1
|
Aly AA, Górecki T. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography with reversed phase in both dimensions: A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464824. [PMID: 38522405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), and in particular comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC), offers increased peak capacity, resolution and selectivity compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. It is commonly accepted that the technique produces the best results when the separation mechanisms in the two dimensions are completely orthogonal; however, the use of similar separation mechanisms in both dimensions has been gaining popularity as it helps avoid difficulties related to mobile phase incompatibility and poor column efficiency. The remarkable advantages of using reversed phase in both dimensions (RPLC×RPLC) over other separation mechanisms made it a promising technique in the separation of complex samples. This review discusses some physical and practical considerations in method development for 2D-LC involving the use of RP in both dimensions. In addition, an extensive overview is presented of different applications that relied on RPLC×RPLC and 2D-LC with reversed phase column combinations to separate components of complex samples in different fields including food analysis, natural product analysis, environmental analysis, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A Aly
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tirapelle M, Chia DN, Duanmu F, Besenhard MO, Mazzei L, Sorensen E. In-silico method development and optimization of on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography via a shortcut model. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464818. [PMID: 38564929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LCxLC) represents a valuable alternative to conventional single column, or one-dimensional, liquid chromatography (1D-LC) for resolving multiple components in a complex mixture in a short time. However, developing LCxLC methods with trial-and-error experiments is challenging and time-consuming, which is why the technique is not dominant despite its significant potential. This work presents a novel shortcut model to in-silico predicting retention time and peak width within an RPLCxRPLC separation system (i.e., LCxLC systems that use reversed-phase columns (RPLC) in both separation dimensions). Our computationally effective model uses the hydrophobic-subtraction model (HSM) to predict retention and considers limitations due to the sample volume, undersampling and the maximum pressure drop. The shortcut model is used in a two-step strategy for sample-dependent optimization of RPLCxRPLC separation systems. In the first step, the Kendall's correlation coefficient of all possible combinations of available columns is evaluated, and the best column pair is selected accordingly. In the second step, the optimal values of design variables, flow rate, pH and sample loop volume, are obtained via multi-objective stochastic optimization. The strategy is applied to method development for the separation of 8, 12 and 16 component mixtures. It is shown that the proposed strategy provides an easy way to accelerate method development for full-comprehensive 2D-LC systems as it does not require any experimental campaign and an entire optimization run can take less than two minutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Tirapelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Dian Ning Chia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Fanyi Duanmu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Maximilian O Besenhard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Luca Mazzei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Eva Sorensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muller M, Brau T, Lauer T, Stoll D, de Villiers A. Improving the Accuracy of Predictive 2D-LC Optimization Strategies: Incorporation of Simulated Elution Profiles to Account for Injection Band Broadening in Online Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6398-6407. [PMID: 38593450 PMCID: PMC11044102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Method development in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) requires the selection of a large number of experimental parameters. The complexity of this process has led to several computer-based LC × LC optimization algorithms being developed to facilitate LC × LC method development. One particularly relevant challenge for predictive optimization software is to accurately model the effect of second dimension (2D) injection band broadening under sample solvent mismatch and/or sample volume overload conditions. We report a novel methodology that combines a chromatographic numerical simulation model capable of predicting elution profiles of analytes under conditions where peak distortion occurs with a predictive multiparameter Pareto optimization approach for online LC × LC. Preliminary method optimization is performed using a theoretical model to predict 2D injection profiles, and optimal experimental configurations obtained from the Pareto fronts are then subjected to further optimization using the simulation model. This approach drastically reduces the number of simulations and therefore the computational demand. We show that the optimal experimental conditions obtained in this manner are similar to those obtained using a complete optimization using only the simulation model. Online HILIC × RP-LC separation of phenolic compounds was used to compare experimental data to simulated two- and three-dimensional contour plots. The main advantage of the proposed approach is the ability to predict the formation of split or deformed peaks in the 2D, a significant benefit in online LC × LC method optimization, especially for separation combinations with mismatched mobile phases. A further benefit is that simulated elution profiles can be used for the visualization of predicted two-dimensional chromatograms for method selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magriet Muller
- Department
of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University
of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1,
Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Tyler Brau
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Avenue, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Thomas Lauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Avenue, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Dwight Stoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Avenue, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - André de Villiers
