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Rodrigues TB, Cunha RL, Barci PEP, Santos-Neto ÁJ, Lanças FM. Analysis of human biological samples using porous graphitic carbon columns and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05458-8. [PMID: 39158631 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for analyzing complex biological samples. Among various chromatographic stationary phases, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns have attracted significant attention due to their unique properties-such as the ability to separate both polar and non-polar compounds and their stability through all pH ranges and to high temperatures-besides the compatibility with LC-MS. This review discusses the applicability of PGC for SPE and separation in LC-MS-based analyses of human biological samples, highlighting the diverse applications of PGC-LC-MS in analyzing endogenous metabolites, pharmaceuticals, and biomarkers, such as glycans, proteins, oligosaccharides, sugar phosphates, and nucleotides. Additionally, the fundamental principles underlying PGC column chemistry and its advantages, challenges, and advances in method development are explored. This comprehensive review aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a valuable resource for understanding the capabilities and limitations of PGC columns in LC-MS-based analysis of human biological samples, thereby facilitating advancements in analytical methodologies and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Betoni Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Leal Cunha
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Scientific Police, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Emílio Pereira Barci
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Álvaro José Santos-Neto
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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2
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Pokrovskiy O, Rostovschikova I, Ovchinnikov D. Entropy driven separation of xylene isomers on graphitic carbon adsorbents. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464641. [PMID: 38241897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Separation of xylene isomers remains one of the most important and challenging applications of adsorption-based separations in petrochemical industry. Despite the sustainable success of zeolite-based separations a search for efficient adsorbents selective for xylenes, especially para-xylene, is constantly ongoing. In this work, a potentially scalable chromatographic separation of all three xylenes was achieved on graphitic carbon sorbents, including a self-packed sorbent based on an oligo-graphene. A curious feature of this separation is stronger retention of para-xylene than meta- and, in some conditions, even than ortho-xylene. Noticeably, separation selectivity between para- and meta-isomers does not depend on temperature. Apparently, lower entropy of para-xylene in solution due to its higher molecular symmetry leads to a lesser adsorption entropy loss, which makes its adsorption statistically more likely. The concept of using carbon adsorbents for entropy driven chromatography separations may be useful for the isolation of xylenes from their mixture and, possibly, for other positional isomers separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pokrovskiy
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina Rostovschikova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Ovchinnikov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
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3
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Ba M, Li W, Song Y, Zhang Y, Xu X, Liu H, Cai Z, Hu S, Liu X, Sun T. Hydroxyl-functionalized pillar[5]arene with high separation performance for gas chromatography. Analyst 2024; 149:925-934. [PMID: 38192226 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01975f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Here we report the first example of employing hydroxyl-functionalized pillar[5]arene (P5A-C10-OH) as stationary phase for capillary gas chromatographic (GC) separations. The statically coated P5A-C10-OH capillary column possessed moderate polarity and column efficiency of 3233 plates per m determined by n-dodecane. As a result, the P5A-C10-OH column exhibited high-resolution capability for the mixture of 17 analytes from apolar to polar nature. Importantly, it exhibited advantageous performance for high resolution of the challenging isomers of bromonitrobenzene, chloroaniline, bromoaniline, iodoaniline and dimethylaniline with good peak shapes over the P5A-C10 and commercial HP-35 columns. In addition, eight cis-/trans-isomers with diverse types were baseline separated on the P5A-C10-OH column. And the application of detecting isomeric impurities in real samples gave strong evidence of its potential and feasibility for the viable GC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Ba
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Wen Li
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Yanli Song
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Xu
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Haixin Liu
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Shaoqiang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, P. R. China.
| | - Xianming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, P. R. China.
