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Nemati S, Shalileh F, Mirjalali H, Omidfar K. Toward waterborne protozoa detection using sensing technologies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1118164. [PMID: 36910193 PMCID: PMC9999019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought and limited sufficient water resources will be the main challenges for humankind during the coming years. The lack of water resources for washing, bathing, and drinking increases the use of contaminated water and the risk of waterborne diseases. A considerable number of waterborne outbreaks are due to protozoan parasites that may remain active/alive in harsh environmental conditions. Therefore, a regular monitoring program of water resources using sensitive techniques is needed to decrease the risk of waterborne outbreaks. Wellorganized point-of-care (POC) systems with enough sensitivity and specificity is the holy grail of research for monitoring platforms. In this review, we comprehensively gathered and discussed rapid, selective, and easy-to-use biosensor and nanobiosensor technologies, developed for the early detection of common waterborne protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nemati
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shalileh
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Omidfar
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular–Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The unperturbed picture: Label-free real-time optical monitoring of cells and extracellular vesicles for therapy. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Schie IW, Rüger J, Mondol AS, Ramoji A, Neugebauer U, Krafft C, Popp J. High-Throughput Screening Raman Spectroscopy Platform for Label-Free Cellomics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2023-2030. [PMID: 29286634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-throughput screening Raman spectroscopy (HTS-RS) platform for a rapid and label-free macromolecular fingerprinting of tens of thousands eukaryotic cells. The newly proposed label-free HTS-RS platform combines automated imaging microscopy with Raman spectroscopy to enable a rapid label-free screening of cells and can be applied to a large number of biomedical and clinical applications. The potential of the new approach is illustrated by two applications. (1) HTS-RS-based differential white blood cell count. A classification model was trained using Raman spectra of 52 218 lymphocytes, 48 220 neutrophils, and 7 294 monocytes from four volunteers. The model was applied to determine a WBC differential for two volunteers and three patients, producing comparable results between HTS-RS and machine counting. (2) HTS-RS-based identification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in 1:1, 1:9, and 1:99 mixtures of Panc1 cells and leukocytes yielded ratios of 55:45, 10:90, and 3:97, respectively. Because the newly developed HTS-RS platform can be transferred to many existing Raman devices in all laboratories, the proposed implementation will lead to a significant expansion of Raman spectroscopy as a standard tool in biomedical cell research and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan W Schie
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Germany 07745
| | - Jan Rüger
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Germany 07745
| | | | - Anuradha Ramoji
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Germany 07745.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital , Jena, Germany 07743
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Germany 07745.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital , Jena, Germany 07743.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University , Jena, Germany 07743
| | | | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Germany 07745.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital , Jena, Germany 07743.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University , Jena, Germany 07743
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Lundstrom K. Cell-impedance-based label-free technology for the identification of new drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:335-343. [PMID: 28276704 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1297419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug discovery has progressed from relatively simple binding or activity screening assays to high-throughput screening of sophisticated compound libraries with emphasis on miniaturization and automation. The development of functional assays has enhanced the success rate in discovering novel drug molecules. Many technologies, originally based on radioactive labeling, have sequentially been replaced by methods based on fluorescence labeling. Recently, the focus has switched to label-free technologies in cell-based screening assays. Areas covered: Label-free, cell-impedance-based methods comprise of different technologies including surface plasmon resonance, mass spectrometry and biosensors applied for screening of anticancer drugs, G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinase and virus inhibitors, drug and nanoparticle cytotoxicity. Many of the developed methods have been used for high-throughput screening in cell lines. Cell viability and morphological damage prediction have been monitored in three-dimensional spheroid human HT-29 carcinoma cells and whole Schistosomula larvae. Expert opinion: Progress in label-free, cell-impedance-based technologies has facilitated drug screening and may enhance the discovery of potential novel drug molecules through, and improve target molecule identification in, alternative signal pathways. The variety of technologies to measure cellular responses through label-free cell-impedance based approaches all support future drug development and should provide excellent assets for finding better medicines.
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A multi-analyte biosensor for the simultaneous label-free detection of pathogens and biomarkers in point-of-need animal testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4005-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Gastroenteritis persists as a worldwide problem, responsible for approximately 2 million deaths annually. Traditional diagnostic methods used in the clinical microbiology laboratory include a myriad of tests, such as culture, microscopy, and immunodiagnostics, which can be labor intensive and suffer from long turnaround times and, in some cases, poor sensitivity. [corrected]. This article reviews recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies that have been applied to the detection and identification of gastrointestinal pathogens. These methods simplify and speed up the detection of pathogenic microorganisms, and their implementation in the clinical microbiology laboratory has potential to revolutionize the diagnosis of gastroenteritis.
