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Niezen LE, Kruijswijk JD, van Henten GB, Pirok BWJ, Staal BBP, Radke W, Philipsen HJA, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ. Principles and potential of solvent gradient size-exclusion chromatography for polymer analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1253:341041. [PMID: 36965990 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of a polymeric material are influenced by its underlying molecular distributions, including the molecular-weight (MWD), chemical-composition (CCD), and/or block-length (BLD) distributions. Gradient-elution liquid chromatography (LC) is commonly used to determine the CCD. Due to the limited solubility of polymers, samples are often dissolved in strong solvents. Upon injection of the sample, such solvents may lead to broadened or poorly shaped peaks and, in unfavourable cases, to "breakthrough" phenomena, where a part of the sample travels through the column unretained. To remedy this, a technique called size-exclusion-chromatography gradients or gradient size-exclusion chromatography (gSEC) was developed in 2011. In this work, we aim to further explore the potential of gSEC for the analysis of the CCD, also in comparison with conventional gradient-elution reversed-phase LC, which in this work corresponded to gradient-elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The influence of the mobile-phase composition, the pore size of the stationary-phase particles, and the column temperature were investigated. The separation of five styrene/ethyl acrylate copolymers was studied with one-dimensional RPLC and gSEC. RPLC was shown to lead to a more-accurate CCD in shorter analysis time. The separation of five styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymers was also explored using comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) LC involving gSEC, i.e. SEC × gSEC and SEC × RPLC. In 2D-LC, the use of gSEC was especially advantageous as no breakthrough could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| | - Jordy D Kruijswijk
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben B van Henten
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | | | - Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harry J A Philipsen
- DSM Engineering Materials, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
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2
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Baudis S, Behl M. High-Throughput and Combinatorial Approaches for the Development of Multifunctional Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100400. [PMID: 34460146 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput (HT) development of new multifunctional polymers is accomplished by the combination of different HT tools established in polymer sciences in the last decade. Important advances are robotic/HT synthesis of polymer libraries, the HT characterization of polymers, and the application of spatially resolved polymer library formats, explicitly microarray and gradient libraries. HT polymer synthesis enables the generation of material libraries with combinatorial design motifs. Polymer composition, molecular weight, macromolecular architecture, etc. may be varied in a systematic, fine-graded manner to obtain libraries with high chemical diversity and sufficient compositional resolution as model systems for the screening of these materials for the functions aimed. HT characterization allows a fast assessment of complementary properties, which are employed to decipher quantitative structure-properties relationships. Moreover, these methods facilitate the HT determination of important surface parameters by spatially resolved characterization methods, including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Here current methods for the high-throughput robotic synthesis of multifunctional polymers as well as their characterization are presented and advantages as well as present limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Baudis
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Marc Behl
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513, Teltow, Germany
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3
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Walsh DJ, Wade MA, Rogers SA, Guironnet D. Challenges of Size-Exclusion Chromatography for the Analysis of Bottlebrush Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew A. Wade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Simon A. Rogers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Galvez L, Theiner S, Grabarics M, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Hann S, Koellensperger G. Critical assessment of different methods for quantitative measurement of metallodrug-protein associations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7211-7220. [PMID: 30155703 PMCID: PMC6208971 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative screening for potential drug-protein binding is an essential step in developing novel metal-based anticancer drugs. ICP-MS approaches are at the core of this task; however, many applications lack in the capability of large-scale high-throughput screenings and proper validation. In this work, we critically discuss the analytical figures of merit and the potential method-based quantitative differences applying four different ICP-MS strategies to ex vivo drug-serum incubations. Two candidate drugs, more specifically, two Pt(IV) complexes with known differences of binding affinity towards serum proteins were selected. The study integrated centrifugal ultrafiltration followed by flow injection analysis, turbulent flow chromatography (TFC), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), all combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). As a novelty, for the first time, UHPLC SEC-ICP-MS was implemented to enable rapid protein separation to be performed within a few minutes at > 90% column recovery for protein adducts and small molecules. Graphical abstract Quantitative screening for potential drug-protein binding is an essential step in developingnovel metal-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Galvez
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Theiner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Márkó Grabarics
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences - BOKU Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Huang TY, Chi LM, Chien KY. Size-exclusion chromatography using reverse-phase columns for protein separation. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1571:201-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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7
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Interlaced Size Exclusion Chromatography for faster protein analysis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 126:101-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Ryan TM, Trewhella J, Murphy JM, Keown JR, Casey L, Pearce FG, Goldstone DC, Chen K, Luo Z, Kobe B, McDevitt CA, Watkin SA, Hawley AM, Mudie ST, Samardzic Boban V, Kirby N. An optimized SEC-SAXS system enabling high X-ray dose for rapid SAXS assessment with correlated UV measurements for biomolecular structure analysis. J Appl Crystallogr 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717017101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A new optimized size exclusion chromatography small-angle X-ray scattering (SEC-SAXS) system for biomolecular SAXS at the Australian Synchrotron SAXS/WAXS beamline has been developed. The compact configuration reduces sample dilution to maximize sensitivity. Coflow sample presentation allows an 11-fold increase in flux on sample without capillary fouling, improving throughput and data quality, which are now primarily limited by the full flux available on the beamline. Multi-wavelength fibre optic UV analysis in close proximity to the X-ray beam allows for accurate concentration determination for samples with known UV extinction coefficients and thus estimation of the molecular weight of the scattering particle from the forward X-ray scattering intensity. Fast-flow low-volume SEC columns provide sample throughput competitive with batch concentration series measurements, albeit with a concomitant reduction of potential resolution relative to lower flow rates and larger SEC columns. The performance of the system is demonstrated using a set of model proteins, and its utility to solve various challenges is illustrated with a diverse suite of protein samples. These developments increase the quality and rigor of SEC-SAXS analysis and open new avenues for biomolecular solution SEC-SAXS studies that have been challenged by low sample yields, temporal instability, radiation sensitivity and complex mixtures.
