1
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Sang M, Pan N, Wu J, Chen X, Cai S, Fang H, Xiao M, Jiang X, Liu Z. Reversed-Phase Medium-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Purification of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Using AQ-C18. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:285. [PMID: 38921596 PMCID: PMC11205217 DOI: 10.3390/md22060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are in high demand due to their efficacy in treating hypertriglyceridemia and preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, the growth of the industry is hampered by low purity and insufficient productivity. This study aims to develop an efficient RP-MPLC purification method for omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters with high purity and capacity. The results indicate that the AQ-C18 featuring polar end-capped silanol groups outperformed C18 and others in retention time and impurity separation. By injecting pure fish oil esters with a volume equivalent to a 1.25% bed volume on an AQ-C18 MPLC column using a binary isocratic methanol-water (90:10, v:v) mobile phase at 30 mL/min, optimal omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters were obtained, with the notable purity of 90.34% and a recovery rate of 74.30%. The total content of EPA and DHA produced increased from 67.91% to 85.27%, meeting the acceptance criteria of no less than 84% set by the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. In contrast, RP-MPLC significantly enhanced the production efficiency per unit output compared to RP-HPLC. This study demonstrates a pioneering approach to producing omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters with high purity and of greater quantity using AQ-C18 RP-MPLC, showing this method's significant potential for use in industrial-scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Sang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (M.S.); (M.X.)
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (X.C.); (S.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Nan Pan
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (X.C.); (S.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Jingna Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Marine Biopharmaceutical Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China;
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (X.C.); (S.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Shuilin Cai
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (X.C.); (S.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Huan Fang
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (X.C.); (S.C.); (H.F.)
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Meitian Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (M.S.); (M.X.)
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Quanzhou Institute of Marine Bioresources Industry, Quanzhou 362000, China;
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Xiamen 361013, China
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2
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Singh D, Rani R, Sharma AK, Gupta RP, Ramakumar SSV, Mathur AS. Extraction, separation and purification of fatty acid ethyl esters for biodiesel and DHA from Thraustochytrid biomass. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300350. [PMID: 38135869 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for in situ transesterification, extraction, separation, and purification of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) for biodiesel and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from Thraustochytrid biomass has been developed. The downstream processing of Thraustochytrids oil necessitates optimization, considering the higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). While two-step methods are commonly employed for extracting and transesterifying oil from oleaginous microbes, this may result in oxidation/epoxidation of omega-3 oil due to prolonged exposure to heat and oxygen. To address this issue, a rapid single-step method was devised for in situ transesterification of Thraustochytrid oil. Through further process optimization, a 50% reduction in solvent requirement was achieved without significantly impacting fatty acid recovery or composition. Scale-up studies in a 4 L reactor demonstrated complete FAEE recovery (99.98% of total oil) from biomass, concurrently enhancing DHA yield from 16% to nearly 22%. The decolorization of FAEE oil with fuller's earth effectively removed impurities such as pigments, secondary metabolites, and waxes, resulting in a clear, shiny appearance. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that the eluted DHA was over 94.5% pure, as corroborated by GC-FID analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Singh
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Rekha Rani
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Ajay K Sharma
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Sankara Sri Venkata Ramakumar
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Anshu S Mathur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
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3
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Preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography: Isolation of natural chemical compounds for identification and characterization. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Kyselová L, Vítová M, Řezanka T. Very long chain fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 87:101180. [PMID: 35810824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are important components of various lipid classes in most organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and mammals, including humans. VLCFAs, or very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs), can be defined as fatty acids with 23 or more carbon atoms in the molecule. The main emphasis in this review is on the analysis of these acids, including obtaining standards from natural sources or their synthesis. Furthermore, the occurrence and analysis of these compounds in both lower (bacteria, invertebrates) and higher organisms (flowering plants or mammals) are discussed in detail. Attention is paid to their biosynthesis, especially the elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein (ELOVL4). This review deals with papers describing these very interesting compounds, whose chemical, biochemical and biological properties have not been fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kyselová