- Department
of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University
of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1,
Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdulhussain N, Nawada S, Schoenmakers P. Latest Trends on the Future of Three-Dimensional Separations in Chromatography. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12016-12034. [PMID: 33878259 PMCID: PMC8517953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Separation and characterization of complex mixtures are of crucial importance in many fields, where extremely high separation power is required. Three-dimensional separation techniques can offer a path toward achieving high peak capacities. In this Review, online three-dimensional separation systems are discussed, including three-dimensional gas chromatography, and hyphenated combinations of two-dimensional gas chromatography with liquid chromatography or supercritical-fluid chromatography. Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography provides detailed information on complex samples and the need for higher peak capacities is pushing researchers toward online three-dimensional liquid chromatography. In this review, an overview of the various combinations are provided and we discuss and compare their potential performance, advantages, perspectives, and results obtained during the most recent 10-15 years. Finally, the Review will discuss a novel approach of spatial three-dimensional liquid separation to increase peak capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abdulhussain
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suhas Nawada
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Schoenmakers
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qu K, Wang F, Du Z, Wang S, Zhang Z, Shen Y. A novel and sensitive method for determination of amisulpride in human plasma by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5149. [PMID: 33928659 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel and sensitive heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection method (2D-LC-UV) was developed and validated for determination of amisulpride in human plasma. The 2D-LC system consists of a first dimensional (1 D) LC column and a middle transfer column as well as a second-dimensional (2 D) LC column. After simple protein precipitation, the sample was directly injected into the introduction valve of the 2D-LC system. The 1 D column, playing a role of primary separation and preconcentration for complex plasma matrices, transferred the targets to the intermediate column. Following capture of targets on the middle column online, the analytes were transferred to the 2 D separation column by a six-port valve. The 2 D column, avoiding interference from the plasma matrix, completed further separation and quantification. An assistant pump was optimized for primary enrichment as well as final elution in the heart-cutting mode. The analytical time of amisulpride was 7.401 min. The accuracy was between 0.48 and 8.49%, while the intra- and inter-day precisions ranged from 0.9 to 3.1% and from 1.7% to 3.3%, respectively. The linear range of amisulpride was 48.15-2,407.59 ng/ml, while the extraction recovery was 98.7-101.3%. The strategy established in the study, which was successfully applied to therapeutic drug monitoring of amisulpride for routine clinical detection, displays high sensitivity, good repeatability, convenience and low cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kankan Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Tongren Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Tongren Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shushan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Tongren Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongdong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Tongren Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Tongren Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Simulation of elution profiles in liquid chromatography – IV: Experimental characterization and modeling of solute injection profiles from a modulation valve used in two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
Bos TS, Knol WC, Molenaar SR, Niezen LE, Schoenmakers PJ, Somsen GW, Pirok BW. Recent applications of chemometrics in one- and two-dimensional chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1678-1727. [PMID: 32096604 PMCID: PMC7317490 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of increasingly more sophisticated analytical separation systems, often incorporating increasingly more powerful detection techniques, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, causes an urgent need for highly efficient data-analysis and optimization strategies. This is especially true for comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography applied to the separation of very complex samples. In this contribution, the requirement for chemometric tools is explained and the latest developments in approaches for (pre-)processing and analyzing data arising from one- and two-dimensional chromatography systems are reviewed. The final part of this review focuses on the application of chemometrics for method development and optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen S. Bos
- Division of Bioanalytical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter C. Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Groupvan ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stef R.A. Molenaar
- Analytical Chemistry Groupvan ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Leon E. Niezen
- Analytical Chemistry Groupvan ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- Analytical Chemistry Groupvan ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bob W.J. Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Groupvan ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang L, Marcus RK. Polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber column as the second dimension in a comprehensive two-dimensional RP × RP analysis of a mixture of intact proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2963-2979. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
9
|
Zhu K, Pursch M, Eeltink S, Desmet G. Maximizing two-dimensional liquid chromatography peak capacity for the separation of complex industrial samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Freye CE, Rosales CJ, Thompson DG, Brown GW, Larson SA. Development of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for investigating aging of plastic bonded explosives. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent Developments in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Improvements for Practical Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:240-263. [PMID: 30380827 PMCID: PMC6322149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W. J. Pirok
