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S K, Illanad G, Saket S, Ghosh C. Recent advances in solid phase microextraction with various geometries in environmental analysis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:27608-27621. [PMID: 39221126 PMCID: PMC11363066 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) has emerged as a versatile sample preparation technique for the preconcentration of a broad range of compounds with various polarities, especially in environmental studies. SPME has demonstrated its eco-friendly credentials, significantly reducing the reliance on solvents. The use of biocompatible materials as a coating recipe facilitates the acceptance of SPME devices in analytical chemistry, primarily in the monitoring of environmental pollutants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and pesticides from the various environmental matrices. During the last few years, investigators have reported an improvement in the SPME enrichment technique after changing the coating recipe, geometries, and sampling procedure from the complex matrices. Furthermore, the development of various geometries of SPME with large surface areas has enhanced the extraction efficiency of environmental pollutants. As a miniaturized sample preparation technique, SPME significantly reduces the solvent usage, suggesting a potential platform for green chemistry-based research for water, air, and soil analysis. This review article summarizes the evolution of SPME, its various modes, the application of SPME, recent innovations, and prospects for the determination of water, air, and soil pollution. The advantages and disadvantages of SPME in comparison to other extraction techniques have been discussed here. This review serves as a valuable resource for investigators working in sustainable environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Gouri Illanad
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University Hubballi Karnataka 580021 India
| | - Swikriti Saket
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Chiranjit Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
- Harvard Medical School 25 Shattuck Street Boston 02115 MA USA
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2
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Analytical Determination of Allergenic Fragrances in Indoor Air. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all the emerging contaminants, fragrances are gaining more relevance for their proven allergenic and, in some cases, endocrine-disrupting properties. To date, little information exists on their concentration in the air. This study aims to fill this gap by developing a method for the determination of semivolatile fragrances in the indoor gaseous phase with sampling protocols usually adopted for the collection of atmospheric particulate matter (sampling time 24 h, flow rate 10 L min−1) and instrumental analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The method was developed on 66 analytes and tested at three concentration levels: 20 compounds showed analytical recoveries ≥72% with percentage standard deviations always better than 20%. For most compounds, negligible sampling breakthroughs were observed. The method was then applied to real samples collected in a coffee bar and in a private house. Considering the fragrances for which the method has shown good effectiveness, the highest concentrations were observed for carvone in the coffee bar (349 ng m−3) and camphor in the house (157 ng m−3). As concerns certain or suspected endocrine disruptors, lilyal and galaxolide were detected at both sites, α-isomethylionone was the second most concentrated compound in the house (63.2 ng m−3), musk xylene and musk ketone were present at lower concentration (≈ 1 or 2 ng m−3).
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3
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Armada D, Celeiro M, Dagnac T, Llompart M. Green methodology based on active air sampling followed by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis to determine hazardous substances in different environments related to tire rubber. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Zhang T, Jin W, Yang S, Li Y, Zhang M, Shi M, Guo X, Li D, Zhang B, Liu S, Hu D. Study of compositions of musks in different types secreted by forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245677. [PMID: 33725016 PMCID: PMC7963063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Musk is a secretion of the forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). Normal musk is a brown solid secretion with a light fragrance. In this study, abnormal types of musk, namely, white and black musks, were discovered during the musk collection process. Researchers have long been concerned with the components of musk. Herein, GC-MS, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were used to analyze the nonpolar organic components, volatile organic components, and sample similarities among different musks, respectively. Abundant steroid hormones and proteins were also found in the musk. The steroid hormone concentrations were detected using a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Proteins in the samples were hydrolyzed and the amino acids concentrations were detected. The steroid hormone and amino acid concentrations in white musk were significantly lower than in normal and black musks (p<0.05). The components were subjected to NMDS analysis to understand the differences in components among different types of musk, with the results suggesting that white musk was different from normal and black musks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijiang Jin
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yimeng Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meishan Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghui Shi
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Guo
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuqiang Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SL); (DH)
| | - Defu Hu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SL); (DH)
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5