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Lípová 511, 120 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Milada Vítová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre for Phycology, Dukelská 135, 379 01 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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5
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Mu H, Li X, Jin Q, Sun Q. Preparation of highly purified ω-3 docosapentaenoic acid from seal oil via urea complexation combined with preparative high performance liquid chromatography. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1794895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Mu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qingjie Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
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6
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Wei B, Wang S. Separation of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid by three-zone simulated moving bed chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461326. [PMID: 32709355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are essential fatty acids for human body, which are widely used in the field of healthy food and medicine. Meanwhile, there are some differences in their physiological functions, such as "scavenger for blood vessel" of EPA and "brain protector" of DHA. In order to make full use of EPA and DHA, it is necessary to prepare their high-purity component. In this paper, EPA and DHA were separated and purified by three-zone simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography with C18 used as stationary phase and ethanol-water as mobile phase. For the single column experiment, a separation unit of SMB, the effects of the ratio of ethanol to water, pH value and temperature on the separation were investigated. The equilibrium dispersion (ED) model was used to obtain the adsorption parameters of EPA and DHA by inverse method and genetic algorithm, and the accuracy of the adsorption parameters was verified by fitting the overloaded elution curves under different conditions. Based on the acquired nonlinear adsorption isotherms the complete separation region was found according to triangle theory. The effects of sample concentration, flow ratios of adsorption zone and rectification zone, and column distribution mode of SMB on the separation were investigated. Under the optimized SMB conditions, the experimental result was that without regard to the other components, the chromatographic purity and recovery values of EPA and DHA exceeded 99% with the productivity of 4.15 g/L/h, and the solvent consumption of 1.11 L/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofeng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science & Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Shaoyan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science & Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
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7
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The Dark Side of Microalgae Biotechnology: A Heterotrophic Biorefinery Platform Directed to ω-3 Rich Lipid Production. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120670. [PMID: 31835511 PMCID: PMC6956277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial oils have been considered a renewable feedstock for bioenergy not competing with food crops for arable land, freshwater and biodiverse natural landscapes. Microalgal oils may also have other purposes (niche markets) besides biofuels production such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) obtained from oleaginous microalgae show benefits over other PUFAs sources such as fish oils, being odorless, and non-dependent on fish stocks. Heterotrophic microalgae can use low-cost substrates such as organic wastes/residues containing carbon, simultaneously producing PUFAs together with other lipids that can be further converted into bioenergy, for combined heat and power (CHP), or liquid biofuels, to be integrated in the transportation system. This review analyses the different strategies that have been recently used to cultivate and further process heterotrophic microalgae for lipids, with emphasis on omega-3 rich compounds. It also highlights the importance of studying an integrated process approach based on the use of low-cost substrates associated to the microalgal biomass biorefinery, identifying the best sustainability methodology to be applied to the whole integrated system.
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8
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Rapid screening of very long-chain fatty acids from microorganisms. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:460365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Dillon GP, Wallace G, Yiannikouris A, Moran CA. An Accurate Assessment of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Laying Hen Serum for Regulatory Studies. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2019; 13:1177390118815146. [PMID: 30636867 PMCID: PMC6318818 DOI: 10.1177/1177390118815146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) have been associated with several
health benefits. With the increased interest in n-3 FA both scientifically and
societally, the accurate detection of such analytes has become increasingly
important. Recently, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with electrospray
ionization interface (ESI), hyphenated to both gas chromatography (GC) and
liquid chromatography (LC), has become a valuable tool in the detection of
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization
interface-tandem mass spectrometry methods have been developed for the
determination of DHA in canine and poultry species. The objective of this
article is to investigate whether LC-ESI-MS/MS is fit for purpose for the
determination of DHA in laying hen serum. The disclosure of this work will be
beneficial for researchers investigating poultry enrichment for regulatory and
toxicological studies. The method was found to be linear over the range.
