1
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Ge D, Lu J, Yu Z, Jin Y, Ke Y, Fu Q, Liang X. An improved subtraction model applied in supercritical fluid chromatography to characterise polar stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1729:465050. [PMID: 38852270 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Herein, an improved subtraction model was proposed to characterise the polar stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Fifteen stationary phases were selected, including two types of aromatic columns, Waters Torus and Viridis series columns, as well as silica and amino columns. Ethylbenzene and Torus 1-AA were defined as the reference solute and column, respectively. Identifying the interaction with the maximum contribution to retention in SFC separation and using it as the initial term is a key step in modelling. The dipole, or induced dipole interaction (θ'P), replaced the hydrophobic interaction (η'H) as the starting term. The improved model was expressed as logα=η'H+β'A+α'B+κ'C+θ'P+ε'E+σ'S, where the term ε'E indicated that anion exchange interaction was intentionally supplemented. A 7-step modelling process, including bidirectional fitting and residual analysis, was proposed. The obtained column parameters had reasonable physical significance, with the adjusted determination coefficient (R2adj) greater than 0.999 and the standard error (SE) less than 0.029. Methodological validation was further performed using the other four columns and 12 solutes that were not involved in the modelling. The result revealed good predictions of solutes' retention, as demonstrated by R2adj from 0.9923 to 0.9979 and SE from 0.0636 to 0.1088. This study indicated the feasibility of using the improved subtraction model to characterise polar stationary phases in SFC, with the most crucial being the determination of an initial term, followed by the addition of a new descriptor and the selection of an appropriate reference column. The study expanded the application scope of the subtraction model in SFC, which will help gain an in-depth understanding of the SFC separation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jiahao Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zimo Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
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2
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Plachká K, Pilařová V, Horáček O, Gazárková T, Vlčková HK, Kučera R, Nováková L. Columns in analytical-scale supercritical fluid chromatography: From traditional to unconventional chemistries. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300431. [PMID: 37568246 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Within this review, we thoroughly explored supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) columns used across > 3000 papers published from the first study carried out under SFC conditions in 1962 to the end of 2022. We focused on the open tubular capillary, packed capillary, and packed columns, their chemistries, dimensions, and trends in used stationary phases with correlation to their specific interactions, advantages, drawbacks, used instrumentation, and application field. Since the 1990s, packed columns with liquid chromatography and SFC-dedicated stationary phases for chiral and achiral separation are predominantly used. These stationary phases are based on silica support modified with a wide range of chemical moieties. Moreover, numerous unconventional stationary phases were evaluated, including porous graphitic carbon, titania, zirconia, alumina, liquid crystals, and ionic liquids. The applications of unconventional stationary phases are described in detail as they bring essential findings required for further development of the supercritical fluid chromatography technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Plachká
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Taťána Gazárková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kočová Vlčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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3
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Jiang D, Yang J, Chen Y, Jin Y, Fu Q, Ke Y, Liang X. An attempt to apply a subtraction model for characterization of non-polar stationary phase in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464071. [PMID: 37236051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study verified the feasibility of using a subtraction model to characterize the non-polar stationary phases (including C4, C8, and phenyl-type) in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The model with 6 terms was expressed as log α = η'H + θ'P + β'A + α'B + κ'C + σ'S, where a term θ'P indicating dipole or induced dipole interaction was intentionally supplemented. Ethylbenzene and SunFire C8 were respectively defined as the reference solute and column. A 7-step modeling procedure was proposed: in the first 6 steps, except σ'S, by the use of a bidirectional fitting method, other parameters were calculated based on the equation: log α = log (ki/kref) ≈ η'H + θ'P + β'A + α'B + κ'C; and in the 7th step, residual analysis was employed to describe the σ'S term according to the equation: σ'S = log αexp. - log αpre. Furthermore, six columns that were not involved in modeling process and 12 compounds with unknown retention were used for methodology validation. It showed good predictions of log k, as demonstrated by adjusted determination coefficient (R2adj) from 0.9927 to 0.9998 (column) and from 0.9940 to 0.9999 (compound), respectively. The subtraction model emphasized the contribution of dipole or induced dipole interaction to the retention in SFC, and it obtained the σ'S term through residual analysis. Moreover, it made reasonable physical-chemical sense as the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) model did, with the distinct advantages of better fitting and more accurate prediction. This study provided some new insights into the characterization of non-polar stationary phases in SFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasen Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Liaoning Province, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
