bed graphitized carbon black (GCB) and primary/secondary amine silica gel (PSA) column before determination using a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph interfaced to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Average recoveries were 77, 72, 73, 66, 77, and 84% for 0.2, 0.4, 1, 2, 10, and 50 microg/kg wet weight whole milk, respectively. The average relative standard deviations for 0.2, 0.4, 1, 2, 10, and 50 microg/kg were 10, 8, 7, 7, 3, and 3%, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for all pesticides were 0.2 or 0.4 microg/kg wet weight. An archived cream sample collected in 1982 on Oahu, Hawaii, was found to contain only hepatachlor epoxide (HE) and DDE-p,p' at 380 +/- 24 and 69 +/- 17 microg/kg fat, significantly elevated over the current action level of 50 microg/kg fat for HE.
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42
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Tranchida PQ, Purcaro G, Conte L, Dugo P, Dugo G, Mondello L. Optimized Use of a 50 μm Internal Diameter Secondary Column in a Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography System. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8529-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901461y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100, Udine, Italy, and Campus-Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100, Udine, Italy, and Campus-Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Lanfranco Conte
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100, Udine, Italy, and Campus-Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100, Udine, Italy, and Campus-Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100, Udine, Italy, and Campus-Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100, Udine, Italy, and Campus-Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
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Enhanced resolution comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography applied to the analysis of roasted coffee volatiles. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7301-6. [PMID: 19596333 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present research is based on the full exploitation of the separation power of a 0.05 mm internal diameter (ID) capillary, as a comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) GC (GC x GC) secondary column, with the objective of attaining very high-resolution second dimension separations. The aim was achieved by using a split-flow system developed in previous research [P.Q. Tranchida, A. Casilli, P. Dugo, G. Dugo, L. Mondello, Anal. Chem. 79 (2007) 2266], and a dual-oven GC x GC instrument. The column combination employed consisted of a polar 30 m x 0.25 mm ID column connected, by means of a T union, to a detector-linked high-resolution 1.1 m x 0.05 mm ID apolar analytical column and to a 0.33 m x 0.05 mm ID retention gap; the latter was connected to a manually operated split valve. As previously demonstrated, the use of a split valve enables the regulation of gas flows through both analytical columns, generating the most appropriate gas linear velocities. Comprehensive 2D GC experiments were carried out on Arabica roasted coffee volatiles (previously extracted by means of solid-phase microextraction) with the split-valve closed (equal to what can be defined as conventional GC x GC) and with the split-valve opened at various degrees. The reasons why it is absolutely not effective to use a 0.05 mm ID column as second dimension in a conventional GC x GC instrument will be discussed and demonstrated. On the contrary, the use of a 0.05 mm ID column as second dimension, under ideal conditions in a split-flow, twin-oven system, will also be illustrated and discussed.
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Dutriez T, Courtiade M, Thiébaut D, Dulot H, Bertoncini F, Vial J, Hennion MC. High-temperature two-dimensional gas chromatography of hydrocarbons up to nC60 for analysis of vacuum gas oils. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2905-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Chapter 2 Basic Instrumentation for GC×GC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(09)05502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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46
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Chapter 10 Analysis of Food Constituents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(09)05510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Cordero C, Bicchi C, Galli M, Galli S, Rubiolo P. Evaluation of different internal-diameter column combinations in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in flavour and fragrance analysis. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3437-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Schmarr HG, Sang W, Ganß S, Fischer U, Köpp B, Schulz C, Potouridis T. Analysis of aldehydes via
headspace SPME with on-fiber derivatization to their O
-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oxime derivatives and comprehensive 2D-GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3458-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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High-speed, low-pressure gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for essential oil analysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Recent developments in the application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:67-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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