Precision and accuracy results met acceptance criteria and the Limit of
Quantitation (LOQ) was established as 1 µg/mL. Recoveries of DHA were obtained
for quality control samples and stability studies were performed. The results of
the verification study complimented those of the validation study. In summation,
the method was established as fit for purpose for measuring total DHA in laying
hen serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Patrick Dillon
- Gerald Patrick Dillon, Regulatory Affairs Dept., Alltech Ireland, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath A86 X006, Ireland
| | - Geoff Wallace
- Geoff Wallace, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Yiannikouris
- Alexandros Yiannikouris, Research Department, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, Kentucky 40356, USA
| | - Colm Anthony Moran
- Colm Anthony Moran, Regulatory Affairs Dept., Alltech SARL, Rue Charles Amand, 14500 Vire, France
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10
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Ludovici M, Kozul N, Materazzi S, Risoluti R, Picardo M, Camera E. Influence of the sebaceous gland density on the stratum corneum lipidome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11500. [PMID: 30065281 PMCID: PMC6068117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin surface lipids (SSL) result from the blending of sebaceous and epidermal lipids, which derive from the sebaceous gland (SG) secretion and the permeability barrier of the stratum corneum (SC), respectively. In humans, the composition of the SSL is distinctive of the anatomical distribution of the SG. Thus, the abundance of sebum biomarkers is consistent with the density of the SG. Limited evidence on the influence that the SG exerts on the SC lipidome is available. We explored the differential amounts of sebaceous and epidermal lipids in areas at different SG density with lipidomics approaches. SC was sampled with adhesive patches from forearm, chest, and forehead of 10 healthy adults (8F, 2M) after mechanical removal of sebum with absorbing paper. Lipid extracts of SC were analysed by HPLC/(-)ESI-TOF-MS. In the untargeted approach, the naïve molecular features extraction algorithm was used to extract meaningful entities. Aligned and normalized data were evaluated by univariate and multivariate statistics. Quantitative analysis of free fatty acids (FFA) and cholesterol sulfate (CHS) was performed by targeted HPLC/(-)ESI-TOF-MS, whereas cholesterol and squalene were quantified by GC-MS. Untargeted approaches demonstrated that the relative abundance of numerous lipid species was distinctive of SC depending upon the different SG density. The discriminating species included FFA, CHS, and ceramides. Targeted analyses confirmed that sebaceous FFA and epidermal FFA were increased and decreased, respectively, in areas at high SG density. CHS and squalene, which are biomarkers of epidermal and sebaceous lipid matrices, respectively, were both significantly higher in areas at elevated SG density. Overall, results indicated that the SG secretion intervenes in shaping the lipid composition of the epidermal permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ludovici
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nina Kozul
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Camera
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Enantiomeric separation of triacylglycerols containing very long chain fatty acids. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1557:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Dillon GP, Keegan JD, Wallace G, Yiannikouris A, Moran CA. The validation & verification of an LC/MS method for the determination of total docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in canine blood serum. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:198-203. [PMID: 29577958 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is an omega 3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) that has been shown to play a role in canine growth and physiological integrity and improvements in skin and coat condition. However, potential adverse effects of n-3 FA specifically, impaired cellular immunity has been observed in dogs fed diets with elevated levels of n-3 FA. As such, a safe upper limit (SUL) for total n-3 FAs (DHA and EPA) in dogs has been established. Considering this SUL, sensitive methods detecting DHA in blood serum as a biomarker when conducting n-3 FA supplementation trials involving dogs are required. In this study, an LC-ESI-MS/MS method of DHA detection in dog serum was validated and verified. Recovery of DHA was optimized and parallelism tests were conducted with spiked samples demonstrating that the serum matrix did not interfere with quantitation. The stability of DHA in serum was also investigated, with -80 °C considered suitable when storing samples for up to six months. The method was linear over a calibration range of 1-500 μg/mL and precision and accuracy were found to meet the requirements for validation. This method was verified in an alternative laboratory using a different analytical system and operator, with the results meeting the criteria for verification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason D Keegan
- Alltech Ireland, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co Meath, Ireland
| | | | | | - Colm Anthony Moran
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech SARL, Rue Charles Amand, 14500 Vire, France
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13
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Dillon GP, Wallace G, Yiannikouris A, Moran CA. Validation and Verification of a Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Total Docosahexaenoic Acid in Pig Serum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2008-2014. [PMID: 29392935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the validation and verification of an analytical method for the determination of total docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in pig serum by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The characteristics studied during the validation included precision and accuracy, limit of quantitation (LOQ), selectivity, calibration range and linearity, parallelism, and stability. A separate verification study was also performed. The method was linear over the range. Precision and accuracy met acceptance criteria at all levels, and the LOQ was determined as 1 μg/mL. Parallelism experiments were conducted to show that there was no bias introduced in using a surrogate matrix to quantify DHA. Recoveries of free DHA were obtained for quality control samples, and stability studies were conducted over 1, 7, 31, and 180 days. The results of the verification study were in line with the validation study, and in conclusion, the method was deemed fit for purpose for measuring total DHA in pig serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Patrick Dillon