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Jiang D, Wu D, Zhou G, Dai Y, Yang J, Jin Y, Fu Q, Ke Y, Liang X. An in-depth investigation of supercritical fluid chromatography retention mechanisms by evaluation of a series of specially designed alkylsiloxane-bonded stationary phases based on linear solvation energy relationship. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463781. [PMID: 36638687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental research on supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has gained considerable interest, with many studies focusing on its retention mechanism based on the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) model. In this paper, a series of alkylsiloxane-bonded stationary phases were specifically designed and synthesized, then evaluated using the mobile phase composed of CO2 with 10% (v/v) methanol. The study demonstrated the close relationship between the interactions (manner and magnitude) of stationary phases and the C-chain length, bonding density and the endcapping treatment. All C8 phases provide positive e, v and negative s, whose magnitude was regularly affected by bonding density. It was worth mentioning the non-endcapped C8 phases could provide H-bonding (positive a and b) by reducing the bonding density of the alkyl chain. Once it was endcapped, the interaction manner did not vary with bonding density adjustment. The non-endcapped C4 phases with higher bonding density could establish additional dispersion interaction (positive v). It can be seen that two synthesis strategies, 1) non-endcapped, long C-chain (C8) combined with low bonding density, and 2) non-endcapped, short C-chain (C4) combined with high bonding density, can obtain the alkylsiloxane-bonded stationary phases (C8-1 and C4-3) to provide both polar and dispersion interactions, showing different separation selectivity. Furthermore, the LSER model with ionic terms was applied to evaluate partial C8 columns, and its rationality was verified. The non-endcapped C8 showed great d+ values, which originated from the silanol groups. C8SCX also possessed a great d+ value due to the benzenesulfonic acid groups. A remarkable result showed that C8SAX exhibited prominent d- and d+ values simultaneously due to the combined effect of silanol and quaternary ammonium groups, which indicates the unique selectivity when separating ionic compounds. This study provides in-depth insights into the retention mechanism of alkylsiloxane-bonded stationary phases in SFC, as well as a reference for the design of SFC stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasen Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Di Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guanghao Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yingping Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Liaoning Province, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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5
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Erckes V, Steuer C. A story of peptides, lipophilicity and chromatography - back and forth in time. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:676-687. [PMID: 35800203 PMCID: PMC9215158 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00027j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides, as part of the beyond the rule of 5 (bRo5) chemical space, represent a unique class of pharmaceutical compounds. Because of their exceptional position in the chemical space between traditional small molecules (molecular weight (MW) < 500 Da) and large therapeutic proteins (MW > 5000 Da), peptides became promising candidates for targeting challenging binding sites, including even targets traditionally considered as undruggable - e.g. intracellular protein-protein interactions. However, basic knowledge about physicochemical properties that are important for a drug to be membrane permeable is missing but would enhance the drug discovery process of bRo5 molecules. Consequently, there is a demand for quick and simple lipophilicity determination methods for peptides. In comparison to the traditional lipophilicity determination methods via shake flask and in silico prediction, chromatography-based methods could have multiple benefits such as the requirement of low analyte amount, insensitivity to impurities and high throughput. Herein we elucidate the role of peptide lipophilicity and different lipophilicity values. Further, we summarize peptide analysis via common chromatographic techniques, in specific reversed phase liquid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography and their role in drug discovery and development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Erckes
- Pharmaceutical Analytics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Christian Steuer
- Pharmaceutical Analytics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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6
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Si-Hung L, Izumi Y, Nakao M, Takahashi M, Bamba T. Investigation of supercritical fluid chromatography retention behaviors using quantitative structure-retention relationships. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1197:339463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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West C, Lesellier E. Selection of SFC stationary and mobile phases. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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8
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Khater S, Ferguson P, Grand-Guillaume-Perrenoud A. Method development approaches for small-molecule analytes. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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9
