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Drimaropoulou G, Christophoridis C, Zacharis CK, Fytianos K. Chemometric Optimization of SPE for the Determination of Multiclass Pesticides in Portable Water Samples by UHPLC-MS/MS. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:48. [PMID: 38459992 PMCID: PMC10924705 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed on the development of a SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in drinking water samples. A chemometric approach was applied to optimize the efficiency of the SPE pretreatment procedure. This study involved (i) the application of a Full Factorial Design for the screening of the significant factors, (ii) the application of a Central Composite Design for the determination of the optimal conditions and (iii) the evaluation and validation of the significance of the statistically proposed models. Oasis HLB cartridges were used for the extraction. The optimum sample volume was 300 mL and the elution solvent 3 mL of the mixture of methanol:ethylacetate 70:30 v/v. The method was validated according to the international guidelines. Recoveries were ranged from 63 to 116% and the detection limits were between 0.1 and 1.5 pg mL- 1. The validated method could be used in routine analysis for pesticides screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfallia Drimaropoulou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Christophoros Christophoridis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Constantinos K Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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Wang T, Zhong M, Lu M, Huang J, Blaney L, Yu G. Development of a high-throughput multi-residue method for analysis of common pesticides in aquatic environments by automated online solid phase extraction coupled with LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3160-3171. [PMID: 34164633 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00157d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the development of a fully automated method based on online solid phase extraction (SPE)-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous analysis of multiple classes of pesticides or metabolites in drinking water (DW), surface water (SW), and wastewater effluents (WWEs). The target list covers 111 pesticides or metabolites of various properties and families. LC-MS/MS and online SPE parameters were optimized with regard to the sorbent type, mobile phase composition, wash volume, and flowrate as well as the injection volume. The method showed good linearity in two concentration ranges with 97% and 94% of the coefficients (R2) being higher than 0.99 in the low concentration range (0.1-100 ng L-1) and high concentration range (100-2500 ng L-1), respectively. High sensitivity was observed with method quantification limits (MQLs) of 0.03-5.3 ng L-1, 0.06-17 ng L-1, and 0.08-21 ng L-1, for DW, SW, and WWE, respectively. The recoveries showed an accuracy of 94%, 91%, and 91% in the range of 70-130% for three matrices with satisfactory precision. The overall analysis time per sample was 30 min with minimum pretreatment. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, 64 pesticides were identified by the high throughput online SPE-based method. The optimized method was used for WWE sample analysis, and 49 pesticides were detected in 12 WWE samples from an economically active city in China. Five pesticides were detected in all the samples, i.e. paclobutrazol, atrazine, diuron, acetamiprid, and triadimenol, and the highest median concentration was observed for carbendazim (324 ng L-1). The advantages of the proposed method over offline ones make it have broad prospects in high throughput and reliable analysis of pesticides in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielong Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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3
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Bijlsma L, Pitarch E, Hernández F, Fonseca E, Marín JM, Ibáñez M, Portolés T, Rico A. Ecological risk assessment of pesticides in the Mijares River (eastern Spain) impacted by citrus production using wide-scope screening and target quantitative analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125277. [PMID: 33951870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides, especially in agricultural areas, makes necessary to control their presence in surrounding surface waters. The current study was designed to investigate the occurrence and ecological risks of pesticides and their transformation products in a Mediterranean river basin impacted by citrus agricultural production. Nineteen sites were monitored in three campaigns distributed over three different seasons. After a qualitative screening, 24 compounds was selected for subsequent quantitative analysis. As expected, the lower section of the river was most contaminated, with total concentration >5 µg/L in two sites near to the discharge area of wastewater treatment plants. The highest concentrations were found in September, after agricultural applications and when the river flow is reduced. Ecological risks were calculated using two mixture toxicity approaches (Toxic Unit and multi-substance Potentially Affected Fraction), which revealed high acute and chronic risks of imidacloprid to invertebrates, moderate-to-high risks of diuron, simazine and 2,4-D for primary producers, and moderate-to-high risks of thiabendazole for invertebrates and fish. This study shows that intensive agricultural production and the discharge of wastewater effluents containing pesticide residues from post-harvest citrus processing plants are threatening freshwater biodiversity. Further actions are recommended to control pesticide use and to reduce emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain.