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Armada D, Celeiro M, Martinez-Fernandez A, Nurerk P, Dagnac T, Llompart M. Miniaturized active air sampling method for the analysis of tire rubber pollutants from indoor and outdoor places. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1694-1705. [PMID: 33566448 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An effective, quick, and sustainable air analysis method was developed to analyze 41 volatiles and semivolatile organic compounds present in tire rubber and crumb rubber materials. The proposed method, based on active sampling using a sorbent material followed by an ultrasound assisted extraction, was developed with the aim of obtaining a fast and simple procedure to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plasticizers, antioxidants, and vulcanization agents in air. A small amount of sorbent (25 mg) was used, and the analytes were recovered in only 1 mL of solvent. An experimental design was applied to study the influence of main factors such as type of sorbent and type of solvent, extraction technique (ultrasound-assisted extraction and vortex extraction), extraction time, as well as the factor interactions. Under optimal conditions, no breakthrough occurs in the studied interval (up to 4 m3 ). Linearity was demonstrated in a wide concentration range. Accuracy of the total sampling-extraction analysis was evaluated obtaining satisfactory recoveries as well as good precision. The method was successfully applied to different outdoor and indoor air environments, including a recycled rubber synthetic turf football pitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Armada
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Celeiro
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antia Martinez-Fernandez
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Piyaluk Nurerk
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Thierry Dagnac
- Agronomic and Agrarian Research Centre (AGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria Llompart
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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6
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Wong F, Robson M, Melymuk L, Shunthirasingham C, Alexandrou N, Shoeib M, Luk E, Helm P, Diamond ML, Hung H. Urban sources of synthetic musk compounds to the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:74-88. [PMID: 30575830 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and potential sources of synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in the urban and surrounding environment were investigated. We analyzed air, soils and surface waters from a wide array of land-use types and urban densities including air from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), indoor, urban, rural, and remote Arctic sites; surface waters from urban and rural tributaries; and effluents of three WWTPs. In air, the median sum concentration of six selected polycyclic musks (Σ6PCMs) (i.e., galaxolide, tonalide, cashmeran, celestolide, phantolide, traseolide) were the highest from WWTP on-site > indoor > urban > WWTP off-site > rural. SMCs were not found in remote Arctic air indicating low potential for long-range atmospheric transport. SMCs were not found in soils, likely because of their high volatility and fast biodegradation rate. Galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were the two most abundant SMCs in air, tributaries and WWTP effluents. Σ6PCM concentrations in air taken along urban-rural transects and in tributary water were positively correlated with population density. In WWTP on-site air, trace levels of the toxic nitro-musks, namely musk xylene and musk ketone were detected and macrocyclic musks accounted for ∼10% of the total SMCs measured. In WWTP effluents, the concentrations of Σ6PCMs were proportional to the population served. We conclude that sources of SMCs to the outdoor urban environment and hence the surrounding region, originate from releases from indoor air, and temperature-dependent volatilization from WWTPs during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wong
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
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7
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Li X, Chu Z, Yang J, Li M, Du M, Zhao X, Zhu ZJ, Li Y. Synthetic Musks: A Class of Commercial Fragrance Additives in Personal Care Products (PCPs) Causing Concern as Emerging Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:213-280. [PMID: 30471657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) are promising fragrance additives used in personal care products (PCPs). The widespread presence of SMs in environmental media remains a serious risk because of their harmful effects. Recently, the environmental hazards of SMs have been widely reported in various environmental samples including those from coastal and marine regions. This paper provides a systematic review of SMs, including their classification, synthetic routes, analysis and occurrence in environmental samples, fate and toxicity in the environment, as well as the associated risk assessment and pollution control. Research gaps and future opportunities were also identified with the hope of raising interest in this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Zhenhua Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Joy Zhu
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
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8