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Si‐Hung L, Bamba T. A review of retention mechanism studies for packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 2:47-67. [PMID: 38715740 PMCID: PMC10989630 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The packed column supercritical fluid chromatography has risen as a promising alternative separation technique to the conventional liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Although the packed column supercritical fluid chromatography has many advantages compared to other chromatographic techniques, its separation mechanism is not fully understood due to the complex combination effects of many chromatographic parameters on separation quality and the lacking of global strategies for studying separation mechanisms. This review aims to provide recent information regarding the chromatographic behaviors and the effects of the parameters on the separation, discuss the results, and point out the remaining bottlenecks in the packed column supercritical fluid chromatography retention mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Si‐Hung
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of BioregulationKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of BioregulationKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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10
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Gros Q, Molineau J, Noireau A, Duval J, Bamba T, Lesellier E, West C. Characterization of stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography including exploration of shape selectivity. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461923. [PMID: 33524935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Achiral packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has shown an important regain of interest in academic and industrial laboratories in the recent years. In relation to this increased concern, major instrument manufacturers have designed some stationary phases specifically for SFC use. SFC stationary phases have been widely examined over the last two decades, based on the use of linear solvation energy relationships (LSER), which relate analyte retention to its properties and to the interaction capabilities of the chromatographic system. The method provides some understanding on retention mechanisms (normal phase, reversed phase or mixed-mode) and the possibility to compare stationary phases on a rational basis, especially through a spider diagram providing a visual classification. The latter can be used as a primary tool to select complementary stationary phases to be screened for any separation at early stages of method development, before optimization steps. In this context, the characterization of the 14 columns from the Shim-pack UC series (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan), which are dedicated to SFC and more broadly to unified chromatography (UC), was performed, using the LSER methodology. As in previous works, seven descriptors, including five Abraham descriptors (E, S, A, B, V) and two descriptors describing positive and negative charges (D- and D+) were first employed to describe interactions with neutral and charged analytes. Secondly, two more descriptors were introduced, which were previously employed solely for the characterization of enantioselective systems and expressing shape features of the analytes (flexibility F and globularity G). They brought additional insight into the retention mechanisms, showing how spatial insertion of the analytes in some stationary phases is contributing to shape separation capabilities and how folding possibilities in flexible molecules is unfavorable to retention in other stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Gros
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311; Pôle de chimie rue de Chartres - BP 6759 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Shimadzu France, Le luzard 2, Bat A, Bd Salvador Allende Noisiel, 77448 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Jeremy Molineau
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311; Pôle de chimie rue de Chartres - BP 6759 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Angeline Noireau
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311; Pôle de chimie rue de Chartres - BP 6759 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Johanna Duval
- Shimadzu France, Le luzard 2, Bat A, Bd Salvador Allende Noisiel, 77448 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Kyushu University, Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eric Lesellier
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311; Pôle de chimie rue de Chartres - BP 6759 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Caroline West
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311; Pôle de chimie rue de Chartres - BP 6759 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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11
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Poulton AM, Poulten RC, Baldaccini A, Gabet A, Mott R, Treacher KE, Roddy E, Ferguson P. Towards improved characterisation of complex polyethylene glycol excipients using supercritical fluid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection-mass spectrometry and comparison with size exclusion chromatography-triple detection array. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1638:461839. [PMID: 33434814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) coupled to an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) and mass spectrometer (MS) was evaluated for the characterisation of three analogues of functionalised polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2000 (m-PEG-OH, m-PEG-cm and cm-PEG-cm (where m = OCH3 and cm = OCH2COOH)). These polymers are common excipients in drug product formulations for pharmaceuticals as they help provide the desired pharmacokinetic profile for successful drug delivery. A SFC-ELSD-MS method was developed which was selective to all three polymers, and allowed visualisation of these low UV chromophore materials. The method provided baseline resolution of the individual oligomers which allowed facile calculation of the polymer dispersity. A number of molecular weight characteristics were calculated, which showed the SFC-ELSD-MS methodology to be comparable with the current standard of analysis using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with a triple detector array (TDA). The increased resolving power of SFC compared to SEC revealed a bimodal distribution of oligomers in the cm-PEG-cm 2000 polymer, which was not observed using SEC-TDA and exemplified SFC-ELSD as an orthogonal approach for polymer characterisation with the potential for much simpler, reduced sample and instrument preparation, calibration-less dispersity determination. When combined with SEC-TDA data, this combination allows a more complete characterisation of complex formulations excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Poulton