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Pirok BWJ, Abdulhussain N, Aalbers T, Wouters B, Peters RAH, Schoenmakers PJ. Nanoparticle Analysis by Online Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography combining Hydrodynamic Chromatography and Size-Exclusion Chromatography with Intermediate Sample Transformation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9167-9174. [PMID: 28745485 PMCID: PMC5588091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Polymeric
nanoparticles have become indispensable in modern society
with a wide array of applications ranging from waterborne coatings
to drug-carrier-delivery systems. While a large range of techniques
exist to determine a multitude of properties of these particles, relating
physicochemical properties of the particle to the chemical structure
of the intrinsic polymers is still challenging. A novel, highly orthogonal
separation system based on comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography
(LC × LC) has been developed. The system combines hydrodynamic
chromatography (HDC) in the first-dimension to separate the particles
based on their size, with ultrahigh-performance size-exclusion chromatography
(SEC) in the second dimension to separate the constituting polymer
molecules according to their hydrodynamic radius for each of 80 to
100 separated fractions. A chip-based mixer is incorporated to transform
the sample by dissolving the separated nanoparticles from the first-dimension
online in tetrahydrofuran. The polymer bands are then focused using
stationary-phase-assisted modulation to enhance sensitivity, and the
water from the first-dimension eluent is largely eliminated to allow
interaction-free SEC. Using the developed system, the combined two-dimensional
distribution of the particle-size and the molecular-size of a mixture
of various polystyrene (PS) and polyacrylate (PACR) nanoparticles
has been obtained within 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noor Abdulhussain
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Aalbers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Wouters
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Coating Resins , Sluisweg 12, 5145 PE Waalwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fekete S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Achievable separation performance and analysis time in current liquid chromatographic practice for monoclonal antibody separations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Size-exclusion chromatography using core-shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1486:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Improving Proteome Coverage by Reducing Sample Complexity via Chromatography. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 919:83-143. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41448-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Vajda J, Conze W, Müller E. Kinetic plots in aqueous size exclusion chromatography of monoclonal antibodies and virus particles. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1426:118-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Beskers TF, Hofe T, Wilhelm M. Development of a chemically sensitive online SEC detector based on FTIR spectroscopy. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new FTIR–SEC coupling method provides correlated information about the molecular weight distribution and the chemical composition and has the potential to be applied as a standard SEC detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo F. Beskers
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH
| | - Thorsten Hofe
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH
- 55120 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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15
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Fekete S, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Theory and practice of size exclusion chromatography for the analysis of protein aggregates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:161-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Synthetic polymers and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) are a synergistic combination. LC × LC provides unique insights in mutually dependent molecular distributions. Synthetic polymers offer clear demonstrations of the value of LC × LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , Faculty of Science, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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A high throughput ultra performance size exclusion chromatography assay for the analysis of aggregates and fragments of monoclonal antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Podzimek S. Truths and myths about the determination of molar mass distribution of synthetic and natural polymers by size exclusion chromatography. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Podzimek
- SYNPO; Pardubice Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
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19
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Chen X, Ge Y. Ultrahigh pressure fast size exclusion chromatography for top-down proteomics. Proteomics 2013; 13:2563-6. [PMID: 23794208 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Top-down MS-based proteomics has gained a solid growth over the past few years but still faces significant challenges in the LC separation of intact proteins. In top-down proteomics, it is essential to separate the high mass proteins from the low mass species due to the exponential decay in S/N as a function of increasing molecular mass. SEC is a favored LC method for size-based separation of proteins but suffers from notoriously low resolution and detrimental dilution. Herein, we reported the use of ultrahigh pressure (UHP) SEC for rapid and high-resolution separation of intact proteins for top-down proteomics. Fast separation of intact proteins (6-669 kDa) was achieved in < 7 min with high resolution and high efficiency. More importantly, we have shown that this UHP-SEC provides high-resolution separation of intact proteins using a MS-friendly volatile solvent system, allowing the direct top-down MS analysis of SEC-eluted proteins without an additional desalting step. Taken together, we have demonstrated that UHP-SEC is an attractive LC strategy for the size separation of proteins with great potential for top-down proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Izumi Y, Aikawa S, Matsuda F, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Aqueous size-exclusion chromatographic method for the quantification of cyanobacterial native glycogen. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Fekete S, Ganzler K, Guillarme D. Critical evaluation of fast size exclusion chromatographic separations of protein aggregates, applying sub-2μm particles. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 78-79:141-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Hong P, Koza S, Bouvier ESP. Size-Exclusion Chromatography for the Analysis of Protein Biotherapeutics and their Aggregates. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012; 35:2923-2950. [PMID: 23378719 PMCID: PMC3556795 DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.743724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use and number of biotherapeutics has increased significantly. For these largely protein-based therapies, the quantitation of aggregates is of particular concern given their potential effect on efficacy and immunogenicity. This need has renewed interest in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). In the following review we will outline the history and background of SEC for the analysis of proteins. We will also discuss the instrumentation for these analyses, including the use of different types of detectors. Method development for protein analysis by SEC will also be outlined, including the effect of mobile phase and column parameters (column length, pore size). We will also review some of the applications of this mode of separation that are of particular importance to protein biopharmaceutical development and highlight some considerations in their implementation.