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Costantini F, Nascetti A, Scipinotti R, Domenici F, Sennato S, Gazza L, Bordi F, Pogna N, Manetti C, Caputo D, de Cesare G. On-chip detection of multiple serum antibodies against epitopes of celiac disease by an array of amorphous silicon sensors. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46058d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ewald M, Le Blanc AF, Gauglitz G, Proll G. A robust sensor platform for label-free detection of anti-Salmonella antibodies using undiluted animal sera. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6461-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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State of the art in tumor antigen and biomarker discovery. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2554-96. [PMID: 24212823 PMCID: PMC3757432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of tumor immunology has resulted in multiple approaches for the treatment of cancer. However, a gap between research of new tumors markers and development of immunotherapy has been established and very few markers exist that can be used for treatment. The challenge is now to discover new targets for active and passive immunotherapy. This review aims at describing recent advances in biomarkers and tumor antigen discovery in terms of antigen nature and localization, and is highlighting the most recent approaches used for their discovery including “omics” technology.
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Duer R, Lund R, Tanaka R, Christensen DA, Herron JN. In-Plane Parallel Scanning: A Microarray Technology for Point-of-Care Testing. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8856-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101571b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Duer
- PLC Diagnostics, Inc., 192 Odebolt Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States, Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Russell Lund
- PLC Diagnostics, Inc., 192 Odebolt Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States, Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Richard Tanaka
- PLC Diagnostics, Inc., 192 Odebolt Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States, Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Douglas A. Christensen
- PLC Diagnostics, Inc., 192 Odebolt Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States, Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - James N. Herron
- PLC Diagnostics, Inc., 192 Odebolt Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States, Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Gauglitz G. Direct optical detection in bioanalysis: an update. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2363-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huang Y, Lü X, Qian W, Tang Z, Zhong Y. Competitive protein adsorption on biomaterial surface studied with reflectometric interference spectroscopy. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2083-90. [PMID: 20026435 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reflectometry interference spectroscopy (RIfS) is known as a highly sensitive and robust technique for direct, label-free detection of the interaction of biomacromolecules in real time and in situ. The aim of the present study was to investigate the competitive protein adsorption on the surface of fluorocarbon end-capped poly(carbonate) urethane (PCUF) and polystyrene (PS) based on the RIfS method. The surface energy and microstructures of PCUF and PS were characterized by contact angle measurement and atomic force microscopy. Interfacial energies between these surfaces and the proteins were then calculated. The protein adsorption experiments were carried out with both single solution and ternary solutions composed of albumin, fibrinogen and immunoglobulin-G (IgG). The results of surface characterization showed that PCUF was more hydrophilic than PS with a smaller surface energy, and micro-phases separation of PCUF was observed. RIfS analysis results revealed that more albumins, less fibrinogen and IgG were detected on the PCUF surface compared with PS after simplex and competitive protein adsorption, which indicated that PCUF had a preferential adsorption for albumin. The special morphology, smaller surface energy and calculated interfacial energies between PCUF and proteins may be responsible for the better blood compatibility of PCUF compared to PS. The results suggest that RIfS could serve as a novel, effective method for studying the competitive protein adsorption on biomaterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Schwarz B, Schweizer N, Pörll F, Proll G, Gauglitz G. Label-free detection of H1N1 virus for point of care testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2010.09.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Leopold N, Busche S, Gauglitz G, Lendl B. IR absorption and reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) combined to a new sensing approach for gas analytes absorbed into thin polymer films. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 72:994-999. [PMID: 19233714 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic polymer layers (3 microm) were spin-coated on Si or Ge plates and placed in a flow through gas chamber. FTIR reflection spectra of the layers were recorded showing the characteristic IR absorption bands of the polymer and the interference pattern generated by layered structure of the polymer film. Upon exposure of the polymer layer to gaseous analytes enrichment in the polymer film occurred. This was evidenced by the appearance of analyte specific absorption particular in the mid-IR part of the spectrum, as well as by a shift in the interference pattern across the whole spectrum. Qualitative information concerning the analyte was accessible in the mid-IR part of the spectrum, whereas quantitative assessment was obtained from the interference pattern. Polyetherurethane, polydimethylsiloxane, Makrolon and polyisobutylene polymer layers were tested for such IR-RIfS measurements, whereas toluene, o-dichlorobenzene, m-xylene, ethyl acetate and cyclohexane were employed as analytes. There was no influence of water vapour neither on the IR absorptions nor the interference pattern as hydrophobic polymers were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Leopold
