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Stefanik O, Majerova P, Kovac A, Mikus P, Piestansky J. Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of therapeutic peptides-A review. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:120-164. [PMID: 37705480 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides are a growing class of innovative drugs with high efficiency and a low risk of adverse effects. These biomolecules fall within the molecular mass range between that of small molecules and proteins. However, their inherent instability and potential for degradation underscore the importance of reliable and effective analytical methods for pharmaceutical quality control, therapeutic drug monitoring, and compliance testing. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has long time been the "gold standard" conventional method for peptide analysis, but capillary electrophoresis (CE) is increasingly being recognized as a complementary and, in some cases, superior, highly efficient, green, and cost-effective alternative technique. CE can separate peptides composed of different amino acids owing to differences in their net charge and size, determining their migration behavior in an electric field. This review provides a comprehensive overview of therapeutic peptides that have been used in the clinical environment for the last 25 years. It describes the properties, classification, current trends in development, and clinical use of therapeutic peptides. From the analytical point of view, it discusses the challenges associated with the analysis of therapeutic peptides in pharmaceutical and biological matrices, as well as the evaluation of CE as a whole and the comparison with LC methods. The article also highlights the use of microchip electrophoresis, nonaqueous CE, and nonconventional hydrodynamically closed CE systems and their applications. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of developing new CE-based analytical methods to ensure the high quality, safety, and efficacy of therapeutic peptides in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Stefanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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2
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Recent (2018-2020) development in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:115-130. [PMID: 33754195 PMCID: PMC7984737 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of new capillary electrophoresis (CE) methodology and instrumentation, as well as application of CE to solve new problems, remains an active research area because of the attractive features of CE compared to other separation techniques. In this review, we focus on the representative works about sample preconcentration, separation media or capillary coating development, detector construction, and multidimensional separation in CE, which are judiciously selected from the papers published in 2018–2020.
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3
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Cheng J, Morin GB, Chen DDY. Bottom‐up proteomics of envelope proteins extracted from spinach chloroplast via high organic content CE‐MS. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:370-378. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Cheng
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Gregg B. Morin
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - David D. Y. Chen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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4
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Zhou W, Liu Y, Liao X, Chen Z. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry using robust poly(ether ether ketone) capillary for tolerance to high content of organic solvents. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:156-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Azab S, Ly R, Britz-McKibbin P. Robust Method for High-Throughput Screening of Fatty Acids by Multisegment Injection-Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry with Stringent Quality Control. Anal Chem 2018; 91:2329-2336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Azab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ritchie Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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6
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Beutner A, Scherer B, Matysik FM. Dual detection for non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis combining contactless conductivity detection and mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 183:33-38. [PMID: 29567184 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coupling of two detectors is a powerful tool to enhance the overall analytical performance generating complementary information and overcoming the limitations of the single detectors. In this work, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) were coupled in conjunction with non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE). Non-aqueous electrolytes are highly compatible with ESI due to their volatility. Moreover, they exhibit low background conductivity, which is essential for the detection with C4D. A NACE-C4D-MS method was developed using an acetonitrile buffer containing 2 M HAc and 4 mM NH4Ac as background electrolyte. The influence of the inner diameter of the separation capillary on the C4D was studied and taken into account. A capillary with 50 µm inner diameter was found to be best suited. The complementarity of the two detectors was shown by determining a sample mixture containing choline, thiamine, nitrate, and chloride as well as bromide and acetylcholine as internal standards. The C4D was the detector of choice for the inorganic ions, which were not detectable with the MS whereas the MS had much lower limits of detections for the organic biomolecules. The method was applied on an extract of a food supplement containing the model analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beutner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Beate Scherer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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7