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Eddie Fonseca
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José M Marín
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
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Fonseca E, Renau-Pruñonosa A, Ibáñez M, Gracia-Lor E, Estrela T, Jiménez S, Pérez-Martín MÁ, González F, Hernández F, Morell I. Investigation of pesticides and their transformation products in the Júcar River Hydrographical Basin (Spain) by wide-scope high-resolution mass spectrometry screening. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108570. [PMID: 31325630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC implemented by the European Union established as the main objectives to achieve a "good ecological and chemical status" of the surface water and a "good quantitative and chemical status" of groundwater bodies. One of the major pressures affecting water bodies comes from the use of pesticides and their potential presence in the water ecosystems. For this purpose, the reliable determination of pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in natural waters (both surface and groundwater) is required. The high number of compounds potentially reaching the aquatic environment makes extraordinary difficult, if not impossible, to investigate all these compounds even using the most powerful analytical techniques. Among these, liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized due to its strong potential for detection and identification of many organic contaminants thanks to the accurate-mass full spectrum acquisition data. This work focuses on wide-scope screening of many pesticides and their TPs in surface water and groundwater samples, collected between March and May 2017, in the Júcar River Hydrographical Basin, Spain. For this purpose, a home-made database containing more than 500 pesticides and TPs was employed. Analyses performed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS) allowed the identification of up to 27 pesticides and 6 TPs. The most detected compounds in groundwater were the herbicides atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, and their TPs (atrazine-desethyl, terbumeton-desethyl and terbuthylazine-desethyl). Regarding surface water, the fungicides carbendazim, thiabendazole and imazalil, the herbicide terbutryn and the TP terbumeton-desethyl were also detected. These results illustrate the wide use of these compounds (in the present or in the recent past) in the area under study and the vulnerability of the water bodies, and are in accordance with previous findings in other water bodies of the different Spanish Hydrographic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Fonseca
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Arianna Renau-Pruñonosa
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodoro Estrela
- Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar (CHJ), Avda. de Blasco Ibáñez 48, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Jiménez
- Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar (CHJ), Avda. de Blasco Ibáñez 48, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pérez-Martín
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco González
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Pinar del Río Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca, 20100, Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Morell
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
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Villaverde JJ, Sandín-España P, Alonso-Prados JL, Lamsabhi AM, Alcamí M. Computational Study of the Structure and Degradation Products of Alloxydim Herbicide. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3909-3918. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Villaverde
- Plant Protection Products Unit, DTEVPF, INIA, Crta. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sandín-España
- Plant Protection Products Unit, DTEVPF, INIA, Crta. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Alonso-Prados
- Plant Protection Products Unit, DTEVPF, INIA, Crta. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Alcamí
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencias (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Rubirola A, Boleda MR, Galceran MT. Multiresidue analysis of 24 Water Framework Directive priority substances by on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1493:64-75. [PMID: 28318568 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a fully multiresidue and automated on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) - liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 24 priority substances (PS) belonging to different classes (pesticides, hormones or pharmaceuticals) included in the Directive 2013/39/UE and the recent Watch List (Decision 2015/495) in water samples (drinking water, surface water, and effluent wastewaters). LC-MS/MS conditions and on-line SPE parameters such as sorbent type, sample and wash volumes were optimized. The developed method is highly sensitive (limits of detection between 0.1 and 1.4ngL-1) and precise (relative standard deviations lower than 8%). As part of the method validation studies, linearity, accuracy and matrix effects were assessed. The main advantage of this method over traditional off-line procedures is the minimization of tedious sample preparation increasing productivity and sample throughput. The optimized method was applied to the analysis of water samples and the results revealed the presence of 16 PS in river water and effluent water of wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Rubirola
