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Berton P, Lana NB, Ríos JM, García-Reyes JF, Altamirano JC. State of the art of environmentally friendly sample preparation approaches for determination of PBDEs and metabolites in environmental and biological samples: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 905:24-41. [PMID: 26755134 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Green chemistry principles for developing methodologies have gained attention in analytical chemistry in recent decades. A growing number of analytical techniques have been proposed for determination of organic persistent pollutants in environmental and biological samples. In this light, the current review aims to present state-of-the-art sample preparation approaches based on green analytical principles proposed for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and metabolites (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in environmental and biological samples. Approaches to lower the solvent consumption and accelerate the extraction, such as pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are discussed in this review. Special attention is paid to miniaturized sample preparation methodologies and strategies proposed to reduce organic solvent consumption. Additionally, extraction techniques based on alternative solvents (surfactants, supercritical fluids, or ionic liquids) are also commented in this work, even though these are scarcely used for determination of PBDEs. In addition to liquid-based extraction techniques, solid-based analytical techniques are also addressed. The development of greener, faster and simpler sample preparation approaches has increased in recent years (2003-2013). Among green extraction techniques, those based on the liquid phase predominate over those based on the solid phase (71% vs. 29%, respectively). For solid samples, solvent assisted extraction techniques are preferred for leaching of PBDEs, and liquid phase microextraction techniques are mostly used for liquid samples. Likewise, green characteristics of the instrumental analysis used after the extraction and clean-up steps are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Berton
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Nerina B Lana
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan M Ríos
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
| | - Jorgelina C Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina.
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Gong SX, Wang X, Chen Y, Cheng CG, Wang ML, Zhao RS. Carboxylated solid carbon spheres as a novel solid-phase microextraction coating for sensitive determination of phenols in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1401:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gandolfi F, Malleret L, Sergent M, Doumenq P. Parameters optimization using experimental design for headspace solid phase micro-extraction analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in waters under the European water framework directive. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:59-67. [PMID: 26129985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The water framework directives (WFD 2000/60/EC and 2013/39/EU) force European countries to monitor the quality of their aquatic environment. Among the priority hazardous substances targeted by the WFD, short chain chlorinated paraffins C10-C13 (SCCPs), still represent an analytical challenge, because few laboratories are nowadays able to analyze them. Moreover, an annual average quality standards as low as 0.4μgL(-1) was set for SCCPs in surface water. Therefore, to test for compliance, the implementation of sensitive and reliable analysis method of SCCPs in water are required. The aim of this work was to address this issue by evaluating automated solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) combined on line with gas chromatography-electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Fiber polymer, extraction mode, ionic strength, extraction temperature and time were the most significant thermodynamic and kinetic parameters studied. To determine the suitable factors working ranges, the study of the extraction conditions was first carried out by using a classical one factor-at-a-time approach. Then a mixed level factorial 3×2(3) design was performed, in order to give rise to the most influent parameters and to estimate potential interactions effects between them. The most influent factors, i.e. extraction temperature and duration, were optimized by using a second experimental design, in order to maximize the chromatographic response. At the close of the study, a method involving headspace SPME (HS-SPME) coupled to GC/ECNI-MS is proposed. The optimum extraction conditions were sample temperature 90°C, extraction time 80min, with the PDMS 100μm fiber and desorption at 250°C during 2min. Linear response from 0.2ngmL(-1) to 10ngmL(-1) with r(2)=0.99 and limits of detection and quantification, respectively of 4pgmL(-1) and 120pgmL(-1) in MilliQ water, were achieved. The method proved to be applicable in different types of waters and show key advantages, such as simplicity, automation and sensitivity, required for the monitoring programs linked to the WFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gandolfi
- Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Environnement FRE CNRS 3416, Equipe Micropolluants Organiques, Europôle de l'Arbois, Bat. Villemin BP80, 13545 AIX-EN-PROVENCE Cedex 4, France
| | - L Malleret
- Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Environnement FRE CNRS 3416, Equipe Micropolluants Organiques, Europôle de l'Arbois, Bat. Villemin BP80, 13545 AIX-EN-PROVENCE Cedex 4, France.