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Plachká K, Pilařová V, Horáček O, Gazárková T, Vlčková HK, Kučera R, Nováková L. Columns in analytical-scale supercritical fluid chromatography: From traditional to unconventional chemistries. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300431. [PMID: 37568246 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Within this review, we thoroughly explored supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) columns used across > 3000 papers published from the first study carried out under SFC conditions in 1962 to the end of 2022. We focused on the open tubular capillary, packed capillary, and packed columns, their chemistries, dimensions, and trends in used stationary phases with correlation to their specific interactions, advantages, drawbacks, used instrumentation, and application field. Since the 1990s, packed columns with liquid chromatography and SFC-dedicated stationary phases for chiral and achiral separation are predominantly used. These stationary phases are based on silica support modified with a wide range of chemical moieties. Moreover, numerous unconventional stationary phases were evaluated, including porous graphitic carbon, titania, zirconia, alumina, liquid crystals, and ionic liquids. The applications of unconventional stationary phases are described in detail as they bring essential findings required for further development of the supercritical fluid chromatography technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Plachká
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Taťána Gazárková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kočová Vlčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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5
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Enhancement of teprenone isomer separation by subcritical fluid chromatography using porous graphitic carbon column. J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTeprenone is a therapeutic anti-ulcer agent developed in Japan. As described in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) 17th Edition, gas chromatography/hydrogen flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV) have been used for the assay of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and teprenone capsules, respectively. The critical aspect of the assay is a separation of the structural isomers (mono-cis and all-trans) of teprenone. Herein, we propose an improved quantitative method for the quality control of teprenone in APIs and capsules via subcritical fluid chromatography/photo diode array detection (SubFC/PDA) using a porous graphitic carbon column. SubFC conditions, i.e., type and content of the organic modifier in the mobile phase, column temperature, injection volume, and flow rate, were optimized. The developed SubFC/PDA method was validated according to ICH guidelines Q2(R1) in terms of accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), specificity, linearity, quantification range, robustness, and stability. Comparison of SubFC/PDA method with the GC/FID or HPLC/UV method (described in JP) revealed that the SubFC/PDA method gave better resolution and run time than the JP methods. The developed SubFC/PDA method is expected to be useful for pharmaceutical analysis or quality control of teprenone isomers.
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Schmidtsdorff S, Neumann J, Schmidt AH, Parr MK. Analytical lifecycle management for comprehensive and universal nitrosamine analysis in various pharmaceutical formulations by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 197:113960. [PMID: 33626447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the detection of nitrosamines (NA) in valsartan pharmaceuticals, over two years have passed. At present, the occurrence of NAs can be limited to a few drug substances and drug products, but it is already becoming apparent that the issue appears to be much bigger than initially thought. The impact on the global pharmaceutical market has been tremendous and the problem can be attributed mainly to uncritically adopted approval changes and the lack of suitable, modern analytical methods to detect those impurities in time. We hereby demonstrate how lifecycle management (LCM) can be used to develop and improve suitable and universal analytical methods within short time. The resulting SFC-MS/MS method is intended for a universal nitrosamine investigation in drug substances and drug products. Successful NA analysis was demonstrated for seven sartans, metformin, pioglitazone and ranitidine. Additionally, combination drug products, containing also amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide, vildagliptin and sitagliptin, were analyzed successfully. The method achieved separation of 16 NAs in 4 min with a total run time of 11.5 min, utilizing a Supel Carbon porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column. Carbon dioxide together with 0.1% TFA in methanol as modifier were used as eluents and 0.35% formic acid in methanol as make-up solvent for mass spectrometric NA detection. By implementing LCM in this case study, development time was reduced and knowledge was implemented fast. At the same time, a high adaptability of this "vital" method was achieved, which makes it possible to implement the constantly changing regulatory requirements within the shortest possible time. Supplemental development data, according to the ICH guidelines Q8, Q12 and the proposed Q14 are disclosed, demonstrating the scientific Quality-by-Design (QbD) development approach, the "fitness for use" and the robustness of the analytical procedure. This method contributes to the still ongoing risk assessment process of the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory agencies, in order to understand root causes of NA formation, maintain the drug supply and prevent drug shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmidtsdorff
- Chromicent GmbH, Johann-Hittorf-Str. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jonas Neumann
- Chromicent GmbH, Johann-Hittorf-Str. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria K Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Goncharova EN, Statkus MA, Tsizin GI, Zolotov YA. Porous Graphitized Carbon for the Separation and Preconcentration of Hydrophilic Substances. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Li E, Zhou Y, Zhao R, Jie K, Huang F. Dihalobenzene Shape Sorting by Nonporous Adaptive Crystals of Perbromoethylated Pillararenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Errui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Run Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
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9
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Li E, Zhou Y, Zhao R, Jie K, Huang F. Dihalobenzene Shape Sorting by Nonporous Adaptive Crystals of Perbromoethylated Pillararenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3981-3985. [PMID: 30701668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The separation of dihalobenzene isomers, such as dichlorobenzene isomers and difluorobenzene isomers, has a high practical value in both synthetic chemistry and industrial production. Herein we provide a simple to operate and energy-efficient adsorptive separation method using nonporous adaptive crystals of perbromoethylated pillar[5]arene (BrP5) and pillar[6]arene (BrP6). BrP6 crystals show a preference towards the ortho isomer of dichlorobenzene in isomer mixtures, but cannot discriminate difluorobenzene isomers. Single-crystal structures reveal that this selectivity is derived from the stability of the new host-guest crystal structure of BrP6 after uptake of the preferred guest and the binding strength of the host-guest interactions. Furthermore, because of the reversible transition between guest-free and guest-loaded structures, BrP6 crystals are recyclable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Run Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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10