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Rebecca C Poulten
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Baldaccini
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Anaëlle Gabet
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Mott
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin E Treacher
- New Modalities Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Roddy
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ferguson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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12
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Spelling V, Stefansson M. Evaluation of chromatographic parameters in supercritical fluid chromatography of amino acids as model polar analytes and extended to polypeptide separations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1633:461646. [PMID: 33166744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic parameters have been evaluated regarding the supercritical fluid chromatography of amino acids as model compounds for polar and chargeable substances of biochemical and biopharmaceutical interest. Their inherent hydrophilicity requires suitable chromatographic conditions regarding stationary and mobile phase to obtain suitable solubility and peak performance. Ten stationary phases differing in polarity and type of ligands including neutral and charged ones were investigated regarding selectivity, peak performance and complementarity/orthogonality. The mobile phase composition regarding solvent and type of buffer additives by varying the degree of hydrophobicity of the acids and bases and degree of substitution in case of the basic amines. Addition of water to the methanol solvent was furthermore found crucial for obtaining a high peak performance. Some complementary selectivity could be obtained depending on a choice of column. Temperature and pressure variations basically only influenced retention with no selectivity changes. Suitable conditions obtained for the amino acids were then successfully applied to oligo- and polypeptides enabling a separation of 4 polypeptides and differing in only one of the 39 amino acids, thereby mimicking analysis of biotransformation reaction products. The utilization of water as mobile phase additive and sulfonic acids as buffer agents could serve as a generic methodology for polar and charged compounds such as amino containing biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Spelling
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Present address: Early Chemical Development, Innovative New Medicines, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Morgan Stefansson
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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13
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Application of Chiral and Achiral Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Pesticide Analysis: A Review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Gordillo R. Supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry for metabolomics applications. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:448-463. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
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15
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Molineau J, Hideux M, West C. Chromatographic analysis of biomolecules with pressurized carbon dioxide mobile phases - A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113736. [PMID: 33176241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules like proteins, peptides and nucleic acids widely emerge in pharmaceutical applications, either as synthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients, or from natural products as in traditional Chinese medicine. Liquid-phase chromatographic methods (LC) are widely employed for the analysis and/or purification of such molecules. On another hand, to answer the ever-increasing requests from scientists involved in biomolecules projects, other chromatographic methods emerge as useful complements to LC. In particular, there is a growing interest for chromatography with a mobile phase comprising pressurized carbon dioxide, which can be named either (i) supercritical (or subcritical) fluid chromatography (SFC) when CO2 is the major constituent of the mobile phase, or (ii) enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography (EFLC) when hydro-organic or purely organic solvents are the major constituents of the mobile phase. Despite the low polarity of CO2, supposedly inadequate to solubilize such biomolecules, SFC and EFLC were both employed in many occasions for this purpose. This paper specifically reviews the literature related to the SFC/EFLC analysis of free amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. The analytical conditions employed for specific molecular families are presented, with a focus on the nature of the stationary phase and the mobile phase composition. We also discuss the potential benefits of combining SFC/EFLC to LC in a single gradient elution, a method sometimes designated as unified chromatography (UC). Finally, detection issues are presented, and more particularly hyphenation to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Molineau
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Maria Hideux
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Caroline West
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France.