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Švidrnoch M, Boráňová B, Tomková J, Ondra P, Maier V. Simultaneous determination of designer benzodiazepines in human serum using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis – Tandem mass spectrometry with successive multiple ionic – Polymer layer coated capillary. Talanta 2018; 176:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Cheng J, Chen DDY. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry method for determining highly hydrophobic peptides. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:1216-1221. [PMID: 28990192 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (NACE-MS) method was developed to separate and determine highly hydrophobic temporin peptides. The nonaqueous background electrolyte solution was a mixture of 20% acetonitrile, 78% methanol and 2% formic acid, with 20 mM ammonium formate. The separation of six peptides was completed within 12 min. The CE system was connected to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in MRM mode using a chemical modifier solution of 2 mM ammonium formate in ethanol with the flow through microvial interface. The mass spectrometer offered a second dimension of separation for peptides having identical migration times but different structures. The new method represents the first system capable of reliably determining hydrophobic peptides without using reversed phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David D Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Liu Y, Zhou W, Mao Z, Liao X, Chen Z. Analysis of six active components in Radix tinosporae by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4628-4635. [PMID: 28975733 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry has advantages for the analysis of active components in herbs. Here, a rapid nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry method was developed to separate, identify, and quantify palmatin, columbin, cepharanthine, menisperine, magnoflorine, and 20-hydroxyecdysone in Radix tinosporae. Electrospray ionization MS1-3 spectra of the six components were collected and possible cleavage pathways of main fragment ions were elucidated. The conditions that could affect separation, such as the composition of running buffer and applied voltage, were studied, and the conditions that could affect the mass spectrometry detection, such as the composition and flow rate of sheath liquid, the pressure of nitrogen gas, and the temperature and flow rate of the dry gas, were also optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the correlation coefficient was >0.99. The relative standard deviations of migration time and peak areas were <10%. The recoveries were calculated to be 99.31-107.80% in real samples. It has been demonstrated that the proposed method has good potential to be applied to determine the six bioactive components in Radix tinosporae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenkun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Cheng J, Wang L, Liu W, Chen DDY. Quantitative Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry Method for Determining Active Ingredients in Plant Extracts. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1411-1415. [PMID: 28208307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) is very well suited for online coupling with mass spectrometry due to the relatively high volatility and low surface tension of most organic solvents. Here we present a quantitative NACE-ESI-MS/MS method for separating and determining physcion, chrysophanol, and aloe-emodin in rhubarb. Dantron was used as an internal standard to ensure accuracy and reproducibility in quantitative analyses. Parameters including the pH, background electrolyte (BGE) composition, flow-through microvial chemical modifier solution composition, and modifier solution flow rate were carefully optimized. The developed method was validated by assessing its precision, LODs, and linear range. The contents of physcion, chrysophanol, and aloe-emodin in rhubarb were determined to be 0.22%, 1.0%, and 0.17%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Weifen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - David D Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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11
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Walid Rezanoor M, Dutta P. Combined AC electroosmosis and dielectrophoresis for controlled rotation of microparticles. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:024101. [PMID: 27014394 PMCID: PMC4788602 DOI: 10.1063/1.4943032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrorotation is widely used for characterization of biological cells and materials using a rotating electric field. Generally, multiphase AC electric fields and quadrupolar electrode configuration are needed to create a rotating electric field for electrorotation. In this study, we demonstrate a simple method to rotate dielectrophoretically trapped microparticles using a stationary AC electric field. Coplanar interdigitated electrodes are used to create a linearly polarized nonuniform AC electric field. This nonuniform electric field is employed for dielectrophoretic trapping of microparticles as well as for generating electroosmotic flow in the vicinity of the electrodes resulting in rotation of microparticles in a microfluidic device. The rotation of barium titanate microparticles is observed in 2-propanol and methanol solvent at a frequency below 1 kHz. A particle rotation rate as high as 240 revolutions per minute is observed. It is demonstrated that precise manipulation (both rotation rate and equilibrium position) of the particles is possible by controlling the frequency of the applied electric field. At low frequency range, the equilibrium positions of the microparticles are observed between the electrode edge and electrode center. This method of particle manipulation is different from electrorotation as it uses induced AC electroosmosis instead of electric torque as in the case of electrorotation. Moreover, it has been shown that a microparticle can be rotated along its own axis without any translational motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Walid Rezanoor
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164-2920, USA
| | - Prashanta Dutta
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164-2920, USA
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12
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Abstract