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Baginsky S. Plant proteomics: concepts, applications, and novel strategies for data interpretation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:93-120. [PMID: 18618656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is an essential source of information about biological systems because it generates knowledge about the concentrations, interactions, functions, and catalytic activities of proteins, which are the major structural and functional determinants of cells. In the last few years significant technology development has taken place both at the level of data analysis software and mass spectrometry hardware. Conceptual progress in proteomics has made possible the analysis of entire proteomes at previously unprecedented density and accuracy. New concepts have emerged that comprise quantitative analyses of full proteomes, database-independent protein identification strategies, targeted quantitative proteomics approaches with proteotypic peptides and the systematic analysis of an increasing number of posttranslational modifications at high temporal and spatial resolution. Although plant proteomics is making progress, there are still several analytical challenges that await experimental and conceptual solutions. With this review I will highlight the current status of plant proteomics and put it into the context of the aforementioned conceptual progress in the field, illustrate some of the plant-specific challenges and present my view on the great opportunities for plant systems biology offered by proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Baginsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Pröll F, Fechner P, Proll G. Direct optical detection in fragment-based screening. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1557-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fechner P, Pröll F, Carlquist M, Proll G. An advanced biosensor for the prediction of estrogenic effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the estrogen receptor alpha. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1579-85. [PMID: 18979088 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A label-free and time-resolved biosensor based on reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) has been developed to evaluate the agonistic or antagonistic effects of potential ligands with unknown behavior. The biosensor utilizes the specific interaction between the estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) and short specific peptides. The unique feature of these peptides allows the investigation of the behavior of ligands and the discrimination between the agonistic and antagonistic effects caused by conformational changes of the receptor. Thus, this developed biosensor allows not only the differentiation between ligands and nonligands of a receptor, but also the potential of these ligands to influence conformational changes in the receptor, leading to activation or inhibition of the receptor-dependent pathways. Owing to the robustness of the direct optical detection principle used, the biosensor is applicable to complex biological matrices, even crude cell extracts. Moreover, the reliability of the biosensor, including regeneration steps when performing subsequent measurements, has been verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fechner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Kerman K, Saito M, Tamiya E, Yamamura S, Takamura Y. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for medical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cell electrophoresis on a chip: what can we know from the changes in electrophoretic mobility? Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2433-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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A new optical platform for biosensing based on fluorescence anisotropy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1837-44. [PMID: 18274733 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescence-based optical platform for the interrogation of an optical biochip was designed and developed. The optical biochip was made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) formed by two pieces of PMMA appropriately shaped in order to obtain four microchannels that are 500-microm wide and 400-microm high. The lower part includes the microchannels and the inlet and outlet for the fluidics, while the sensing biolayer was immobilized on the upper part. The optical signal comprised the fluorescence emitted by the biolayer, which was anisotropically coupled to the PMMA cover and suitably guided by the PMMA chip. The potentiality of the optical chip as a biosensor was investigated by means of a direct IgG/anti-IgG interaction carried out inside the flow channels. The mouse-IgG was covalently immobilized on the internal wall of the PMMA cover, and the Cy5-labelled anti-mouse IgG was used for the specific interaction. Several chemical treatments of the PMMA surface were investigated, poly(L: -lactic acid), Eudragit L100 and NaOH, in order to obtain the most effective distribution of carboxylic groups useful for the covalent immobilisation of the mouse-IgG. The treatment with Eudragit L100 was found to be the most successful. Limits of detection and quantification of 0.05 microg mL(-1) and 0.2 microg mL(-1), respectively, were obtained with the configuration described.
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Spisak S, Tulassay Z, Molnar B, Guttman A. Protein microchips in biomedicine and biomarker discovery. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4261-4273. [PMID: 17979160 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein microarray technology is of high recent interest, especially for generating confirmatory and complementary information for transcriptomic studies. In this paper, the advantages, technical limitations, main application fields, and some early results of protein microarrays are reviewed. Today protein microchip technology is mostly available in the form of printed glass slides, bioaffinity surfaces, and tissue microarray (TMA)-based techniques. The advantages of glass slide-based microchips are the simplicity of their application and their relatively low cost. Affinity surface-based protein chip techniques are applicable to minute amounts of starting material (< 1 microg), but interrogation of these chips requires expensive instrumentation, such as mass spectrometers. TMAs are useful for parallel testing of antibody specificities on a broad range of histological specimens in a single slide. Protein microarrays have been successfully implemented for serum tumor marker profiling, cell physiology studies, and mRNA expression study verification. Some of the bottlenecks of the technology are protein instability, problems with nonspecific interactions, and the lack of amplification techniques to generate sufficient amounts of the lower abundance proteins. In spite of the current difficulties, protein microchips are envisioned to be available for routine biomedical and diagnostic applications provided that the ongoing technological developments are successful in improving sensitivity, specificity, and reducing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Spisak
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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