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R. Stoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Muller M, Tredoux AGJ, de Villiers A. Application of Kinetically Optimised Online HILIC × RP-LC Methods Hyphenated to High Resolution MS for the Analysis of Natural Phenolics. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
13
|
Predictive kinetic optimisation of hydrophilic interaction chromatography × reversed phase liquid chromatography separations: Experimental verification and application to phenolic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1571:107-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
14
|
Venter P, Muller M, Vestner J, Stander MA, Tredoux AGJ, Pasch H, de Villiers A. Comprehensive Three-Dimensional LC × LC × Ion Mobility Spectrometry Separation Combined with High-Resolution MS for the Analysis of Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11643-11650. [PMID: 30193064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) and ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) are increasingly being used to address challenges associated with the analysis of highly complex samples. In this work, we evaluate the potential of the combination of these techniques in the form of a comprehensive three-dimensional LC × LC × IMS separation system. As application, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) × reversed phase LC (RP-LC) × IMS-high-resolution MS (HR-MS) was used to analyze a range of phenolic compounds, including hydrolyzable and condensed tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids in several natural products. A protocol for the extraction and visualization of the four-dimensional data obtained using this approach was developed. We show that the combination of HILIC, RP-LC, and IMS offers excellent separation of complex phenolic samples in three dimensions. Benefits associated with the incorporation of IMS include improved MS sensitivity and mass-spectral data quality. IMS also provided separation of trimeric procyanidin isomeric species that could not be differentiated by HILIC × RP-LC or HR-MS. On the traveling wave IMS (TWIMS) system used here, both IMS separation performance and the extent of second dimension (2D) undersampling depend on the upper mass scan limit, which might present a limitation for the analysis of larger molecular ions. The performance of the LC × LC × IMS system was characterized in terms of practical peak capacity and separation power, using established theory and taking undersampling and orthogonality into account. An average increase in separation performance by a factor of 13 was found for the samples analyzed here when IMS was incorporated into the HILIC × RP-LC-MS workflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Venter
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| | - Magriet Muller
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| | - Jochen Vestner
- Institute of Viticulture and Oenology , DLR Rheinpfalz , Neustadt an der Weinstraße 67435 , Germany
| | - Maria A Stander
- Department of Biochemistry , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| | - Andreas G J Tredoux
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography of heavy oil. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1564:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
16
|
Baglai A, Blokland MH, Mol HG, Gargano AF, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Enhancing detectability of anabolic-steroid residues in bovine urine by actively modulated online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography – high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1013:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Navarro-Reig M, Bedia C, Tauler R, Jaumot J. Chemometric Strategies for Peak Detection and Profiling from Multidimensional Chromatography. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700327. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Navarro-Reig
- Department of Environmental Chemistry; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) - Spanish National Research Council (CSIC); Jordi Girona 18-34, E08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Carmen Bedia
- Department of Environmental Chemistry; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) - Spanish National Research Council (CSIC); Jordi Girona 18-34, E08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) - Spanish National Research Council (CSIC); Jordi Girona 18-34, E08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Joaquim Jaumot
- Department of Environmental Chemistry; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) - Spanish National Research Council (CSIC); Jordi Girona 18-34, E08034 Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fornells E, Barnett B, Bailey M, Hilder EF, Shellie RA, Breadmore MC. Evaporative membrane modulation for comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1000:303-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
19
|
Broeckhoven K, Vanderlinden K, Guillarme D, Desmet G. On-tubing fluorescence measurements of the band broadening of contemporary injectors in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1535:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
20
|
Long Z, Zhang Y, Gamache P, Guo Z, Steiner F, Du N, Liu X, Jin Y, Liu X, Liu L. Determination of tropane alkaloids by heart cutting reversed phase – Strong cation exchange two dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
21
|
Baglai A, Gargano AF, Jordens J, Mengerink Y, Honing M, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive lipidomic analysis of human plasma using multidimensional liquid- and gas-phase separations: Two-dimensional liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry vs. liquid chromatography–trapped-ion-mobility–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1530:90-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
22
|