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16
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Jiang D, Ke Y, Cai J, Zhang H, Fu Q, Jin Y, Liang X. Evaluation of a series of phenyl-type stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography with the linear solvation energy relationship model and its application to the separation of phenolic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1614:460700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of alkylsiloxane-bonded stationary phases for expanded supercritical fluid chromatography separations. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:127-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Unravelling the effects of mobile phase additives in supercritical fluid chromatography—Part II: Adsorption on the stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:135-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Sun M, Ruiz Barbero S, Johannsen M, Smirnova I, Gurikov P. Retention characteristics of silica materials in carbon dioxide/methanol mixtures studied by inverse supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1588:127-136. [PMID: 30658911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, inverse supercritical fluid chromatography was applied to characterize the surface of four silica materials (three commercial Kromasils and one silica aerogel) from chromatographic retention data. Retention factors at various pressures (150-300 bar), temperatures (25-60 °C) and modifier concentrations (5-20 vol.% methanol in CO2) for a set of representative 17 solutes were correlated with the solute properties by the linear solvation energy relationships (LSER). Two types of the LSER models were identified based on different criteria. Firstly, a generally valid model with two descriptors concerning dipolarity/polarizability and solute hydrogen-bonding acceptor ability was constructed. Secondly, a group of specific models for each particular silica material was proposed. According to the statistical analysis of the modeling results, the acid-basic interactions were demonstrated to have a major contribution to the retention for all studied silicas. The intensity of these interactions decreases with increasing methanol concentration in the mobile phase, possibly due to the mixed mechanism of competitive adsorption of the modifier on silanol groups and modification of mobile phase property. Moreover, retention factors measured under constant conditions (p, T, methanol concentration) for a pair of the materials were found to be proportional in logarithmic scale implying the transferability of the adsorption free energies and the adsorption constants across four studied silica materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaotian Sun
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sheila Ruiz Barbero
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Johannsen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
| | - Irina Smirnova
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Development of a practical online supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry system with an integrated split-flow method. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1592:161-172. [PMID: 30712818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a practical online supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry (SFE-SFC/MS) system with an integrated split-flow method and a pre-column trap method that is well suited for the continuous extraction and separation of a wide range of compounds, including hydrophilic ones. Although an SFE-SFC system with a splitting method is already commercially available, in this study, we added some new features to this system: 1) a splitting method that further reduces the amount of extractant introduced into SFC, 2) a trap column, connected before the analytical column, with a different separation mechanism than the analytical column in the system with the splitting method, and 3) a system for calculating the recovery rate of SFE during online SFE-SFC/MS. In the above setup, part of the analyzed extract is introduced into the separation section at a higher split ratio owing to the make-up pump flow rate, thus reducing the distortion of the target analyte peak shape caused by the use of a strong extractant. Furthermore, the separation efficiency is improved by the use of an additional pre-column capable of interacting with compounds weakly retained on the analytical column. Finally, we show that equalization of the SFE and autosampler injection conditions allows evaluation of the recovery rate of SFE during online SFE-SFC/MS.
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Khalikova MA, Lesellier E, Chapuzet E, Šatínský D, West C. Development and validation of ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography method for quantitative determination of nine sunscreens in cosmetic samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:184-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Shulaev V, Isaac G. Supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry – A metabolomics perspective. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1092:499-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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23
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Supercritical Fluid Chromatography as a Technique to Fractionate High-Valued Compounds from Lipids. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are in high demand these days due to rising awareness among consumers. Healthy diets, especially those in emerging markets, growth in populations with nutritional deficiencies, and supporting government regulations provide high growth opportunities for these compounds. However, extraction of high-valued compounds from natural sources is not an easy task. Natural products are complex matrices, with relevant compounds present in small amounts and often mixed with other compounds of similar structures. Most of the applications are related to the pharmaceutical sector, but interest in food and natural products is growing fast. Lipid and carbohydrate extracts are examples of starting materials employed to purify these relevant compounds. At the same time supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is an emerging technique for preparative separation due to (1) use of supercritical fluids, commonly carbon dioxide, giving a large reduction in use of organic solvents; and (2) new hardware has been made commercially available recently that makes SFC a viable option. SFC fulfills high demands with respect to selectivity, versatility and sensibility. Fractionation or purification by SFC of high-valued compounds from natural sources is an interesting option, the relevance of which will increase in the future. This paper is a survey of trends and applications of SFC in the field of natural products purification.