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Chen S, Li XX, Feng F, Li S, Han JH, Jia ZY, Shu L, Somsundaran P, Li JR. Highly efficient high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of xylene isomers and phthalate acid esters on a homemade DUT-67(Zr) packed column. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2528-2535. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Fan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Sumei Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Han
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lun Shu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - P. Somsundaran
- Earth and Environment Engineering Department; Columbia University; New York USA
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
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Pokrovskiy OI, Ustinovich KB, Usovich OI, Parenago OO, Lunin VV. Interaction of positional isomers of dimethylbenzene with graphite. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024416080215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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The many faces of packed column supercritical fluid chromatography – A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:2-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Analysis of non-phthalates plasticizers on porous graphitic carbon by supercritical fluid chromatography using evaporative light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:277-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Lesellier E, Destandau E, Grigoras C, Fougère L, Elfakir C. Fast separation of triterpenoids by supercritical fluid chromatography/evaporative light scattering detector. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:157-65. [PMID: 23141985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The screening of plant material, the chemical composition, the abundance and the biological activity of triterpenoids are of a major economical importance. The classical analytical methods, such as TLC, GC, and HPLC are either little resolutive, or require derivatization steps, or fail in sensitivity. The supercritical fluid chromatography/evaporative light scattering detector (SFC/ELSD) coupling provides high resolution, fast analysis and higher responses for the analysis of triterpenoids. After the initial screening of seven stationary phases to select the well suited one, analytical conditions (modifier percentage, from 10 to 3%; backpressure (from 12 to 18 MPa) and temperature (from 15 to 25 °C) were studied to improve the separation, and ELSD detection of a standard mixture composed of 8 triterpenoids (oleanolic acid, erythrodiol, β-amyrin, ursolic acid, uvaol, betulinic acid, betulin, lupeol). Applied to apple pomace extracts, this method allows the separation of about 15 triterpenoid compounds, in less than 20 min, with isocratic conditions. Moreover, the ELSD response is dramatically higher than the one provided by UV detection, and avoids derivatization steps. An attempt to identify some compounds was done by collecting chromatographic peaks and further analyzing them with mass spectrometry. Complete identification or molecular formula could be proposed for 11 compounds. However, due to the presence of position and orientation isomers the absolute identification remains difficult, despite some retention rules deduced from the standard analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lesellier
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, B.P. 6759, rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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15
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Poole CF. Stationary phases for packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1250:157-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Retention divergence of terpenes with porous graphitized carbon and C18 stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1247:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Investigation of porous graphitic carbon for triterpenoids and natural resinous materials analysis by high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Lesellier E. Efficiency in supercritical fluid chromatography with different superficially porous and fully porous particles ODS bonded phases. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Paproski RE, Liang C, Lucy CA. High temperature normal phase liquid chromatography of aromatic hydrocarbons on bare zirconia. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7948-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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West C, Lesellier E. Comments on the paper “Characterization of stationary phases by a linear solvation energy relationship utilizing supercritical fluid chromatography” by C. R. Mitchell, N. J. Benz, S. Zhang. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1917-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Pereira L. Porous Graphitic Carbon as a Stationary Phase in HPLC: Theory and Applications. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802126429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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West C, Elfakir C, Lafosse M. Porous graphitic carbon: A versatile stationary phase for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3201-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Properties of microdispersed sintered nanodiamonds as a stationary phase for normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:498-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Gyllenhaal O, Karlsson A. Evaluation Conditions for SFC of Metoprolol and Related Amino Alcohols on Hypercarb (Porous Graphitic Carbon) with Respect to Structure–Selectivity Relations. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Farrell WP, Aurigemma CM, Masters-Moore DF. Advances in High Throughput Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William P. Farrell
- a Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories , San Diego, California, USA
| | - Christine M. Aurigemma
- a Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories , San Diego, California, USA
| | - David F. Masters-Moore
- a Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories , San Diego, California, USA
