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Manzi SJ, Ranzuglia GA, Centres PM, Pereyra VD. Relevance of the calculation of the diffusion coefficient in a capillary electrophoresis experiment. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:300-309. [PMID: 37946567 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyzes the role of the diffusion coefficient in the movement of analytes that can reversibly react with a selector given a product in the presence of drift. The problem mimics the movement of enantiomers in a capillary electrophoresis experiment. As is well known, the signal in the capillary must be sharp enough to make a good determination of the effective mobility of the analytes being analyzed. The essence of the technique is based on fast interconversion rates. Therefore, the effective diffusion coefficient must be negligible during the experiment. In the present work, an exact expression for both the apparent mobility and the diffusion coefficient is obtained. This is done by writing the rate equations governing the process and solving them using the generating function technique. The effective mobility coincides with the Wren and Rowe equation, whereas the diffusion coefficient allows us to determine the values of the parameters to be taken into account so that this quantity is minimal or close to zero. On the other hand, the numerical solution of the kinetic equations and Monte Carlo simulations allow us to follow the signal in the capillary and to determine its space-time evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio J Manzi
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física Aplicada San Luis (INFAP) - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Ranzuglia
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física Aplicada San Luis (INFAP) - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Paulo M Centres
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física Aplicada San Luis (INFAP) - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Víctor D Pereyra
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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2
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Recent advances in preparation and applications of monolithic chiral stationary phases. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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A facile and efficient single-step approach for the fabrication of vancomycin functionalized polymer-based monolith as chiral stationary phase for nano-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1557:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Sierra I, Marina ML, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Morante-Zarcero S, Silva M. Approaches for enantioselective resolution of pharmaceuticals by miniaturised separation techniques with new chiral phases based on nanoparticles and monolithis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2538-2553. [PMID: 27434636 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses new developments in the preparation of nanoparticles and monoliths with emphasis upon their application as the stationary and pseudo-stationary phases for miniaturised liquid phase separation techniques, which have occurred in the last 10 years (from 2006 to the actuality). References included in this review represent current trends and state of the art in the application of these materials to the analysis, by EKC, CEC and miniaturised chromatography, of chiral compounds with environmental interest such as pharmaceuticals. Due to their extraordinary properties, columns prepared with these new chiral stationary or pseudo-stationary phases, based on materials such as gold nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks, ordered mesoporous silicas, carbonaceous materials, polymeric-based and silica-based monoliths or molecularly imprinted materials, can usually show some improvements in the separation selectivity, column efficiency and chemical stability in comparison with conventional chiral columns available commercially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sierra
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Energética, Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Tecnología Mecánica y Química Analítica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damián Pérez-Quintanilla
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Energética, Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Tecnología Mecánica y Química Analítica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Morante-Zarcero
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Energética, Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Tecnología Mecánica y Química Analítica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Silva
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Energética, Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Tecnología Mecánica y Química Analítica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Fanali C, Fanali S. Chiral Separations using Miniaturized Techniques: State of the Art and Perspectives. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca; Campus Bio-Medico University; Rome (Italy)
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Italian National Research Council (CNR); Area della Ricerca di Roma I; Via Salaria km. 29.300-00015 Monterotondo, Rome (Italy)
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Dixit S, Park JH. Enantioseparation of basic chiral drugs on a carbamoylated erythromycin-zirconia hybrid monolith using capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:129-36. [PMID: 26372443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic column was prepared within the confines of a capillary via a single-step in situ sol-gel approach using zirconium tetrabutoxide as a precursor to compose the inorganic backbone and 3-triethoxysilylpropyl carbamoylated derivative of erythromycin (TEOSPC-ERY) as a co-precursor to introduce the organic chiral selector moiety in the zirconia backbone. The resulting carbamoylated ERY-zirconia hybrid monolith (ERY-ZHM) showed homogeneous morphology with well-defined through pores and was tightly connected with the inner wall of the capillary. The column was employed for capillary electrochromatographic enantioseparation of six basic chiral drugs in mobile phases (MPs) consisting of acetonitrile (ACN) and triethylammonium acetate (TEAA) buffer. The effects of composition of MP and applied voltage on chiral separation were investigated by using propranolol as a representative analyte. The highest resolution (Rs=3.33) was obtained with a MP consisting of 10/90 (v/v) ACN/TEAA buffer (10mM, pH 7), 10 kV applied voltage and 25°C capillary temperature. The relative standard deviations for resolution values regarding run to run, day to day, column to column and batch to batch repeatability were 0.41%, 0.89%, 1.80% and 2.26% (for n=3), respectively, indicating satisfactory stability of columns and reproducibility of column preparation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