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Lucattini L, Poma G, Covaci A, de Boer J, Lamoree MH, Leonards PEG. A review of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment: occurrence in consumer products, indoor air and dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:466-482. [PMID: 29529574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As many people spend a large part of their life indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is important. Data on contaminants such as flame retardants, pesticides and plasticizers are available for indoor air and dust but are scarce for consumer products such as computers, televisions, furniture, carpets, etc. This review presents information on semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in consumer products in an attempt to link the information available for chemicals in indoor air and dust with their indoor sources. A number of 256 papers were selected and divided among SVOCs found in consumer products (n = 57), indoor dust (n = 104) and air (n = 95). Concentrations of SVOCs in consumer products, indoor dust and air are reported (e.g. PFASs max: 13.9 μg/g in textiles, 5.8 μg/kg in building materials, 121 ng/g in house dust and 6.4 ng/m3 in indoor air). Most of the studies show common aims, such as human exposure and risk assessment. The main micro-environments investigated (houses, offices and schools) reflect the relevance of indoor air quality. Most of the studies show a lack of data on concentrations of chemicals in consumer goods and often only the presence of chemicals is reported. At the moment this is the largest obstacle linking chemicals in products to chemicals detected in indoor air and dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lucattini
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja H Lamoree
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Vallecillos L, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Recent approaches for the determination of synthetic musk fragrances in environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Laborie S, Moreau-Guigon E, Alliot F, Desportes A, Oziol L, Chevreuil M. A new analytical protocol for the determination of 62 endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air. Talanta 2015; 147:132-41. [PMID: 26592587 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and validate a new analytical protocol for simultaneous determination of 62 semi-volatile organic compounds in both phases of indoor air. Studied compounds belong to several families: polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, phthalates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, parabens, tetrabromobisphenol A, bisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane, triclosan, alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, synthetic musks (galaxolide and tonalide) and pesticides (lindane and cypermethrin). A medium volume sampling system was used to collect simultaneously these endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) from the gaseous and particulate phases. An accelerated solvent extraction method was optimized to obtain all EDCs in a single extract by atmospheric phase. Their extraction from the sorbents and their analysis by liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS, GC/MS and GC/MS/MS) was validated using spiked sorbents (recovery study and analytical uncertainty analysis by fully nested design). The developed protocol achieved low limits of quantification (<0.5ng m(-3)) and low uncertainty values (<5ng m(-3)) for all compounds. Once validated, the method was applied to indoor air samples from four locations (a house, an apartment, a day nursery and an office) and compared to literature to confirm its efficiency. All target EDCs were quantified in the samples and were primarily present in the gaseous phase. The major contaminants found in indoor air were, in descending order, phthalates, synthetic musks, alkylphenols and parabens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Laborie
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Elodie Moreau-Guigon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Annie Desportes
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Oziol
- Université Paris Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, ESE, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marc Chevreuil
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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11
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Recent Developments and Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) in Food and Environmental Analysis—A Review. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Simultaneous determination of polycyclic musks in blood and urine by solid supported liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 992:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Vallecillos L, Borrull F, Sanchez JM, Pocurull E. Sorbent-packed needle microextraction trap for synthetic musks determination in wastewater samples. Talanta 2015; 132:548-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Blanchard O, Glorennec P, Mercier F, Bonvallot N, Chevrier C, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Bot BL. Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and settled dust in 30 French dwellings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3959-69. [PMID: 24588211 DOI: 10.1021/es405269q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments, emanating from different sources and partitioning among several compartments, including the gas phase, airborne particles, and settled dust. Nevertheless, simultaneous measurements in the three compartments are rarely reported. In this study, we investigated indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in 30 French dwellings. In settled dust, 40 out of 57 target compounds were detected. The highest median concentrations were measured for phthalates and to a lesser extent for bisphenol A, synthetic musks, some pesticides, and PAHs. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) were the most abundant compounds. A total of 34 target compounds were detected both in the gas phase and airborne particles. The highest concentrations were measured for diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and synthetic musks in the gas phase and for DEHP, DiBP, DBP, and DINP in the airborne particles. This is the first study on the indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in settled dust, gas phase, and airborne particles collected simultaneously in each dwelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35043 Rennes, France
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15