The term nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) commonly refers to capillary electrophoresis with purely nonaqueous background electrolytes (BGE). Main advantages of NACE are the possibility to analyze substances with very low solubility in aqueous media as well as separation selectivity that can be quite different in organic solvents (compared to water)-a property that can be employed for manipulation of separation selectivities. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become more and more popular as a detector in CE a fact that applies also for NACE. In the present chapter, the development of NACE-MS since 2004 is reviewed. Relevant parameters like composition of BGE and its influence on separation and detection in NACE as well as sheath liquid for NACE-MS are discussed. Finally, an overview of the papers published in the field of NACE-MS between 2004 and 2014 is given. Applications are grouped according to the field (analysis of natural products, biomedical analysis, food analysis, analysis of industrial products, and fundamental investigations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
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13
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Separation and analysis of triazine herbcide residues by capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:835-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A. Elbashir
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; University of Khartoum; Khartoum 11115 Sudan
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Dokki Cairo 12311 Egypt
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14
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Posch TN, Pütz M, Martin N, Huhn C. Electromigrative separation techniques in forensic science: combining selectivity, sensitivity, and robustness. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:23-58. [PMID: 25381613 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review we introduce the advantages and limitations of electromigrative separation techniques in forensic toxicology. We thus present a summary of illustrative studies and our own experience in the field together with established methods from the German Federal Criminal Police Office rather than a complete survey. We focus on the analytical aspects of analytes' physicochemical characteristics (e.g. polarity, stereoisomers) and analytical challenges including matrix tolerance, separation from compounds present in large excess, sample volumes, and orthogonality. For these aspects we want to reveal the specific advantages over more traditional methods. Both detailed studies and profiling and screening studies are taken into account. Care was taken to nearly exclusively document well-validated methods outstanding for the analytical challenge discussed. Special attention was paid to aspects exclusive to electromigrative separation techniques, including the use of the mobility axis, the potential for on-site instrumentation, and the capillary format for immunoassays. The review concludes with an introductory guide to method development for different separation modes, presenting typical buffer systems as starting points for different analyte classes. The objective of this review is to provide an orientation for users in separation science considering using capillary electrophoresis in their laboratory in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjorben Nils Posch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics ZEA-3, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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15
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Pelcová M, Langmajerová M, Cvingráfová E, Juřica J, Glatz Z. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis of dextromethorphan and its metabolites. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2785-90. [PMID: 25044216 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic separation of dextromethorphan and its metabolites using a methanolic background electrolyte. The optimization of separation conditions was performed in terms of the resolution of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan and the effect of separation temperature, voltage, and the characteristics of the background electrolyte were studied. Complete separation of all analytes was achieved in 40 mM ammonium acetate dissolved in methanol. Hydrodynamic injection was performed at 3 kPa for 4 s. The separation voltage was 20 kV accompanied by a low electric current. The ultraviolet detection was performed at 214 nm, the temperature of the capillary was 25°C. These conditions enabled the separation of four analytes plus the internal standard within 9 min. Further, the developed method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, and repeatability. Rat liver perfusate samples were subjected to the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic method to illustrate its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pelcová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kamenice, Czech Republic; Masaryk University, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice, Czech Republic
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16
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Krizkova S, Ryvolova M, Masarik M, Zitka O, Adam V, Hubalek J, Eckschlager T, Kizek R. Modern bioanalysis of proteins by electrophoretic techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1129:381-396. [PMID: 24648089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-977-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1957, protein rich in cysteine able to bind cadmium was isolated from horse kidney and named as metallothionein according to its structural properties. Further, this protein and metallothionein-like proteins have been found in tissues of other animal species, yeasts, fungi and plants. MT is as a potential cancer marker in the focus of interest, and its properties, functions, and behavior under various conditions are intensively studied. Our protocol describes separation of two major mammalian isoforms of MT (MT-1 and MT-2) using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with UV detector. This protocol enables separation of MT isoforms and studying of their basic behavior as well as their quantification with detection limit in units of ng per μL. Sodium borate buffer (20 mM, pH 9.5) was optimized as a background electrolyte, and the separation was carried out in fused silica capillary with internal diameter of 75 μm and electric field intensity of 350 V/cm. Optimal detection wavelength was 254 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of acidic compounds using negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1323:163-73. [PMID: 