Pirok BWJ, Gargano AFG, Schoenmakers PJ. Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:68-98. [PMID: 29027363 PMCID: PMC5814945 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive option for the analysis of complex nonvolatile samples found in various fields (e.g. environmental studies, food, life, and polymer sciences). Two-dimensional liquid chromatography complements the highly popular hyphenated systems that combine liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography is also applied to the analysis of samples that are not compatible with mass spectrometry (e.g. high-molecular-weight polymers), providing important information on the distribution of the sample components along chemical dimensions (molecular weight, charge, lipophilicity, stereochemistry, etc.). Also, in comparison with conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography, two-dimensional liquid chromatography provides a greater separation power (peak capacity). Because of the additional selectivity and higher peak capacity, the combination of two-dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows for simpler mixtures of compounds to be introduced in the ion source at any given time, improving quantitative analysis by reducing matrix effects. In this review, we summarize the rationale and principles of two-dimensional liquid chromatography experiments, describe advantages and disadvantages of combining different selectivities and discuss strategies to improve the quality of two-dimensional liquid chromatography separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Iguiniz M, Heinisch S. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis. Instrumental aspects, trends and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:482-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
24
|
Sarrut M, Rouvière F, Heinisch S. Theoretical and experimental comparison of one dimensional versus on-line comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography for optimized sub-hour separations of complex peptide samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:183-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
25
|
Česla P, Křenková J. Fraction transfer process in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid-phase separations. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:109-123. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Česla
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Jana Křenková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v.v.i.; Brno Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Application of fractionized sampling and stacking for construction of an interface for online heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
Determination of phytate in high molecular weight, charged organic matrices by two-dimensional size exclusion-ion chromatography. Talanta 2016; 156-157:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Jeong LN, Sajulga R, Forte SG, Stoll DR, Rutan SC. Simulation of elution profiles in liquid chromatographyI: Gradient elution conditions, and with mismatched injection and mobile phase solvents. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Montero L, Ibáñez E, Russo M, di Sanzo R, Rastrelli L, Piccinelli AL, Celano R, Cifuentes A, Herrero M. Metabolite profiling of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) from different locations using comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and tandem mass spectrometry detection. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 913:145-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
30
|
Brack W, Ait-Aissa S, Burgess RM, Busch W, Creusot N, Di Paolo C, Escher BI, Mark Hewitt L, Hilscherova K, Hollender J, Hollert H, Jonker W, Kool J, Lamoree M, Muschket M, Neumann S, Rostkowski P, Ruttkies C, Schollee J, Schymanski EL, Schulze T, Seiler TB, Tindall AJ, De Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Vrana B, Krauss M. Effect-directed analysis supporting monitoring of aquatic environments--An in-depth overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:1073-118. [PMID: 26779957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are often contaminated with complex mixtures of chemicals that may pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. This contamination cannot be addressed with target analysis alone but tools are required to reduce this complexity and identify those chemicals that might cause adverse effects. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is designed to meet this challenge and faces increasing interest in water and sediment quality monitoring. Thus, the present paper summarizes current experience with the EDA approach and the tools required, and provides practical advice on their application. The paper highlights the need for proper problem formulation and gives general advice for study design. As the EDA approach is directed by toxicity, basic principles for the selection of bioassays are given as well as a comprehensive compilation of appropriate assays, including their strengths and weaknesses. A specific focus is given to strategies for sampling, extraction and bioassay dosing since they strongly impact prioritization of toxicants in EDA. Reduction of sample complexity mainly relies on fractionation procedures, which are discussed in this paper, including quality assurance and quality control. Automated combinations of fractionation, biotesting and chemical analysis using so-called hyphenated tools can enhance the throughput and might reduce the risk of artifacts in laboratory work. The key to determining the chemical structures causing effects is analytical toxicant identification. The latest approaches, tools, software and databases for target-, suspect and non-target screening as well as unknown identification are discussed together with analytical and toxicological confirmation approaches. A better understanding of optimal use and combination of EDA tools will help to design efficient and successful toxicant identification studies in the context of quality monitoring in multiply stressed environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Wibke Busch
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Willem Jonker
- VU University, BioMolecular Analysis Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- VU University, BioMolecular Analysis Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- VU Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Muschket
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pawel Rostkowski
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Jennifer Schollee
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andrew J Tindall