- Alltech Biotechnology , Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath A86 X006, Ireland
| | - Geoff Wallace
- LGC , Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Yiannikouris
- Research Department, Alltech , Helioparc Pau Pyrenees, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, Kentucky 40356, USA
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14
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Application of Central Composite Design for the Optimization of Reverse-Phase HPLC/DAD Separation of the cis- and trans- Isomers of Long-Chain Unsaturated Fatty Acids. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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15
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Řezanka T, Lukavský J, Nedbalová L, Sigler K. Lipidomic profile in three species of dinoflagellates (Amphidinium carterae, Cystodinium sp., and Peridinium aciculiferum) containing very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 139:88-97. [PMID: 28433954 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the identification of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) in three strains of dinoflagellates (Amphidinium carterae, Cystodinium sp., and Peridinium aciculiferum). The strains were cultivated and their lipidomic profiles were obtained by high resolution mass spectrometry with the aid of positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode by Orbitrap apparatus. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC/ESI) was used to separate major lipid classes of the three genera of dinoflagellates by neutral loss scan showing the ion [M + H-28:8]+, where 28:8 was octacosaoctaenoic acid, and by precursor ion scanning of ions at m/z 407, which was an ion corresponding to the structure of acyl of 28:8 acid (C27H39COO-). Based on these analyzes, it was found that out of more than a dozen lipid classes present in the total lipids, only two classes of neutral lipids, i.e. major triacylglycerols and minor diacylglycerols contain VLCPUFAs. In polar lipids, VLCPUFAs were identified only in phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) or in their lyso-forms (LPA and LPC). Further analysis of individual lipid classes by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) showed the presence of triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing VLCPUFAs, i.e. molecular species of the sn-28:7/28:8/28:8, sn-26:7/28:7/28:8, or sn-26:7/28:8/28:8 types. These TAGs are the longest and most unsaturated TAGs isolated from a natural source that have yet been synthesized. In the case of PA and PC, tandem MS identified sn-28:8/16:0-PA and sn-28:8/16:0-PC and the corresponding lyso-forms (28:8-LPC and 28:8-LPA). All these results indicate that TAGs containing VLCPUFAs are biosynthesized in dinoflagellates in the same manner as in higher eukaryotic organisms, which means that the PA, after conversion to DAG, serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of other phospholipids, e.g. PC, and, after further acylation, also of TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaromír Lukavský
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Biorefinery Res. Centre of Competence, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Simulated moving bed chromatography for the separation of ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid under nonlinear conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1425:189-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Karpagam R, Raj KJ, Ashokkumar B, Varalakshmi P. Characterization and fatty acid profiling in two fresh water microalgae for biodiesel production: Lipid enhancement methods and media optimization using response surface methodology. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 188:177-184. [PMID: 25682476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two fresh water microalgae, Coelastrella sp. M-60 and Micractinium sp. M-13 were investigated in this study for their potential of biodiesel production. For increasing biomass and lipid production, these microalgae were subjected to nutrient starvation (nitrogen, phosphorous, iron), salinity stress and nutrient supplementation with sugarcane industry effluent, citric acid, glucose and vitamin B12. The lipid productivity obtained from the isolates Coelastrella sp. M-60 (13.9 ± 0.4 mg/L/day) and Micractinium sp. M-13 (11.1 ± 0.2 mg/L/day) was maximum in salinity stress. The media supplemented with all the four nutrients yielded higher lipid productivity than the control. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate the effect of sugarcane industry effluent and citric acid on growth and lipid yield. Fatty acid profile of Coelastrella sp. M-60 and Micractinium sp. M-13 were composed of C-14, C-16:0, C-18:0, C-18:1 and C-18:2 and their fuel properties were also in accordance with international standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathinasamy Karpagam
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalimuthu Jawahar Raj
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramaniem Ashokkumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Varalakshmi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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18
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Chromatographic Methods in the Separation of Long-Chain Mono- and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/120830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents various chromatographic systems, TLC, HPLC, GC, and also SFC, developed for identification and accurate quantification of long-chain mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids from different samples with emphasis on selected literature which was published during last decade. Almost all the aspects such as preseparation step of fatty acids (cisandtrans), stationary phase, solvent system, and detection mode are discussed.