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Uliyanchenko E, Cools PJCH, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Ultrahigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography for Separations of Polymers. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7802-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3011582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Uliyanchenko
- Analytical-Chemistry Group,
Faculty of Science, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902,
5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sjoerdj van der Wal
- Analytical-Chemistry Group,
Faculty of Science, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- DSM Resolve, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen,
The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group,
Faculty of Science, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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Uliyanchenko E, Schoenmakers PJ, van der Wal S. Fast and efficient size-based separations of polymers using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1509-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Ghaffar A, Verschuren P, Geenevasen J, Handels T, Berard J, Plum B, Dias A, Schoenmakers P, van der Wal S. Fast in vitro hydrolytic degradation of polyester urethane acrylate biomaterials: Structure elucidation, separation and quantification of degradation products. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:449-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Farnan D, Moreno GT, Stults J, Becker A, Tremintin G, van Gils M. Interlaced size exclusion liquid chromatography of monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8904-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Alb AM, Drenski MF, Reed WF. Simultaneous continuous, nonchromatographic monitoring and discrete chromatographic monitoring of polymerization reactions. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Im K, Park HW, Lee S, Chang T. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography analysis of synthetic polymers using fast size exclusion chromatography at high column temperature. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4606-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Guillaneuf Y, Castignolles P. Using apparent molecular weight from SEC in controlled/living polymerization and kinetics of polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Capelle MAH, Arvinte T. High-throughput formulation screening of therapeutic proteins. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2008; 5:e71-e79. [PMID: 24981094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) is used extensively in drug discovery to identify active compounds. Automated preparation and sample analysis in multiwell plates using a combination of liquid and/or powder handling stations, robotics and sensitive detection devices provide powerful tools. At present, protein formulation remains a slow process and will benefit from a fast formulation screening approach. The use of multiwell plates enables the simultaneous screening of many excipients and experimental conditions, such as buffers, salts, surfactants, sugars, storage temperature and mechanical stress. This article reviews the application of the HTS methodology for the development of different protein formulations, such as stable liquids, lyophilisates and slow release forms.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinus A H Capelle
- Therapeomic Inc., c/o University of Geneva, Quai E-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Tudor Arvinte
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai E-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Meira G, Netopilík M, Potschka M, Schnöll-Bitai I, Vega J. Band Broadening Function in Size Exclusion Chromatography of Polymers: Review of Some Recent Developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200751221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Park S, Cho H, Kim Y, Ahn S, Chang T. Fast size-exclusion chromatography at high temperature. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1157:96-100. [PMID: 17481643 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report on the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) operated at high column temperature to reduce the analysis time. The column temperature was raised beyond the normal boiling point of the eluent and a sufficient column backpressure was applied to prevent the mobile phase from boiling by inserting a narrow bore tubing between the separation column and the detector. The narrow bore tubing also functions to cool the effluent down to the room temperature before it reaches the detector. Therefore, normal SEC detectors can be used without any modification. It was confirmed that the SEC analysis time could be shortened significantly by the high-temperature operation without serious deterioration in the resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Park
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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Schnöll-Bitai I, Mader C. How much does band broadening adulterate results deduced from chromatograms measured by size-exclusion chromatography really? J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:198-206. [PMID: 17069824 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of polystyrene samples and standards were measured with several column combinations which differed in their extent of band broadening, sigma(BB). Comparison of the derived chain length distributions showed in some cases good agreement even despite strong distinctions in the determined sigma(BB) values. The calculated number and weight averages of the samples were almost identical in most cases for the column combinations used. Furthermore, the points of inflection of the standards and of multimodale distributions composed of narrow (Poisson like) peaks in microemulsion were examined. When conferred with the theoretical values which were calculated for assumed Poisson distributions the respective deviations from the "true" ones were as high as 10% (almost reaching 20% in unfavorable cases). Simple (correction) procedures were tested in order to obtain the actual average values as well as the effective points of inflection of narrow distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Schnöll-Bitai
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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