| | - Jung Hag Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
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Hsieh ML, Chau LK, Hon YS. Single-step approach for fabrication of vancomycin-bonded silica monolith as chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:208-16. [PMID: 25047820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A vancomycin-bonded silica monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) was prepared by a single-step in situ sol-gel approach. This sol-gel process incorporates a synthetic sol-gel precursor which contains a macrocyclic antibiotic, vancomycin, to form a porous silica network inside a fused-silica capillary. To avoid degradation of vancomycin during the column fabrication, a mild step was adopted into the sol-gel process. The performance of the vancomycin chiral stationary phase was investigated by CEC in both the reversed-phase mode and the normal-phase mode. The vancomycin chiral stationary phase was optimized with respect to vancomycin loading in the reversed-phase mode for chiral separation of thalidomide enantiomers. The best efficiency and resolution values of 94600plates/m and 5.79, respectively, were achieved. The optimized column was further applied to chiral separation of alprenolol enantiomers. A plate height of less than 7μm for the first eluted enantiomer of alprenolol was obtained in an aqueous mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.74mm/s. Using enantiomers of seven β-blockers and some other basic enantiomers as test analytes, separation efficiencies of up to 148100plates/m in the reversed-phase mode and up to 138100plates/m in the normal-phase mode were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lai-Kwan Chau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Nano Bio-Detection and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yung-Son Hon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan, ROC
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Al-Othman ZA, Al-Warthan A, Ali I. Advances in enantiomeric resolution on monolithic chiral stationary phases in liquid chromatography and electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1033-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A. Al-Othman
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Warthan
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi India
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9
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On-line enantioseparation of chlorpheniramine using β-cyclodextrin and carbon nanotubes after multivariate optimization. Talanta 2013; 105:167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Enantioselective capillary electrochromatography: recent developments and new trends. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2583-601. [PMID: 21910129 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since its development in the early 1970s, CEC has been studied quite extensively, but unfortunately its use is still mostly located at an academic level. Reasons for this are the limited availability of commercially available stationary phases (SPs) and columns, along with some practical limitations, such as column fragility, lack of column robustness and reproducibility. Nevertheless, CEC maintains a place among the separation techniques, probably because of its unique feature to combine two separation principles. Also in the field of chiral separations, CEC is often used as a separation technique and already showed its potential for this kind of analyses. This overview will focus on the recent applications, i.e. between 2006 and 2010, in enantioselective analysis by means of CEC. For the selected applications, the used SPs (chiral selectors) and their potential for future method development or screening purposes will be evaluated and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Lu H, Chen G. Recent advances of enantioseparations in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:488-508. [PMID: 32938063 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary electromigration techniques for enantioseparations from January 2006 to June 2010 is presented. The techniques include capillary electrophoresis, chip capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. The separation principles and the chiral recognition mechanisms are discussed. Additionally, on-line preconcentrations in chiral capillary electrophoresis are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Guonan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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12
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Monoliths with chiral surface functionalization for enantioselective capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1091-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Zhang Z, Wu R, Wu M, Zou H. Recent progress of chiral monolithic stationary phases in CEC and capillary LC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1457-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Ye F, Wang H, Huang B, Zhao S. Maleopimaric acid anhydride-bonded silica monolith as chiral stationary phase for separations of phenylthiocarbamyl amino acids by CEC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1488-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Sánchez-Hernández L, GarcÃa-Ruiz C, Luisa Marina M, Luis Crego A. Recent approaches for enhancing sensitivity in enantioseparations by CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:28-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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