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Retention mechanisms in super/subcritical fluid chromatography on packed columns. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1881-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Selective preconcentration of chemical warfare agent degradation products using a zirconia preconcentration column. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1213:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Lesellier E. Overview of the retention in subcritical fluid chromatography with varied polarity stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1238-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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West C, Lesellier E. A unified classification of stationary phases for packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:21-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Chambers SD, Lucy CA. Surfactant coated graphitic carbon based stationary phases for anion-exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1176:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Vitha M, Carr PW. The chemical interpretation and practice of linear solvation energy relationships in chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1126:143-94. [PMID: 16889784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) to understand the types and relative strength of the chemical interactions that control retention and selectivity in the various modes of chromatography ranging from gas chromatography to reversed phase and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. The most recent, widely accepted symbolic representation of the LSER model, as proposed by Abraham, is given by the equation: SP=c + eE + sS + aA + bB + vV, in which, SP can be any free energy related property. In chromatography, SP is most often taken as logk' where k' is the retention factor. The letters E, S, A, B, and V denote solute dependent input parameters that come from scales related to a solute's polarizability, dipolarity (with some contribution from polarizability), hydrogen bond donating ability, hydrogen bond accepting ability, and molecular size, respectively. The e-, s-, a-, b-, and v-coefficients and the constant, c, are determined via multiparameter linear least squares regression analysis of a data set comprised of solutes with known E, S, A, B, and V values and which span a reasonably wide range in interaction abilities. Thus, LSERs are designed to probe the type and relative importance of the interactions that govern solute retention. In this review, we include a synopsis of the various solvent and solute scales in common use in chromatography. More importantly, we emphasize the development and physico-chemical basis of - and thus meaning of - the solute parameters. After establishing the meaning of the parameters, we discuss their use in LSERs as applied to understanding the intermolecular interactions governing various gas-liquid and liquid-liquid phase equilibria. The gas-liquid partition process is modeled as the sum of an endoergic cavity formation/solvent reorganization process and exoergic solute-solvent attractive forces, whereas the partitioning of a solute between two solvents is thermodynamically equivalent to the difference in two gas/liquid solution processes. We end with a set of recommendations and advisories for conducting LSER studies, stressing the proper chemical and statistical application of the methodology. We intend that these recommendations serve as a guide for future studies involving the execution, statistical evaluation, and chemical interpretation of LSERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Vitha
- Drake University, Department of Chemistry, 2507 University Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA
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West C, Lesellier E. Characterisation of stationary phases in subcritical fluid chromatography with the solvation parameter model. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1110:200-13. [PMID: 16487536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this third paper, varied types of polar stationary phases, namely silica gel (SI), cyano (CN)- and amino-propyl (NH2)-bonded silica, propanediol-bonded silica (DIOL), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), were investigated in subcritical fluid mobile phase. This study was performed to provide a greater knowledge of the properties of these phases in SFC, and to allow a more rapid and efficient choice of polar stationary phase in regard of the chemical nature of the solutes to be separated. The effect of the nature of the stationary phase on interactions between solute and stationary phases and between solute and carbon dioxide-modifier mobile phases was studied by the use of a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER), the solvation parameter model. The retention behaviour observed with sub/supercritical fluid with carbon dioxide-methanol is close to the one reported in normal-phase liquid chromatography with hexane. The hydrogen bond acidity and basicity, and the polarity/polarizability favour the solute retention when the molar volume of the solute reduces it. As with non-polar phases, the absence of water in the subcritical fluid allows the solute/stationary phase interactions to play a greater part in the retention behaviour. As expected, the DIOL phase and the bare silica display a similar behaviour towards acidic and basic solutes, when interactions with basic compounds are lower with the NH2 phase. On the CN phase, all interactions (hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole and charge transfer) have a nearly equivalent weight on the retention. The polymeric phases, PEG and PVA, provide the most accurate models, possibly due to their better surface homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C West
- LETIAM, Groupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris Sud (EA 3343), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau du Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France
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West C, Lesellier E. Characterization of stationary phases in subcritical fluid chromatography by the solvation parameter model. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1110:181-90. [PMID: 16487535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Varied types of alkylsiloxane-bonded and fluoroalkylsiloxane-bonded stationary phases, all commercially available, were investigated with subcritical fluid mobile phase. The effect of the alkyl chain length (from C4 to C18) and of the nature of the bonding (fluorodecylsiloxane, phenyl-C18 and polar-embedded-C18) on the chromatographic behaviour was investigated by the use of a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER), the solvation parameter model. A large set of test compounds provides precise and reliable information on the intermolecular interactions responsible for retention on these stationary phases used with a subcritical mobile phase. First of all, the results underline the close properties between subcritical fluid and organic liquid. The use of non aqueous mobile phases reduces the cavity energy and the mobile phase acidity generally encountered with aqueous liquid phases, allowing other interactions to take a part in retention. As expected, an increase in the alkyl chain length favours the dispersive interactions between the solutes and the stationary phases. Changes in basicity and acidity of the stationary phases are also related to the chain length, but, in this case, mobile phase adsorption onto the stationary phase is supposed to explain these behaviours. The addition of a phenyl group at the bottom of the C18 chain, near the silica, does not induce great modifications in the retentive properties. The fluorodecylsiloxane and the polar-embedded alkylsiloxane phases display very different properties, and can be complementary to the classical alkylsiloxane-bonded phases. In particular, the fluorinated phase does not favour the dispersive interactions, in comparison to hydrogenated stationary phases, when the basicity of the polar-embedded phase is obviously greater than the one of classical alkylsiloxane-bonded phases, due to the amide function. Finally, logk-logk curves plotted between the different phases illustrate the effect of the interaction properties on the retention of different classes of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C West
- LETIAM, Groupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris Sud (EA 3343), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau du Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France
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