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19
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Cavonius LR, Carlsson NG, Undeland I. Quantification of total fatty acids in microalgae: comparison of extraction and transesterification methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7313-22. [PMID: 25224639 PMCID: PMC4206773 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Determination of microalgaes' fatty acid content is often done with chloroform and methanol according to the Bligh and Dyer extraction, though faster methods exist. A number of comparisons between the Bligh and Dyer and faster methods have resulted in contradicting data, possibly due to differences in algae used and the different versions of the Bligh and Dyer method applied. Here, various forms of direct-transesterification (D-TE) and two-step transesterification (2-TE), including three versions developed in our lab, are compared with the original Bligh and Dyer (Can J Biochem Physiol 37: 911-917, 1959) extraction and two modifications thereof (Lee et al. J AOAC Int 79:487-492, 1996, and our own acidified version) on microalgae with different cell walls: Isochrysis galbana, Nannochloropsis oculata, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In total, fatty acid extracts from 11 methods were separated and quantified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Results show that, for N. oculata and P. tricornutum, methods based on chloroform-methanol underestimated the fatty acid content compared with the 2-TE and D-TE methods, which gave similar results. Moreover, D-TE methods are faster than chloroform-methanol methods and use chemicals that are less toxic. Of the D-TE methods, the ones using hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid recovered the most fatty acids, while boron trifluoride recovered slightly less. The main qualitative difference between the fatty acids recovered was that the chloroform-methanol methods recovered less saturated fatty acids in P. tricornutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillie R Cavonius
- Food Science, Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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20
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Yamanushi TT, Kabuto H, Hirakawa E, Janjua N, Takayama F, Mankura M. Oral administration of eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid modifies cardiac function and ameliorates congestive heart failure in male rats. J Nutr 2014; 144:467-74. [PMID: 24523492 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.175125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on normal cardiac function (part 1) and congestive heart failure (CHF) (part 2) through electrocardiogram analysis and determination of EPA, DHA, and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations in rat hearts. In part 2, pathologic assessments were also performed. For part 1 of this study, 4-wk-old male rats were divided into a control group and 2 experimental groups. The rats daily were orally administered (1 g/kg body weight) saline, EPA-ethyl ester (EPA-Et; E group), or DHA-ethyl ester (DHA-Et; D group), respectively, for 28 d. ECGs revealed that QT intervals were significantly shorter for groups E and D compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Relative to the control group, the concentration of EPA was higher in the E group and concentrations of EPA and DHA were higher in the D group, although AA concentrations were lower (P ≤ 0.05). In part 2, CHF was produced by subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline into 5-wk-old rats. At 3 d before monocrotaline injection, rats were administered either saline, EPA-Et, or DHA-Et as mentioned above and then killed at 21 d. The study groups were as follows: normal + saline (control), CHF + saline (H group), CHF + EPA-Et (HE group), and CHF + DHA-Et (HD group). QT intervals were significantly shorter (P ≤ 0.05) in the control and HD groups compared with the H and HE groups. Relative to the H group, concentrations of EPA were higher in the HE group and those of DHA were higher in the control and HD groups (P ≤ 0.05). There was less mononuclear cell infiltration in the myocytes of the HD group than in the H group (P = 0.06). The right ventricles in the H, HE, and HD groups showed significantly increased weights (P ≤ 0.05) compared with controls. The administration of EPA-Et or DHA-Et may affect cardiac function by modification of heart fatty acid composition, and the administration of DHA-Et may ameliorate CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko T Yamanushi
- Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu City, Kagawa, Japan
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21
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Fagan P, Wijesundera C. Rapid isolation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids using monolithic high performance liquid chromatography columns. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1743-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fagan
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship (Future Grains) and CSIRO Food and Health Sciences; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - Chakra Wijesundera
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship (Future Grains) and CSIRO Food and Health Sciences; Werribee Victoria Australia
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22