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, S.A., General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mª Rosa Boleda
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, S.A., General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mª Teresa Galceran
- University of Barcelona, Dpt. Anal. Chem., Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Shoemaker JA. Development and Multi-laboratory Verification of US EPA Method 543 for the Analysis of Drinking Water Contaminants by Online Solid Phase Extraction-LC-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1532-1539. [PMID: 27353349 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A drinking water method for seven pesticides and pesticide degradates is presented that addresses the occurrence monitoring needs of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for a future Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR). The method employs online solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS-MS). Online SPE-LC-MS-MS has the potential to offer cost-effective, faster, more sensitive and more rugged methods than the traditional offline SPE approach due to complete automation of the SPE process, as well as seamless integration with the LC-MS-MS system. The method uses 2-chloroacetamide, ascorbic acid and Trizma to preserve the drinking water samples for up to 28 days. The mean recoveries in drinking water (from a surface water source) fortified with method analytes are 87.1-112% with relative standard deviations of <14%. Single laboratory lowest concentration minimum reporting levels of 0.27-1.7 ng/L are demonstrated with this methodology. Multi-laboratory data are presented that demonstrate method ruggedness and transferability. The final method meets all of the EPA's UCMR survey requirements for sample collection and storage, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity.
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8
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Jin D, Xu Q, Yu L, Hu X. Photoelectrochemical detection of the herbicide clethodim by using the modified metal-organic framework amino-MIL-125(Ti)/TiO2. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Sevilla-Morán B, López-Goti C, Alonso-Prados JL, Sandín-España P. Aqueous photodegradation of sethoxydim herbicide: Qtof elucidation of its by-products, mechanism and degradation pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:842-850. [PMID: 24342090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical fate of sethoxydim herbicide in water was studied under simulated sunlight radiation (Suntest apparatus). This compound exhibited a rapid degradation rate in water with a half-life of approximately 1h, which is in accordance with the high calculated value of the quantum yield (Φ=0.26). Consequently, the photolysis of sethoxydim should be considered as an efficient route of sethoxydim removal in aqueous media. During the photodegradation studies, ten by-products were detected, and their identification was accomplished using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Qtof) and electrospray ionization in positive mode (ESI+). A detailed and exhaustive study of the mass spectra of the precursor ions and their MS/MS fragmentation patterns allowed for their identification. The photodegradation products resulted from the cleavage and isomerization of the NO bond of the oxime, oxidation of the sulfur atom, oxidative CS bond cleavage and Beckmann rearrangement followed by intramolecular cyclization. Additionally, the reactive species involved and a plausible mechanism for the photodegradation of sethoxydim in water are discussed. Finally, based on the identified products, a rational pathway for the photodegradation of sethoxydim in water is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sevilla-Morán
- DTVPF - Unit of Plant Protection Products, INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen López-Goti
- DTVPF - Unit of Plant Protection Products, INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Alonso-Prados
- DTVPF - Unit of Plant Protection Products, INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sandín-España
- DTVPF - Unit of Plant Protection Products, INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Hurtado-Sánchez M, Romero-González R, Rodríguez-Cáceres M, Durán-Merás I, Frenich AG. Rapid and sensitive on-line solid phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of pesticides in surface waters. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1305:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Fernández-Gómez C, López-López JA, Matamoros V, Díez S, García-Vargas M, Moreno C. Atmospheric influence on the distribution of organic pollutants in the Guadalquivir River estuary, SW Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:3209-3218. [PMID: 23010894 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the lower Guadalquivir river basin, a system stressed by a wide variety of anthropogenic activities, eight pesticides (four triazines, two chloroacetanilide herbicides, one organochlorine, and one organophosphorus insecticide); and four emerging pollutants (two personal care products, one organophosphorous flame retardant, and one xanthine alkaloid) were analyzed in river water during a 2-year monitoring program, and after rain episodes. Samples were extracted using the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique prior to determination of compounds using gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer detector. Except for caffeine, recoveries were mostly above 80 %, while limits of detection and quantification were in the low nanograms per liter level (except for dimethoate). Terbuthylazine, simazine (triazine herbicides), and dimethoate (organophosphorus insecticide), present in agrochemicals, were predominant in the river water, although concentrations were below the quality standards established by the EU Water-Framework-Directive. A general trend to increase concentration was observed after rain events, in particular for pesticides, possibly as a consequence of surface runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal Fernández-Gómez