24315358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) is an attractive CE mode, in which water solvent of the background electrolyte (BGE) is replaced by organic solvent or by a mixture of organic solvents. This substitution alters several parameters, such as the pKa, permittivity, viscosity, zeta potential, and conductivity, resulting in a modification of CE separation performance (i.e., selectivity and/or efficiency). In addition, the use of NACE is particularly well adapted to ESI-MS due to the high volatility of solvents and the low currents that are generated. Organic solvents reduce the number of side electrochemical reactions at the ESI tip, thereby allowing the stabilization of the ESI current and a decrease in background noise. All these features make NACE an interesting alternative to the aqueous capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) mode, especially in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of NACE coupled to negative ESI-MS for the analysis of acidic compounds with two available CE-MS interfaces (sheath liquid and sheathless). First, NACE was compared to aqueous CZE for the analysis of several pharmaceutical acidic compounds (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs). Then, the separation performance and the sensitivity achieved by both interfaces were evaluated, as were the impact of the BGE and the sample composition. Finally, analyses of glucuronides in urine samples subjected to a minimal sample pre-treatment ("dilute-and-shoot") were performed by NACE-ESI-MS, and the matrix effect was evaluated. A 20- to 100-fold improvement in sensitivity was achieved using the NACE mode in combination with the sheathless interface and no matrix effect was observed regardless of the interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Bonvin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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López-Montes AM, Dupont AL, Desmazières B, Lavédrine B. Identification of synthetic dyes in early colour photographs using capillary electrophoresis and electrospray ionisation–mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 114:217-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Maráková K, Piešt'anský J, Veizerová L, Galba J, Dokupilová S, Havránek E, Mikuš P. Multidrug analysis of pharmaceutical and urine matrices by on-line coupled capillary electrophoresis and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1805-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Maráková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Piešt'anský
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Veizerová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Galba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Svetlana Dokupilová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Emil Havránek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovak Republic
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Orlandini S, Gotti R, Furlanetto S. Multivariate optimization of capillary electrophoresis methods: a critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:290-307. [PMID: 23669025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this article a review on the recent applications of multivariate techniques for optimization of electromigration methods, is presented. Papers published in the period from August 2007 to February 2013, have been taken into consideration. Upon a brief description of each of the involved CE operative modes, the characteristics of the chemometric strategies (type of design, factors and responses) applied to face a number of analytical challenges, are presented. Finally, a critical discussion, giving some practical advices and pointing out the most common issues involved in multivariate set-up of CE methods, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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21
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Rodríguez J, Castañeda G, Muñoz L. Direct determination of pregabalin in human urine by nonaqueous CE-TOF-MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1429-36. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juana Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Ciudad Real; Spain
| | - Gregorio Castañeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Ciudad Real; Spain
| | - Lorena Muñoz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Ciudad Real; Spain
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22
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Zhang Y, Chen Z. Nonaqueous CE ESI-IT-MS analysis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1078-84. [PMID: 23436771 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Amaryllidaceae are widely distributed medical plants. Lycorine, lycoramine, lycoremine, and lycobetaine are the major active alkaloids in Amaryllidaceae plants. A nonaqueous CE ESI-IT-MS method for separation, identification, and quantification of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids has been developed. The MS(1-3) behavior has been studied and the fragmentation pathways of main fragment ions have been proposed. The effects of several factors such as composition and concentration of buffer, applied voltage, composition, and flow rate of the sheath liquid, nebulizing gas pressure, flow rate, and temperature of drying gas were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the linear concentration range of these compounds was wide with the correlation coefficient (R(2) ) >0.99. RSDs of migration time and peak areas were <10%. The LODs were <240 ng/mL. The proposed method can be successfully applied to the determination of the related alkaloids in the Lycoris radiata roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P R China
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23