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24
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Larbi H, Didaoui L, Righezza M. Characterization of stationary phases based on monosubstituted benzene retention indices using correspondence factor analysis and linear solvation energy relationships in RPLC. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Desfontaine V, Losacco GL, Gagnebin Y, Pezzatti J, Farrell WP, González-Ruiz V, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Applicability of supercritical fluid chromatography - mass spectrometry to metabolomics. I - Optimization of separation conditions for the simultaneous analysis of hydrophilic and lipophilic substances. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1562:96-107. [PMID: 29861304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of SFC-MS for the analysis of a wide range of compounds including lipophilic and highly hydrophilic substances (log P values comprised between -6 and 11), for its potential application toward human metabolomics. For this purpose, a generic unified chromatography gradient from 2 to 100% organic modifier in CO2 was systematically applied. In terms of chemistry, the best stationary phases for this application were found to be the Agilent Poroshell HILIC (bare silica) and Macherey-Nagel Nucleoshell HILIC (silica bonded with a zwitterionic ligand). To avoid system overpressure at very high organic modifier proportion, columns of 100 × 3 mm I.D. packed with sub-3 μm superficially porous particles were selected. In terms of organic modifier, a mixture of 95% MeOH and 5% water was selected, with 50 mM ammonium formate and 1 mM ammonium fluoride, to afford good solubility of analytes in the mobile phase, limited retention for the most hydrophilic metabolites and suitable peak shapes of ionizable species. A sample diluent containing 50%ACN/50% water was employed as injection solvent. These conditions were applied to a representative set of metabolites belonging to nucleosides, nucleotides, small organic acids, small bases, sulfated/sulfonated metabolites, poly-alcohols, lipid related substances, quaternary ammonium metabolites, phosphate-based substances, carbohydrates and amino acids. Among all these metabolites, 65% of the compounds were adequately analyzed with excellent peak shape, 23% provided distorted peak shapes, while only 12% were not detected (mostly metabolites having several phosphate or several carboxylic acid groups).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Desfontaine
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yoric Gagnebin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julian Pezzatti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - William P Farrell
- Pfizer, Inc., Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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26
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Ovchinnikov DV, Bogolitsyn KG, Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Falev DI, Pokrovskii OI. The Properties of the Nucleodur HILIC Stationary Phase in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024418040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Desfontaine V, Capetti F, Nicoli R, Kuuranne T, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Systematic evaluation of matrix effects in supercritical fluid chromatography versus liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1079:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Development of a split-flow system for high precision variable sample introduction in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1515:218-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Desfontaine V, Tarafder A, Hill J, Fairchild J, Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. A systematic investigation of sample diluents in modern supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1511:122-131. [PMID: 28689578 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the possibility to inject large volumes (up to 10μL) in ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC) under generic gradient conditions. Several injection and method parameters have been individually evaluated (i.e. analyte concentration, injection volume, initial percentage of co-solvent in the gradient, nature of the weak needle wash solvent, nature of the sample diluent, nature of the column and of the analyte). The most critical parameters were further investigated using in a multivariate approach. The overall results suggested that several aprotic solvents including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), dichloromethane, acetonitrile or cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) were well adapted for the injection of large volume in UHPSFC, while MeOH was generally the worst alternative. However, the nature of the stationary phase also had a strong impact and some of these diluents did not perform equally on each column. This was due to the existence of a competition in the adsorption of the analyte and the diluent on the stationary phase. This observation introduced the idea that the sample diluent should not only be chosen according to the analyte but also to the column chemistry to limit the interactions between the diluent and the ligands. Other important characteristics of the "ideal" SFC sample diluent were finally highlighted. Aprotic solvents with low viscosity are preferable to avoid strong solvent effects and viscous fingering, respectively. In the end, the authors suggest that the choice of the sample diluent should be part of the method development, as a function of the analyte and the selected stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Desfontaine
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Jason Hill
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford 01757, USA
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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30