- Environmental Chemistry Department, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDÆA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Determination of six microcystins and nodularin in surface and drinking waters by on-line solid phase extraction–ultra high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1266:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Huntscha S, Singer HP, McArdell CS, Frank CE, Hollender J. Multiresidue analysis of 88 polar organic micropollutants in ground, surface and wastewater using online mixed-bed multilayer solid-phase extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:74-83. [PMID: 23137864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An automated multiresidue method consisting of an online solid-phase extraction step coupled to a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS method) was developed for the determination of 88 polar organic micropollutants with a broad range of physicochemical properties (logD(OW) (pH 7): -4.2 to 4.2). Based on theoretical considerations, a single mixed-bed multilayer cartridge containing four different extraction materials was composed for the automated enrichment of water samples. This allowed the simultaneous analysis of pesticides, biocides, pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, many of their transformation products, and the artificial sweetener sucralose in three matrices groundwater, surface water, and wastewater. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the environmentally relevant concentration range of 0.1-87 ng/L for groundwater and surface water, and 1.5-206 ng/L for wastewater. The majority of the compounds could be quantified below 10 ng/L in groundwater (82%) and surface water (80%) and below 100 ng/L in wastewater (80%). Relative recoveries were largely between 80 and 120%. Intraday and inter-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, were generally better than 10% and 20%, respectively. 50 isotope labeled internal standards were used for quantification and accordingly, relative recoveries as well as intraday and inter-day precision were better for compounds with corresponding internal standard. The applicability of this method was shown during a sampling campaign at a riverbank filtration site for drinking water production with travel times of up to 5 days. 36 substances of all compound classes investigated could be found in concentrations between 0.1 and 600 ng/L. The results revealed the persistence of carbamazepine and sucralose in the groundwater aquifer as well as degradation of the metamizole metabolite 4-acetamidoantipyrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Huntscha
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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14
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Catalá-Icardo M, López-Paz J, Choves-Barón C, Peña-Bádena A. Native vs photoinduced chemiluminescence in dimethoate determination. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 710:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Maragou NC, Thomaidis NS, Koupparis MA. Optimization and comparison of ESI and APCI LC-MS/MS methods: a case study of Irgarol 1051, Diuron, and their degradation products in environmental samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1826-1838. [PMID: 21952896 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A systematic and detailed optimization strategy for the development of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) LC-MS/MS methods for the determination of Irgarol 1051, Diuron, and their degradation products (M1, DCPMU, DCPU, and DCA) in water, sediment, and mussel is described. Experimental design was applied for the optimization of the ion sources parameters. Comparison of ESI and APCI was performed in positive- and negative-ion mode, and the effect of the mobile phase on ionization was studied for both techniques. Special attention was drawn to the ionization of DCA, which presents particular difficulty in API techniques. Satisfactory ionization of this small molecule is achieved only with ESI positive-ion mode using acetonitrile in the mobile phase; the instrumental detection limit is 0.11 ng/mL. Signal suppression was qualitatively estimated by using purified and non-purified samples. The sample preparation for sediments and mussels is direct and simple, comprising only solvent extraction. Mean recoveries ranged from 71% to 110%, and the corresponding (%) RSDs ranged between 4.1 and 14%. The method limits of detection ranged between 0.6 and 3.5 ng/g for sediment and mussel and from 1.3 to 1.8 ng/L for sea water. The method was applied to sea water, marine sediment, and mussels, which were obtained from marinas in Attiki, Greece. Ion ratio confirmation was used for the identification of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki C Maragou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