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Chen Q, Zhang J, Zhang W, Chen Z. Analysis of active alkaloids in the Menispermaceae family by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:341-9. [PMID: 23255368 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A nonaqueous CE-IT MS with a nanospray ionization interface method was developed for the identification and quantification of tetrandrine (TET), fangchinoline (FAN), and sinomenine (SIN) using berberine as internal standard. The TET, FAN, and SIN standard solutions were directly infused into IT-MS for collecting MS(1-3) spectra. The major fragment ions of analytes were confirmed and possible main cleavage pathways of fragment ions were studied. A bare fused-silica capillary was used for separation of the analytes. A sheath liquid (50% aqueous methanol containing 0.2% acetic acid) to the capillary effluent with a nanoelectrospray ionization interface was added. Separation buffer comprised 80 mM solution of ammonium acetate, in a mixture of 70% methanol, 20% ACN, and 10% water, which also contained 1% acetic acid. The CE-MS method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision, and then used to determine the content of the above components. The detection limits of TET, FAN, and SIN are 0.05, 0.08, and 0.15 μg/mL, respectively. The precision was no more than 4.67% and the mean recovery of the analytes were 95.36-99.24%. This method was successfully applied to determine TET, FAN, and SIN in real samples radix Stephaniae tetrandrae and rhizomes of Menispermum dauricum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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24
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Buglione L, See HH, Hauser PC. Study on the effects of electrolytes and solvents in the determination of quaternary ammonium ions by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:317-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Buglione
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
| | | | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
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25
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Pioch M, Bunz SC, Neusüss C. Capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry relevant to pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1517-30. [PMID: 22736352 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advanced analytical techniques play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological field. In this context, capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) has attracted attention due to efficient and selective separation in combination with powerful detection allowing identification and detailed characterization. Method developments and applications of CE/MS have been focused on questions not easily accessible by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) as the analysis of intact proteins, carbohydrates, and various small molecules, including peptides. Here, recent approaches and applications of CE/MS relevant to (bio)pharmaceuticals are reviewed and discussed to show actual developments and future prospects. Based on other reviews on related subjects covering large parts of previous works, the paper is focused on general ideas and contributions of the last 2 years; for the analysis of glycans, the period is extended back to 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pioch
- Chemistry Department, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
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26
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Posch TN, Martin N, Pütz M, Huhn C. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: a versatile, straightforward tool for the analysis of alkaloids from psychoactive plant extracts. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1557-66. [PMID: 22736357 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study we show that a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (NACE-MS) method carefully optimized by a design of experiment can be applied to a very large number of alkaloids in different plant extracts. It is possible to characterize the pattern of the psychoactive alkaloids in several plant samples and preparations thereof, each presenting different challenges in their analysis. The method is shown to be able to separate structurally closely related substances, diastereomers and further isobaric compounds, to separate members of different alkaloid classes within one run and to tolerate significant matrix load. A comparison with methods presented in the literature reveals that a near-generic NACE-MS method for the fast profiling of alkaloids in forensically relevant plant samples has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjorben Nils Posch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Central Division of Analytical Chemistry, Jülich, Germany
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27
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Su HL, Lee YP, Hung HY, Lee CY, Chung WS, Hsieh YZ. Analysis of Calix[4]arenes Using Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201200259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Posch TN, Müller A, Schulz W, Pütz M, Huhn C. Implementation of a design of experiments to study the influence of the background electrolyte on separation and detection in non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:583-98. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Ryvolova M, Adam V, Kizek R. Analysis of metallothionein by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1226:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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30
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Ionization techniques in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: principles, design, and application. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1096-1120. [PMID: 21462232 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major step forward in the development and application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was its coupling to ESI-MS, first reported in 1987. More than two decades later, ESI has remained the principal ionization technique in CE-MS, but a number of other ionization techniques have also been implemented. In this review the state-of-the-art in the employment of soft ionization techniques for CE-MS is presented. First the fundamentals and general challenges of hyphenating conventional CE and microchip electrophoresis with MS are outlined. After elaborating on the characteristics and role of ESI, emphasis is put on alternative ionization techniques including sonic spray ionization (SSI), thermospray ionization (TSI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB). The principle of each ionization technique is outlined and the experimental set-ups of the CE-MS couplings are described. The strengths and limitations of each ionization technique with respect to CE-MS are discussed and the applicability of the various systems is illustrated by a number of typical examples.