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Al Bakain RZ, Al-Degs Y, Andri B, Thiébaut D, Vial J, Rivals I. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography of Drugs: Parallel Factor Analysis for Column Testing in a Wide Range of Operational Conditions. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:5340601. [PMID: 28695040 PMCID: PMC5485488 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5340601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Retention mechanisms involved in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) are influenced by interdependent parameters (temperature, pressure, chemistry of the mobile phase, and nature of the stationary phase), a complexity which makes the selection of a proper stationary phase for a given separation a challenging step. For the first time in SFC studies, Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) was employed to evaluate the chromatographic behavior of eight different stationary phases in a wide range of chromatographic conditions (temperature, pressure, and gradient elution composition). Design of Experiment was used to optimize experiments involving 14 pharmaceutical compounds present in biological and/or environmental samples and with dissimilar physicochemical properties. The results showed the superiority of PARAFAC for the analysis of the three-way (column × drug × condition) data array over unfolding the multiway array to matrices and performing several classical principal component analyses. Thanks to the PARAFAC components, similarity in columns' function, chromatographic trend of drugs, and correlation between separation conditions could be simply depicted: columns were grouped according to their H-bonding forces, while gradient composition was dominating for condition classification. Also, the number of drugs could be efficiently reduced for columns classification as some of them exhibited a similar behavior, as shown by hierarchical clustering based on PARAFAC components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramia Z. Al Bakain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, P.O. Box 11942, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yahya Al-Degs
- Chemistry Department, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Bertyl Andri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liege (ULg), 15 Avenue Hippocrate (B36), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Didier Thiébaut
- Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques, Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Vial
- Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques, Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Rivals
- Équipe de Statistique Appliquée, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, UMRS 1158, 75005 Paris, France
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31
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Borges-Muñoz AC, Colón LA. Evaluation of an amide-based stationary phase for supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3469-76. [PMID: 27396487 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A relatively new stationary phase containing a polar group embedded in a hydrophobic backbone (i.e., ACE®C18-amide) was evaluated for use in supercritical fluid chromatography. The amide-based column was compared with columns packed with bare silica, C18 silica, and a terminal-amide silica phase. The system was held at supercritical pressure and temperature with a mobile phase composition of CO2 and methanol as cosolvent. The linear solvation energy relationship model was used to evaluate the behavior of these stationary phases, relating the retention factor of selected probes to specific chromatographic interactions. A five-component test mixture, consisting of a group of drug-like molecules was separated isocratically. The results show that the C18 -amide stationary phase provided a combination of interactions contributing to the retention of the probe compounds. The hydrophobic interactions are favorable; however, the electron donating ability of the embedded amide group shows a large positive interaction. Under the chromatographic conditions used, the C18 -amide column was able to provide baseline resolution of all the drug-like probe compounds in a text mixture, while the other columns tested did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaris C Borges-Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Luis A Colón
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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32
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West C, Lemasson E, Bertin S, Hennig P, Lesellier E. An improved classification of stationary phases for ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1440:212-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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33
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Evaluation of innovative stationary phase ligand chemistries and analytical conditions for the analysis of basic drugs by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1438:244-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Lemasson E, Bertin S, West C. Use and practice of achiral and chiral supercritical fluid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis and purification. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:212-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lemasson
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Univ Orleans, CNRS; Orléans cedex France
| | | | - Caroline West
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Univ Orleans, CNRS; Orléans cedex France
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35
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Lesellier E, Mith D, Dubrulle I. Method developments approaches in supercritical fluid chromatography applied to the analysis of cosmetics. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1423:158-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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36
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Supercritical fluid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:56-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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West C, Lemasson E, Khater S, Lesellier E. An attempt to estimate ionic interactions with phenyl and pentafluorophenyl stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1412:126-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Development of an achiral supercritical fluid chromatography method with ultraviolet absorbance and mass spectrometric detection for impurity profiling of drug candidates. Part II. Selection of an orthogonal set of stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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39