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Botitsi HV, Garbis SD, Economou A, Tsipi DF. Current mass spectrometry strategies for the analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:907-939. [PMID: 24737632 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices continues to be an active research area closely related to food safety and environmental issues. This review discusses the most widely applied mass spectrometric (MS) approaches to pesticide residues analysis over the last few years. The main techniques for sample preparation remain solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction. The QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) approach is being increasingly used for the development of multi-class pesticide residues methods in various sample matrices. MS detectors-triple quadrupole (QqQ), ion-trap (IT), quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT), time-of-flight (TOF), and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF)-have been established as powerful analytical tools sharing a primary role in the detection/quantification and/or identification/confirmation of pesticides and their metabolites. Recent developments in analytical instrumentation have enabled coupling of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and fast gas chromatography (GC) with MS detectors, and faster analysis for a greater number of pesticides. The newly developed "ambient-ionization" MS techniques (e.g., desorption electrospray ionization, DESI, and direct analysis in real time, DART) hyphenated with high-resolution MS platforms without liquid chromatography separation, and sometimes with minimum pre-treatment, have shown potential for pesticide residue screening. The recently introduced Orbitrap mass spectrometers can provide high resolving power and mass accuracy, to tackle complex analytical problems involved in pesticide residue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V Botitsi
- General Chemical State Laboratory, Pesticide Residues Laboratory, 16 An. Tsocha Street, Athens 115 21, Greece
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Column-switching linked to large sample volumes to preconcentrate β-blockers at trace levels in environmental water. Talanta 2011; 83:1665-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Singer H, Jaus S, Hanke I, Lück A, Hollender J, Alder AC. Determination of biocides and pesticides by on-line solid phase extraction coupled with mass spectrometry and their behaviour in wastewater and surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:3054-3064. [PMID: 20663596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the input of hydrophilic biocides into the aquatic environment and on the efficiency of their removal in conventional wastewater treatment by a mass flux analysis. A fully automated method consisting of on-line solid phase extraction coupled to LC-ESI-MS/MS was developed and validated for the simultaneous trace determination of different biocidal compounds (1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (BIT), 3-Iodo-2-propynylbutyl-carbamate (IPBC), irgarol 1051 and 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolinone (octhilinone, OIT), carbendazim, diazinon, diuron, isoproturon, mecoprop, terbutryn and terbutylazine) and pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole) in wastewater and surface water. In the tertiary effluent, the highest average concentrations were determined for mecoprop (1010 ng/L) which was at comparable levels as the pharmaceuticals diclofenac (690 ng/L) and sulfamethoxazole (140 ng/L) but 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the other biocidal compounds. Average eliminations for all compounds were usually below 50%. During rain events, increased residual amounts of biocidal contaminants are discharged to receiving surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Dujaković N, Grujić S, Radišić M, Vasiljević T, Laušević M. Determination of pesticides in surface and ground waters by liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 678:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Petrovic M, Farré M, de Alda ML, Perez S, Postigo C, Köck M, Radjenovic J, Gros M, Barcelo D. Recent trends in the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of organic contaminants in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4004-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Benvenuto F, Marín JM, Sancho JV, Canobbio S, Mezzanotte V, Hernández F. Simultaneous determination of triazines and their main transformation products in surface and urban wastewater by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2791-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Sevilla-Morán B, Alonso-Prados JL, García-Baudín JM, Sandín-España P. Indirect photodegradation of clethodim in aqueous media. byproduct identification by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3068-3076. [PMID: 20128587 DOI: 10.1021/jf9034173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous photolysis of clethodim herbicide in the presence of natural substances such as humic acids (HA), nitrate, and Fe(III) ions has been investigated. The photodegradation rate of clethodim was retarded in the presence of HA compared to ultrapure water, while nitrate ions had no effect. On the other hand, water containing different concentrations of Fe(III) ions enhanced degradation of this herbicide. Clethodim transformation gave rise to the formation of nine byproducts, some of them, to the best of our knowledge, described for the first time in this work. The identification of these photoproducts has been accomplished by coupling liquid chromatography to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The main transformation reactions observed for clethodim were photoisomerization to the Z-isomer, S-oxidation of E- and Z-clethodim isomers giving rise to sulfoxide diastereoisomers, reduction of the oxime moiety to yield clethodim imine, oxidative cleavage of the C-S bond, and S-oxidation of clethodim imine leading to the formation of imine ketone and imine sulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sevilla-Morán