| | - M Sergent
- Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Instrumentation et de Sciences Analytiques EA 4672, Campus Scientifique de St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - P Doumenq
- Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Environnement FRE CNRS 3416, Equipe Micropolluants Organiques, Europôle de l'Arbois, Bat. Villemin BP80, 13545 AIX-EN-PROVENCE Cedex 4, France
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Endo S, Mewburn B, Escher BI. Liposome and protein-water partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:505-511. [PMID: 22955047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine and terrestrial organisms is of great environmental concern. Understanding the partitioning of PBDEs to biological phases is crucial for elucidating their bioaccumulation behavior. In this study, partitioning coefficients of PBDEs from water to phospholipid liposomes (K(lipw)) and to bovine serum albumin (BSA) (K(BSAw)) were measured using a polymer depletion method. K(lipw) values measured in two laboratories are in an excellent agreement (within 0.14 log units), indicating a high method repeatability. The values of log K(lipw) and log K(BSAw) are in the range of 6.3-8.2 and 5.1-7.0, respectively, representing the highest of these partition coefficients measured to date. Log K(lipw) values for PBDEs are similar to the log of the octanol-water partition coefficients (K(ow)) (log K(lipw)-log K(ow)=-0.06±0.23; mean±SD of 7 congeners), consistent with the data of chlorobenzenes and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) reported in the literature. No hydrophobicity cutoff was observed for partitioning to the liposome membrane. Log K(BSAw) values for PBDEs increase linearly with log K(ow) and do not follow the non-linear trend observed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This difference between PBDEs and PAHs suggests specific binding mechanisms to serum albumin even for hydrophobic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Ouyang G, Vuckovic D, Pawliszyn J. Nondestructive Sampling of Living Systems Using in Vivo Solid-Phase Microextraction. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2784-814. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100203t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Zhang X, Oakes KD, Cui S, Bragg L, Servos MR, Pawliszyn J. Tissue-specific in vivo bioconcentration of pharmaceuticals in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using space-resolved solid-phase microextraction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:3417-3422. [PMID: 20387810 DOI: 10.1021/es903064t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The space-resolved solid-phase microextraction (SR-SPME) technique was employed to study the tissue-specific bioconcentration of pharmaceuticals in live fish. The segmented design of the SPME fibers allowed for the simultaneous determination of pharmaceutical residues in fish dorsal-epaxial muscle and adipose tissue with a single SPME fiber. The miniaturized fiber endowed the technique with high spatial resolution allowing for quantification of analytes within adjacent, relatively small tissues of immature rainbow trout. The pre-equilibrium sampling and kinetic calibration approach yielded efficient and accurate quantitation of pharmaceuticals in fish tissue. The ability of the SPME method to repeatedly sample the same fish circumvents problems arising from interanimal variation, thus improving the precision of generated bioconcentration kinetic profiles. In vivo monitoring with SR-SPME was validated with in vitro liquid extraction of tissue samples using methanol. Of the nine compounds evaluated, five (atrazine, gemfibrozil, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and fluoxetine) bioconcentrated in adipose and muscle tissue over the eight exposure days. Although the accumulation of analytes in both tissues was positively correlated, each compound partitioned with differing affinities as modified by their hydrophobicity and unique molecular structure. Water samples analyzed using the SPME technique yielded results similar to those determined by solid-phase extraction (SPE); however, SPME was more rapid and operationally much simpler. This study illustrates the application conditions for in situ SR-SPME while demonstrating the potential of these miniaturized SPME fibers for simultaneous in vivo repeated sampling of multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Ouyang G, Cui S, Qin Z, Pawliszyn J. One-Calibrant Kinetic Calibration for On-Site Water Sampling with Solid-Phase Microextraction. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5629-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900315w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada, and Department of Applied Biological Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shufen Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada, and Department of Applied Biological Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipei Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada, and Department of Applied Biological Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada, and Department of Applied Biological Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
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An organically modified silicate molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction device for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 633:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ouyang G, Pawliszyn J. A critical review in calibration methods for solid-phase microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:184-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Montes R, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Cela R. Suitability of polydimethylsiloxane rods for the headspace sorptive extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from water samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1143:41-7. [PMID: 17240387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of an inexpensive polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) sorbent, produced on an industrial scale, for the extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), from tetra- to hexabrominated congeners, from water samples was assessed. Experiments were carried out using samples spiked with a pentabromo diphenyl ether (pentaBDE) mixture, PDMS rods with a diameter of 2 mm and gas chromatography with micro-electron-capture detection (GC-micro-ECD). Influence of several variables on the efficiency of the enrichment step and the further desorption of the analytes was investigated in detail. The best performance was achieved in the headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) mode, at 95 degrees C, using 80 mL water samples containing a 30% of sodium chloride. Extractions were performed overnight using disposable PDMS rods with a length of 10 mm (31 microL volume). Analytes were further recovered from the PDMS sorbent using just 1 mL of diethyl ether. This solvent was evaporated and extracts reconstituted with 25 microL of isooctane. Under final working conditions absolute extraction efficiencies from 69 to 93% and enrichment factors higher than 2200 folds were achieved for all species. The proposed method provided acceptable precisions (relative standard deviations values under 12%), correlation coefficients higher than 0.998 and the yield of the HSSE process remained constant for different water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Montes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Pino V, Afonso AM, Ayala JH, González V. Micellar solid-phase microextraction for determining partition coefficients of substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in micellar media: possible prediction of hydrocarbon–micelle behaviour. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:2271-81. [PMID: 17203263 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Micellar solid-phase microextraction (MSPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been used to obtain partition coefficients of a group of 18 substituted aromatic hydrocarbons to ionic and nonionic micelles. Statistical and factor analyses have been utilized to establish some general equations relating molecular descriptors of non-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their partition coefficients obtained by MSPME. The obtained equations have correlation coefficients higher than 0.94. They are used to predict hydrocarbon-micelle partition coefficients for a group of hydrocarbons with reported literature values giving a correlation coefficient of 0.98 and a standard deviation of the prediction of 0.182. The predictive model was also applied to substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with partition coefficient values obtained by MSPME, with a 69% level of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Pino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38205, La Laguna, Spain.
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