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West C, Khalikova MA, Lesellier E, Héberger K. Sum of ranking differences to rank stationary phases used in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1409:241-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Characterization and classification of stationary phases in HPLC and SFC – a review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 886:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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The many faces of packed column supercritical fluid chromatography – A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:2-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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42
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Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. The use of columns packed with sub-2 µm particles in supercritical fluid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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43
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Åsberg D, Enmark M, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T. Evaluation of co-solvent fraction, pressure and temperature effects in analytical and preparative supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:254-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Delahaye S, Lynen F. Implementing Stationary-Phase Optimized Selectivity in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12220-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503313j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Delahaye
- Separation Science Group,
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan
281 S4-bis, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group,
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan
281 S4-bis, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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45
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Khater S, West C. Insights into chiral recognition mechanisms in supercritical fluid chromatography V. Effect of the nature and proportion of alcohol mobile phase modifier with amylose and cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1373:197-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Wong YF, Makahleh A, Saad B, Ibrahim MNM, Rahim AA, Brosse N. UPLC method for the determination of vitamin E homologues and derivatives in vegetable oils, margarines and supplement capsules using pentafluorophenyl column. Talanta 2014; 130:299-306. [PMID: 25159413 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid reversed-phase ultra performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-), tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-), α-tocopherol acetate and α-tocopherol nicotinate is described. The separation was achieved using a Kinetex pentafluorophenyl (PFP) column (150 × 2.1mm, 2.6 µm) with both photodiode array (PDA) and fluorescence (FL) detectors that were connected in series. Column was thermostated at 42°C. Under a gradient system consisting of methanol and water at a constant flow rate of 0.38 mL min(-1), all the ten analytes were well separated in less than 9.5 min. The method was validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, precision and recoveries. Calibration curves of the ten compounds were well correlated (r(2)>0.999) within the range of 100 to 25,000 μg L(-1) for α-tocopherol acetate and α-tocopherol nicotinate, 10 to 25,000 μg L(-1) for α-tocotrienol and 5 to 25,000 μg L(-1) for the other components. The method is simple and sensitive with detection limits (S/N, 3) of 1.0 to 3.0 μg L(-1) (FL detection) and 30 to 74 μg L(-1) (PDA detection). Relative standard deviations for intra- and inter-day retention times (<1%) and peak areas (≤ 4%) were obtained. The method was successfully applied to the determination of vitamin E in vegetable oils (extra virgin olive, virgin olive, pomace olive, blended virgin and refined olive, sunflower, soybean, palm olein, carotino, crude palm, walnut, rice bran and grape seed), margarines and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Foo Wong
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Makahleh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | - Afidah Abdul Rahim
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le MAteriau Bois, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nancy-Université, Bld des Aiguillettes, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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47
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Supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry in metabolite analysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1679-89. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) owes many of its advantages to the properties of supercritical CO2, which possesses benefits as mobile phase. SFC has recently gained attention as a separation technique because it can be utilized for not only non-polar but also polar compound analysis. In addition, MS is widely adopted for SFC, and the options for MS are equivalent to liquid chromatography. Sensitive and selective detection is crucial in metabolite analysis. The SFC/MS system can be an alternative approach to liquid chromatography, as can metabolite analysis using packed-column SFC in biosamples. In this review we cover the fundamentals of SFC in combination with MS, and discuss the results of metabolite analysis using SFC/MS.
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48
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Nováková L, Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Francois I, West C, Lesellier E, Guillarme D. Modern analytical supercritical fluid chromatography using columns packed with sub-2μm particles: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 824:18-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Nováková L, Chocholouš P, Solich P. Ultra-fast separation of estrogen steroids using subcritical fluid chromatography on sub-2-micron particles. Talanta 2014; 121:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Exploratory data analysis as a tool for similarity assessment and clustering of chiral polysaccharide-based systems used to separate pharmaceuticals in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1326:110-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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