- Unidad de Productos Fitosanitarios, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruna, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Simultaneous determination of acidic, neutral and basic pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater by ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:622-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ripollés C, Marín JM, López FJ, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Determination of sub-ppb epichlorohydrin levels in water by on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1841-1848. [PMID: 19441049 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new sensitive and selective method based on on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer has been developed for the determination of epichlorohydrin (ECH) in different types of water samples. ECH is not easily determined directly by ESI-MS as it is not readily ionized, and it has a low molecular mass and high polarity. Thus, prior derivatization of ECH was necessary, employing 3,5-difluorobenzylamine as a derivatizing agent with Fe(III) as a catalyst. In order to achieve accurate quantification, correcting for matrix effects, losses in the derivatization process and instrumental deviations, isotope labelled ECH (ECH-d(5)) was added as an internal standard (IS) to the water samples. The method was validated based on European SANCO guidelines using drinking and other types of treated water spiked at two concentration levels (0.1 and 1.0 microg/L), the lower level having been established as the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method. Satisfactory accuracy (recoveries between 70 and 103%), precision (RSD <20%) and linearity (from 0.05 to 50 microg/L, r >0.99) were obtained. The limit of detection (LOD) was set up at 0.03 microg/L. The method was applied to different water samples (drinking water and water samples collected from a municipal treatment water plant). In order to enhance confidence, five selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions were acquired, thus obtaining a simultaneous reliable quantification and identification of ECH in water, even at sub-ppb levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ripollés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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Application of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to the determination of multi-class pesticides in environmental and wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1410-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Kuster M, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric analysis and regulatory issues of polar pesticides in natural and treated waters. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:520-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Hernández F, Sancho J, Ibáñez M, Grimalt S. Investigation of pesticide metabolites in food and water by LC-TOF-MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Díaz L, Llorca-Pórcel J, Valor I. Ultra trace determination of 31 pesticides in water samples by direct injection–rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lepom P, Brown B, Hanke G, Loos R, Quevauviller P, Wollgast J. Needs for reliable analytical methods for monitoring chemical pollutants in surface water under the European Water Framework Directive. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:302-15. [PMID: 18603257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The state of the art in monitoring chemical pollutants to assess water quality status according to Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the challenges associated with it have been reviewed. The article includes information on environmental quality standards (EQSs) proposed to protect the aquatic environment and humans against hazardous substances and the resulting monitoring requirements. Furthermore, minimum performance criteria for analytical methods and quality assurance issues have been discussed. The result of a survey of existing standard methods with a focus on European (EN) and international standards (ISO) for the analysis of chemical pollutants in water is reported and the applicability of those methods for the purpose of compliance checking with EQSs is examined. Approximately 75% of the 41 hazardous substances for which Europe-wide EQSs have been proposed can be reliably monitored in water with acceptable uncertainty when applying existing standardised methods. Monitoring in water encounters difficulties for some substances, e.g., short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tributyltin compounds, certain organochlorine pesticides and six-ring PAHs, mainly due to a lack of validated, sufficiently sensitive methods that are applicable in routine laboratory conditions. As WFD requires monitoring of unfiltered samples for organic contaminants more attention needs to be paid to the distribution of chemical pollutants between suspended particulate matter and the liquid phase. Methods allowing complete extraction of organic contaminants from whole water samples are required. From a quality assurance point of view, there is a need to organise interlaboratory comparisons specifically designed to the requirements of WFD (concentrations around EQSs, representative water samples) as well as field trials to compare sampling methodologies. Additional analytical challenges may arise when Member States have identified their river basin specific pollutants and after revision of the list of priority substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lepom