- WatchFrag, Bâtiment Genavenir 3, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | | | - Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li Z, Chen K, Guo MZ, Tang DQ. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography and its application in traditional Chinese medicine analysis and metabonomic investigation. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:21-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Kai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Meng-zhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Dao-quan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Davydova E, Wouters S, Deridder S, Desmet G, Eeltink S, Schoenmakers PJ. Design and evaluation of microfluidic devices for two-dimensional spatial separations. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1434:127-35. [PMID: 26810803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Various designs of chips for comprehensive two-dimensional spatial liquid chromatography were investigated. The performance of these chips was initially evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A bifurcating distributor with an angle of 140° between branches was implemented in order to achieve a homogeneous velocity field. The cross-sectional area of the channels of the flow distributor was fixed at 0.5 × 0.5 mm, which allows a robust micromilling technique to be used for chip manufacturing. Experiments were performed with chips featuring purposely introduced imperfections in the structure of the bifurcating flow distributor to study its capacity of overcoming potential local clogging. Split peaks were observed when 75% of one of the flow channels was obstructed, in line with the CFD predictions. The main bottlenecks for the performance of the spatial two-dimensional chips were identified, viz. sample injected in the first dimension diverging into the flow distributor and channel discretization (i.e., remixing of first-dimension separation peaks because of finite number of second-dimension channels). Solutions to the former problem were studied by applying a flow resistance in the vertical segments that formed the outlets of the flow distributor and by simulating the presence of constrictions. It was found that a flow resistance of 1.0×10(11) m(-2) reduced the amount of sample diverging into the flow distributor by a factor of 10. The presence of a constriction of 90% of the segment area and 50% of the segment length decreased the diverging flow by a factor of 5. The influence of the linear velocity was significant. Solutions to the channel discretization problem were sought by investigating different designs of spatial two-dimensional chips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Davydova
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sander Deridder
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
This article summarizes the most important developments in the use of 2D-LC for bioanalysis in the last 5 years. While several interesting and powerful applications have been developed recently, this work has been supported by continued, significant development of theoretical concepts, instrument development and practical aspects of method development. Some of the most exciting applications have been focused on the use of 2D-LC and characterize proteins both as biotherapeutic drug substances, and in formulations. These materials are inherently complex, difficult to resolve chromatographically and present problems that are essentially unknown (e.g., aggregation) in the small molecule world, thus 2D-LC can be leveraged very effectively to address these challenges.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sarrut M, D’Attoma A, Heinisch S. Optimization of conditions in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional reversed phase liquid chromatography. Experimental comparison with one-dimensional reversed phase liquid chromatography for the separation of peptides. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Causon TJ, Hann S. Theoretical evaluation of peak capacity improvements by use of liquid chromatography combined with drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
36
|
Vonk RJ, Wouters S, Barcaru A, Vivó-Truyols G, Eeltink S, de Koning LJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Post-polymerization photografting on methacrylate-based monoliths for separation of intact proteins and protein digests with comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3817-29. [PMID: 25801383 PMCID: PMC4412387 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Post-polymerization photografting is a versatile tool to alter the surface chemistry of organic-based monoliths so as to obtain desired stationary phase properties. In this study, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid was grafted to a hydrophobic poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith to create a strong cation exchange stationary phase. Both single-step and two-step photografting were addressed, and the effects of grafting conditions were assessed. An experimental design has been applied in an attempt to optimize three of the key parameters of the two-step photografting chemistry, i.e. the grafting time of the initiator, the monomer concentration and the monomer irradiation time. The photografted columns were implemented in a comprehensive two-dimensional column liquid chromatography (tLC × tLC) workflow and applied for the separation of intact proteins and peptides. A baseline separation of 11 intact proteins was obtained within 20 min by implementing a gradient across a limited RP composition window in the second dimension. tLC × tLC with UV detection was used for the separation of cytochrome c digest, bovine serum insulin digest and a digest of a complex protein mixture. A semi-quantitative estimation of the occupation of separation space, the orthogonality, of the tLC × tLC system yielded 75 %. The tLC × tLC setup was hyphenated to a high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer instrument to identify the bovine serum insulin tryptic peptides and to demonstrate the compatibility with MS analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J Vonk
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Horváth K, Sepsey A, Hajós P. Solvent minimization in two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1378:32-6. [PMID: 25555411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An algorithm was developed for the minimization of consumption of organic solvent in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC). It was shown that one can reach higher peak capacities only by using more eluent. The equilibration volume of the second dimension, however, did not affect the solvent consumption significantly. Calculations confirmed that the same target peak capacity could be achieved by consuming significantly different volume of organic modifier depending on the number of fractions analyzed in the second dimension suggesting that 2D separations can be optimized for eluent consumption. It was shown that minimization of eluent usage requires the use of small and high efficient columns in the second dimension. A simple equation was derived for the calculation of the optimal number of collected fractions from the first dimension that allowed the minimization of eluent usage, cost and environmental impact of comprehensive 2DLC separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Horváth