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Tang B, Tian M, Row KH. Zinc Ion Doped Solid-Phase Extraction of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid fromAntarctic Krill. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.702179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Tang B, Tian M, Lee YR, Row KH. Optimized Analytical Conditions for Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids inAntarctic krillUsing Gas Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.677978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Vrkoslav V, Cvačka J. Identification of the double-bond position in fatty acid methyl esters by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:244-50. [PMID: 22591660 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analysed by reversed-phase HPLC coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separations of the FAMEs were optimised using acetonitrile or binary acetonitrile gradients and C18 or C30 columns. The gas-phase reactions of acetonitrile and unsaturated FAMEs in the APCI source provided [M+C(3)H(5)N](+·) adducts. When fragmented, these adducts yielded diagnostic ions, allowing the unambiguous localisation of double bonds. The formation and fragmentation of the acetonitrile-related adduct was utilised for the structural characterisation of the FAMEs separated by HPLC. The APCI-MS detection of FAMEs encompassed a full-spectrum scan (providing information on the number of carbons and double bonds) and a data-dependent MS/MS scan of the [M+C(3)H(5)N](+·) ions (the position of the double bonds). The utility of this approach was demonstrated using a mixture of FAMEs from blackcurrant-seed oil. All the unsaturated fatty acids known to exist in the sample were correctly identified and several others were newly discovered. In terms of sensitivity, HPLC/APCI-MS appeared to be comparable to GC/EI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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25
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Zendejas FJ, Benke PI, Lane PD, Simmons BA, Lane TW. Characterization of the acylglycerols and resulting biodiesel derived from vegetable oil and microalgae (Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum). Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:1146-54. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Guan W, Zhao H, Lu X, Wang C, Yang M, Bai F. Quantitative analysis of fatty-acid-based biofuels produced by wild-type and genetically engineered cyanobacteria by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8289-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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MacDougall KM, McNichol J, McGinn PJ, O'Leary SJB, Melanson JE. Triacylglycerol profiling of microalgae strains for biofuel feedstock by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2609-16. [PMID: 21915640 PMCID: PMC3184220 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biofuels from photosynthetic microalgae are quickly gaining interest as a viable carbon-neutral energy source. Typically, characterization of algal feedstock involves breaking down triacylglycerols (TAG) and other intact lipids, followed by derivatization of the fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters prior to analysis by gas chromatography (GC). However, knowledge of the intact lipid profile could offer significant advantages for discovery stage biofuel research such as the selection of an algal strain or the optimization of growth and extraction conditions. Herein, lipid extracts from microalgae were directly analyzed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) using a benchtop Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Phospholipids, glycolipids, and TAGs were analyzed in the same chromatographic run, using a combination of accurate mass and diagnostic fragment ions for identification. Using this approach, greater than 100 unique TAGs were identified over the six algal strains studied and TAG profiles were obtained to assess their potential for biofuel applications. Under the growth conditions employed, Botryococcus braunii and Scenedesmus obliquus yielded the most comprehensive TAG profile with a high abundance of TAGs containing oleic acid. Optical microscope image of Botryococcus braunii and high resolution mass spectrum of triacylglycerol 28:2/18:1/18:1 (inset) ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M MacDougall
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
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28
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Holder JW, Ulrich JC, DeBono AC, Godfrey PA, Desjardins CA, Zucker J, Zeng Q, Leach ALB, Ghiviriga I, Dancel C, Abeel T, Gevers D, Kodira CD, Desany B, Affourtit JP, Birren BW, Sinskey AJ. Comparative and functional genomics of Rhodococcus opacus PD630 for biofuels development. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002219. [PMID: 21931557 PMCID: PMC3169528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Actinomycetales bacteria Rhodococcus opacus PD630 and Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 bioconvert a diverse range of organic substrates through lipid biosynthesis into large quantities of energy-rich triacylglycerols (TAGs). To describe the genetic basis of the Rhodococcus oleaginous metabolism, we sequenced and performed comparative analysis of the 9.27 Mb R. opacus PD630 genome. Metabolic-reconstruction assigned 2017 enzymatic reactions to the 8632 R. opacus PD630 genes we identified. Of these, 261 genes were implicated in the R. opacus PD630 TAGs cycle by metabolic reconstruction and gene family analysis. Rhodococcus synthesizes uncommon straight-chain odd-carbon fatty acids in high abundance and stores them as TAGs. We have identified these to be pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, and cis-heptadecenoic acids. To identify bioconversion pathways, we screened R. opacus PD630, R. jostii RHA1, Ralstonia eutropha H16, and C. glutamicum 13032 for growth on 190 compounds. The results of the catabolic screen, phylogenetic analysis of the TAGs cycle enzymes, and metabolic product characterizations were integrated into a working model of prokaryotic oleaginy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Holder