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MESH Headings
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Equipment Design/instrumentation
- Equipment Design/methods
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hommerson
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Gotti R. Capillary electrophoresis of phytochemical substances in herbal drugs and medicinal plants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:775-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Liu Y, Fu X, Bai Y, Zhai M, Liao Y, Liao J, Liu H. Improvement of reproducibility and sensitivity of CE analysis by using the capillary coated dynamically with carboxymethyl chitosan. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:2821-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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TENG H, YUAN BQ, YOU TY. Recent Advances in Application of Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(09)60078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Sasajima Y, Lim LW, Takeuchi T, Suenami K, Sato K, Takekoshi Y. Simultaneous determination of antidepressants by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7598-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Jecklin MC, Schmid S, Urban PL, Amantonico A, Zenobi R. Miniature flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow ion source for facile interfacing of CE with MS. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3597-605. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Herrera-Herrera AV, Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in waters. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3457-65. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Felhofer JL, Blanes L, Garcia CD. Recent developments in instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis and microchip-capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2469-86. [PMID: 20665910 PMCID: PMC2928674 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, there has been an explosion in the number of developments and applications of CE and microchip-CE. In part, this growth has been the direct consequence of recent developments in instrumentation associated with CE. This review, which is focused on the contributions published in the last 5 years, is intended to complement the articles presented in this special issue dedicated to instrumentation and to provide an overview of the general trends and some of the most remarkable developments published in the areas of high-voltage power supplies, detectors, auxiliary components, and compact systems. It also includes a few examples of alternative uses of and modifications to traditional CE instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Felhofer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Carlos D. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
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38
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Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:29-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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39
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Tropane alkaloid analysis by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1391-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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40
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Servais AC, Fillet M, Mol R, Rousseau A, Crommen J, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Influence of the BGE composition on analyte response in CD-mediated NACE-MS. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1157-1161. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Nalesso A, Viel G, Cecchetto G, Frison G, Ferrara SD. Analysis of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol by NACE with on-line ESI-MS. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1227-1233. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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42
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Herrero M, García-Cañas V, Simo C, Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:205-28. [PMID: 19967713 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The use of capillary electromigration methods to analyze foods and food components is reviewed in this work. Papers that were published during the period April 2007 to March 2009 are included following the previous review by García-Cañas and Cifuentes (Electrophoresis, 2008, 29, 294-309). These works include the analysis of amino acids, biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, DNAs, carbohydrates, phenols, polyphenols, pigments, toxins, pesticides, vitamins, additives, small organic and inorganic ions and other compounds found in foods and beverages, as well as those applications of CE for monitoring food interactions and food processing. The use of microchips, CE-MS, chiral-CE as well as other foreseen trends in food analysis are also discussed including their possibilities in the very new field of Foodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Herrero
- Departamento de Caracterización de Alimentos, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, Madrid 28006, Spain
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43
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Benavente F, Giménez E, Barrón D, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Modeling the electrophoretic behavior of quinolones in aqueous and hydroorganic media. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:965-72. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Mikus P, Maráková K. Advanced CE for chiral analysis of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in biological samples. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:2773-802. [PMID: 19653234 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of recent trends indicates that CE can show real advantages over chromatographic methods in ultratrace enantioselective determination of biologically active compounds in complex biological matrices. It is due to high separation efficiency and many applicable in-capillary electromigration effects in CE (countercurrent migration, stacking effects) enhancing significantly (enantio)separability and enabling effective sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, analyte derivatization). Other possible on-line combinations of CE, such as column coupled CE-CE techniques and implementation of nonelectrophoretic techniques (extraction, membrane filtration, flow injection) into CE, offer additional approaches for highly effective sample preparation and separation. CE matured to a highly flexible and compatible technique enabling its hyphenation with powerful detection systems allowing extremely sensitive detection (e.g. LIF) and/or structural characterization of analytes (e.g. MS). Within the last decade, more as well as less conventional analytical on-line approaches have been effectively utilized in this field and their practical potentialities are demonstrated on many new application examples in this article. Here, three basic areas of (enantioselective) drug bioanalysis are highlighted and supported by a brief theoretical description of each individual approach in a compact review structure (to create integrated view on the topic), including (i) progressive enantioseparation approaches and new enantioselective agents, (ii) in-capillary sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, derivatization), and (iii) detection possibilities related to enhanced sensitivity and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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45
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46
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Téllez A, Kenndler E. Is the general conclusion justified that higher applicable field strength results in shorter analysis time with organic solvents in CE? Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3978-85. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Ravelo-Pérez LM, Asensio-Ramos M, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. Recent food safety and food quality applications of CE-MS. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1624-46. [PMID: 19360778 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first on-line coupling of CE with MS detection more than 20 years ago provided a very powerful technique with a wide variety of applications, among which food analysis is of special interest, especially that dealing with food safety and food quality applications, the major topics of public interest nowadays. With this review article, we would like to show the most recent applications of CE-MS in both fields by recompiling and commenting articles published between January 2004 and October 2008. Although both applications are difficult to separate from each other, we have included in this work two main sections dealing with each specific field. Future trends will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia M Ravelo-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
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48
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Gómez-Caravaca AM, Carrasco-Pancorbo A, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. NACE-ESI-TOF MS to reveal phenolic compounds from olive oil: Introducing enriched olive oil directly inside capillary. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3099-3109. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Klampfl CW. CE with MS detection: A rapidly developing hyphenated technique. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S83-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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50
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Kim J, Chun MS, Choi K, Chung DS. Large volume stacking using an EOF pump in NACE-MS. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1046-51. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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