- Federal Environment Agency, Laboratory for Water Analysis, Bismarckplatz 1, D-14193 Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4373-402. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800660d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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Kuster M, López de Alda MJ, Barata C, Raldúa D, Barceló D. Analysis of 17 polar to semi-polar pesticides in the Ebro river delta during the main growing season of rice by automated on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2008; 75:390-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Hernández F, Ibáñez M, Pozo OJ, Sancho JV. Investigating the presence of pesticide transformation products in water by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with different mass analyzers. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:173-84. [PMID: 17724783 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Many pesticide transformation products (TPs) can reach environmental waters as a consequence of their normally having a higher polarity than their parent pesticides. This makes the development of analytical methodology for reliable identification and subsequent quantification at the sub-microgram per liter levels necessary, as required under current legislation. In this paper we report the photodegradation of several pesticides frequently detected in environmental waters from the Spanish Mediterranean region using the high-resolution and exact-mass capabilities of hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF MS) hyphenated to liquid chromatography (LC). Once the main photodegradation/hydrolysis products formed in aqueous media were identified, analytical methodology for their simultaneous quantification and reliable identification in real water samples was developed using on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE)-LC-tandem MS with a triple-quadrupole (QqQ) analyzer. The methodology was validated in both ground and surface water samples spiked at the limit of quantification (LOQ) and 10 x LOQ levels, i.e. 50 and 500 ng/l, obtaining satisfactory recoveries and precision for all compounds. Subsequent analysis of ground and surface water samples resulted in the detection of a number of TPs higher than parent pesticides. Additionally, several soil-interstitial water samples collected from the unsaturated zone were analyzed to explore the degradation/transformation of some pesticides in the field using experimental plots equipped with lisimeters. Several TPs were found in these samples, with most of them having also been detected in ground and surface water from the same area. This paper illustrates the extraordinary potential of LC-MS(/MS) with QTOF and QqQ analyzers for qualitative/structural and quantitative analysis, respectively, offering analytical chemists one of the most powerful tools available at present to investigate the presence of pesticide TPs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
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Fava L, Orrù MA, Scardala S, Funari E. Leaching potential of carbamates and their metabolites and comparison with triazines. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barceló D. Advantages and limitations of on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technologies versus biosensors for monitoring of emerging contaminants in water. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:97-115. [PMID: 17275010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
On-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and biosensors are advanced technologies that have found increasing application in the analysis of environmental contaminants although their application to the determination of emerging contaminants (previously unknown or unrecognized pollutants) has been still limited. This review covers the most recent advances occurred in the areas of on-line SPE-LC-MS and biosensors, discusses and compares the main strengths and limitations of the two approaches, and examines their most relevant applications to the analysis of emerging contaminants in environmental waters. So far, the on-line configuration most frequently used has been SPE coupled to liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry. Sorbents used for on-line SPE have included both traditional (alkyl-bonded silicas and polymers) and novel (restricted access materials (RAMs), molecularly imprinted synthetic polymers (MIPs), and immobilized receptors or antibodies (immunosorbents) materials. The biosensor technologies most frequently applied have been based on the use of antibodies and, to a lesser extent, enzymes, bacteria, receptors and DNA as recognition elements, and the use of optical and electrochemical transducing elements. Emerging contaminants investigated by means of these two techniques have included pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds such as estrogens, alkylphenols and bisphenol A, pesticides transformation products, disinfection by-products, and bacterial toxins and mycotoxins, among others. Both techniques offer advantageous, and frequently comparable, features such as high sensitivity and selectivity, minimum sample manipulation, and automation. Biosensors are, in addition, relatively cheap and fast, which make them ideally suited for routine testing and screening of samples; however, in most cases, they can not compete yet with on-line SPE procedures in terms of accuracy, reproducibility, reliability (confirmation) of results, and capacity for multi-analyte determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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