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Annamária Sepsey
- MTA-PTE Molecular Interactions in Separation Science Research Group, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hajós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Yin P, Xu G. Current state-of-the-art of nontargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with special emphasis in clinical applications. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:1-13. [PMID: 25444251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, as a part of systems biology, has been widely applied in different fields of life science by studying the endogenous metabolites. The development and applications of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) greatly improve the achievable data quality in non-targeted metabolic profiling. However, there are still some emerging challenges to be covered in LC-MS based metabolomics. Here, recent approaches about sample collection and preparation, instrumental analysis, and data handling of LC-MS based metabolomics are summarized, especially in the analysis of clinical samples. Emphasis is put on the improvement of analytical techniques including the combination of different LC columns, isotope coded derivatization methods, pseudo-targeted LC-MS method, new data analysis algorithms and structural identification of important metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cabooter D, Choikhet K, Lestremau F, Dittmann M, Desmet G. Towards a generic variable column length method development strategy for samples with a large variety in polarity. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:174-186. [PMID: 25465015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of a novel set-up for the sequential analysis of compounds with a large variety in polarity on HILIC and reversed-phase columns, coupled in series, is discussed. For this purpose, a commercially available ultra-high performance LC system, equipped with two switching valves is employed. The switching valves allow connecting the HILIC and reversed-phase columns either in series or in parallel to the system. An interface to couple the HILIC and reversed-phase columns is developed and optimized. The sample is first injected onto a HILIC column. Apolar compounds in the sample are not retained and will elute close to or within the void volume of the HILIC column. Accurate switching of the valves allows redirecting these compounds towards a trap loop while more polar compounds are retained and separated on the HILIC column. After separation and detection of the polar compounds, the configuration of the valves is switched again to direct the apolar compounds from the trap loop towards a reversed-phase column for separation. To deal with the incompatibility of the mobile phases of HILIC and reversed-phase column separations, commercially available Jet weaver mixers are included in the set-up to allow for an intermediate solvent exchange. The proof-of-concept is demonstrated for the analysis of pharmaceuticals that can be found in waste water and surface water. It is demonstrated that the set-up provides robust analyses with peak capacities that are intermediate to one-dimensional and two-dimensional separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Monika Dittmann
- Agilent Technologies R&D, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Willemse CM, Stander MA, Tredoux AG, de Villiers A. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic analysis of anthocyanins. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:189-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
42
|
Abstract
Synthetic polymers and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) are a synergistic combination. LC × LC provides unique insights in mutually dependent molecular distributions. Synthetic polymers offer clear demonstrations of the value of LC × LC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , Faculty of Science, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yang SH, Fan H, Classon RJ, Schug KA. Restricted access media as a streamlined approach toward on-line sample preparation: Recent advancements and applications. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2922-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shakun M, Maier H, Heinze T, Kilz P, Radke W. Molar mass characterization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose by SEC-MALLS. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95:550-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
45
|
Kalili KM, de Villiers A. Systematic optimisation and evaluation of on-line, off-line and stop-flow comprehensive hydrophilic interaction chromatography×reversed phase liquid chromatographic analysis of procyanidins, Part I: Theoretical considerations. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1289:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
46
|
Larson ED, Groskreutz SR, Harmes DC, Gibbs-Hall IC, Trudo SP, Allen RC, Rutan SC, Stoll DR. Development of selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography with parallel first-dimension sampling and second-dimension separation—application to the quantitative analysis of furanocoumarins in apiaceous vegetables. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4639-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
47
|
Davydova E, Schoenmakers PJ, Vivó-Truyols G. Study on the performance of different types of three-dimensional chromatographic systems. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1271:137-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
48
|
Barqawi H, Ostas E, Liu B, Carpentier JF, Binder WH. Multidimensional Characterization of α,ω-Telechelic Poly(ε-caprolactone)s via Online Coupling of 2D Chromatographic Methods (LC/SEC) and ESI-TOF/MALDI-TOF-MS. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3016739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Barqawi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Elena Ostas
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bo Liu
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042,
Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042,
Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Programmed elution in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:112-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
50
|
Nizio KD, McGinitie TM, Harynuk JJ. Comprehensive multidimensional separations for the analysis of petroleum. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|