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jil C. Ulrich
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony C. DeBono
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Godfrey
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Jeremy Zucker
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qiandong Zeng
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alex L. B. Leach
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christine Dancel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas Abeel
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dirk Gevers
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Brian Desany
- 454 Life Sciences, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Bruce W. Birren
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Engineering Systems Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Hauff S, Vetter W. Exploring the fatty acids of vernix caseosa in form of their methyl esters by off-line coupling of non-aqueous reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8270-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Creation and evaluation of a two-dimensional contour plot of fatty acid methyl esters after off-line coupling of reversed-phase HPLC and GC/EI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2695-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Paik MJ, Kim H, Lee J, Brand J, Kim KR. Separation of triacylglycerols and free fatty acids in microalgal lipids by solid-phase extraction for separate fatty acid profiling analysis by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5917-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Li M, Pham PJ, Wang T, Pittman CU, Li T. Selective extraction and enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters from fish oil by novel π-complexing sorbents. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Since the 1990s, interest in natural product research has increased considerably. Following several outstanding developments in the areas of separation methods, spectroscopic techniques, and sensitive bioassays, natural product research has gained new attention for providing novel chemical entities. This updated review deals with sample preparation and purification, recent extraction techniques used for natural product separation, liquid-solid and liquid-liquid isolation techniques, as well as multi-step chromatographic operations. It covers examples of papers published since the NPR review 'Modern separation methods' by Marston and Hostettmann,1 with major emphasis on methods developed and the research undertaken since 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Sticher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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34
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A novel method of prediction and optimization for preparative high-performance liquid chromatography separation. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Lacaze JPCL, Stobo LA, Turrell EA, Quilliam MA. Solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of free fatty acids in shellfish. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1145:51-7. [PMID: 17270196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical protocol for the determination of free fatty acids (FFAs; saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) in shellfish using electrospray ionisation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is described. Total lipids were extracted from four commercially important shellfish species using chloroform-methanol in a modification of the traditionally used Bligh and Dyer method. FFAs were recovered from lipidic shellfish extracts by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on an aminopropyl-silica column using a 98:2 v/v diethyl ether (DEE)-acetic acid solution. Ether extracts containing the FFAs were evaporated and reconstituted in 70:30 v/v methanol-chloroform before analysis by LC-MS. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of the method ranged from 60 to 560 microgg(-1) wet weight depending on the different FFAs determined with selected ion monitoring (SIM). Results demonstrate that LC-MS is well suited for identification and quantification of FFAs in shellfish and negates the use of sample derivatisation required in gas chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre C L Lacaze
- Fisheries Research Services (FRS) Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
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36
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Bravi E, Perretti G, Montanari L. Fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detector. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:210-4. [PMID: 17007865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation method with an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) has been developed for the separation and quantitative analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in three different oils. Reverse-phased C18 HPLC separation of 13 FAME is achieved using a methanol/water eluent mixture. The retention times (RT) reflect the elution behavior of these compounds on C18 reversed-phase HPLC. The proposed method is tested on: soybean oil (Glycine max L.) as reference sample, rice bran oil (Oryza sativa L.), pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo L.) and algal oil (Arthrospira platensis Nordst.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Bravi
- Department of Economic and Food Sciences, Section of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo n.c.n., 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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