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Determinations of airborne synthetic musks by polyurethane foam coupled with triple quadrupole gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1330:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Liu N, Shi Y, Xu L, Li W, Cai Y. Occupational exposure to synthetic musks in barbershops, compared with the common exposure in the dormitories and households. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1804-1810. [PMID: 23849834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) have been widely used as fragrance ingredients in personal care and sanitary commodities. Due to their high volatility and particle-binding affinity, the indoor dust is a major reservoir of SMs, and dust ingestion could be an important exposure way to special populations, such as hairdressers. In spite of the known toxicity of SMs, there is no information regarding the occurrence of SMs in barbershop dusts and the exposure of hairdressers through indoor dust ingestion. In the present study, the levels of two nitro musks and five polycyclic musks were measured from indoor dust samples collected from barbershops, and some other indoor dust samples were also collected from dormitories, bathhouses and households for comparison. The concentrations of ∑SMs in barbershop dusts were 10-100 times higher than those from the other three indoor microenvironments. Polycyclic musks accounted for 89.4% of ∑SMs on average in all samples, of which two compounds, HHCB and AHTN jointly dominated 97.9% of polycyclic musks. The levels of HHCB and AHTN varied from 12.2 to 8.39×10(5) and from 13.2 to 3.49×10(5) ng g(-1), respectively. The daily intakes (DIs) of ∑SMs through house dust ingestion were estimated using the model of high dust ingestion and worst-case exposure (P95), and the corresponding exposure rates were 2791, 135 and 727 ng d(-1) for the hairdressers, general population and toddlers. SMs were also detected in blood samples collected from the hairdressers and normal adults (n=50 and 10, respectively). There was no significant difference between these two groups. Despite the absence of higher SM concentrations in hairdresser's blood, we should not overlook the potential occupational health risks due to their high SMs ingestion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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17
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Vallecillos L, Borrull F, Pocurull E. An automated headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method to determine macrocyclic musk fragrances in wastewater samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9547-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Applications of microextraction techniques in environmental analysis. Se Pu 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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19
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Wang L, McDonald JA, Khan SJ. Enantiomeric analysis of polycyclic musks in water by chiral gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1303:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Correia P, Cruz A, Santos L, Alves A. Human dermal exposure to galaxolide from personal care products. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:299-309. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Cruz
- Núcleo de Investigação em Farmácia; Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA); Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto/Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESTSP/IPP); Rua Valente Perfeito, 322; 4400-330; Vila Nova de Gaia; Portugal
| | - L. Santos
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente e Energia, (LEPAE); Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias; 4200-465; Porto; Portugal
| | - A. Alves
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente e Energia, (LEPAE); Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias; 4200-465; Porto; Portugal
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21
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Godayol A, Alonso M, Sanchez JM, Anticó E. Odour-causing compounds in air samples: Gas-liquid partition coefficients and determination using solid-phase microextraction and GC with mass spectrometric detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1045-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Godayol
- Department of Chemistry; University of Girona; Girona Spain
| | - Mònica Alonso
- Department of Chemistry; University of Girona; Girona Spain
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22
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Lopez-Gazpio J, Garcia-Arrona R, Ostra M, Millán E. Optimization and validation of a nonaqueous micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for determination of polycyclic musks in perfumes. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1344-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Kubwabo C, Fan X, Rasmussen PE, Wu F. Determination of synthetic musk compounds in indoor house dust by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:467-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Masuck I, Hutzler C, Jann O, Luch A. Inhalation exposure of children to fragrances present in scented toys. INDOOR AIR 2011; 21:501-511. [PMID: 21615504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED When utilized in the perfuming of children's toys, fragrances capable of inducing contact allergy in human skin may also become bioavailable to children via the inhalation route. The aim of this study was to determine the area-specific emission rates of 24 fragrances from a plasticized PVC reference material that was meant to mimic a real plastic toy. This material was introduced into an emission chamber for 28 days at handling conditions or at worst-case conditions. As a result, fragrances can be separated into three categories according to their emission rates ranging from 0.0041 to 16.2 mg/m² × h, i.e., highly volatile, semivolatile, and low-volatile compounds. Compounds of the first and second categories were monitored with decreasing emission rates. Substances of the third category were detected with increasing emission rates over time. Further, higher temperatures led to higher emission rates. The emission concentration of fragrances from four real scented toys varied between 1.10 and 107 μg/m³ at day 1 in the test chamber. Therefore, short-term inhalation exposure to fragrances originating from toys was in the range of 0.53-2700 ng/kg BW/d for the children of age 1 and older. Long-term exposure to these fragrances was calculated in the range of 2.2-220 ng/kg BW/d. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Besides household products and cosmetics, fragrances can be found in toys for children. Some fragrances are known contact allergens in the skin, but there is a lack of information on their effects in the human respiratory tract. Here, we analyzed and categorized fragrances present in a plasticized PVC reference material according to their emission profiles and volatility. We also demonstrate that volatile fragrances are being emitted from real toys and thus may get inhaled under consumer conditions to different extents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Masuck
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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A retention time locked gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method based on stir-bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption for automated determination of synthetic musk fragrances in natural and wastewaters. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3048-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Lu Y, Yuan T, Yun SH, Wang W, Kannan K. Occurrence of synthetic musks in indoor dust from China and implications for human exposure. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 60:182-189. [PMID: 20809344 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musk compounds are used in a wide range of personal care and other consumer products. Despite this fact, few studies have reported the occurrence of synthetic musks in house dust or exposure of humans through the ingestion of indoor dust. In the present study, we determined the concentrations and profiles of two polycyclic musks (PCMs; Galaxolide(®) [HHCB] and Tonalide(®)), three nitro musks (NMs; musk ketone [MK], musk moskene [MM], and musk xylene [MX]), and one metabolite of HHCB (HHCB-lactone), in 88 indoor-dust samples from homes, dormitories, offices, and laboratories in China. In addition, we analyzed 12 dust samples collected from inside the housings of electrical/electronic devices that were located in 10 of the houses. Synthetic musks were detected in all of the dust samples analyzed, with total concentrations (sum of PCM and NM concentrations) varying from 4.42 to 688 ng g⁻¹ (mean ± SD: 126 ± 16.2 ng g⁻¹; median: 82.7 ng g⁻¹). HHCB was the predominant compound in all of the dust samples analyzed accounting on average for 42.2% of the total musk concentrations. Concentrations of synthetic musks in dust samples from homes and offices were higher than the concentrations found in samples from dormitories and laboratories. Concentrations of synthetic musks in dust samples increased with the increasing number of occupants in homes. Based on the concentrations, levels of exposure to musks by way of dust ingestion were calculated to be up to 25.8 ng d⁻¹ for adults and 138 ng d⁻¹ for toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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27
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Sofuoglu A, Kiymet N, Kavcar P, Sofuoglu SC. Polycyclic and nitro musks in indoor air: a primary school classroom and a women's sport center. INDOOR AIR 2010; 20:515-22. [PMID: 21070376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Indoor air gas and particulate-phase samples (PM(2.5) ) were collected from a primary school classroom and a women's sport center because children are one of the sensitive population subgroups and women are frequent users of personal care products in addition to the high level of activity in this specific microenvironment. PM(2.5) was collected with a Harvard impactor, and polyurethane foam was used for the gas phase. Samples were ultrasonically extracted, concentrated, and analyzed with a GC-MS. The mean gas-phase concentrations in the classroom ranged from 0.12 ± 0.2 ng/m(3) for MK to 267 ± 56 ng/m(3) for HHCB, while it was from 0.08 ± 0.10 ng/m(3) for AHMI to 144 ± 61 ng/m(3) for HHCB in the sports center. Particulate-phase average concentrations in the sports center ranged from 0.22 ± 0.11 ng/m(3) for ATII to 1.34 ± 071 ng/m(3) for AHTN, while it ranged from 0.05 ± 0.02 ng/m(3) (musk xylene) to 2.50 ± 0.94 ng/m(3) (HHCB) in the classroom. Exposure-risk assessment showed that inhalation route is most probably far less significant than the dermal route; however, it should be noted that the exposure duration covered in this study was not the larger fraction of the day. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) are found everywhere because their use in household and personal care products (laundry detergents, carpet cleaners, cleaning agents, fabric softener soaps, shampoos, cosmetics, etc.) has been increasing. These compounds are semi-volatiles that may result in direct and indirect exposures through inhalation route. Although SMCs were found to be dominant in the gas phase, exposure via inhalable particles may be important as we found several compounds in the particulate phase (PM(2.5)).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sofuoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, Izmir, Turkey.
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28
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Simultaneous determination of UV filters and polycyclic musks in aqueous samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6747-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Sorbent trapping solid-phase microextraction of fragrance allergens in indoor air. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5307-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Ramírez N, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Development of a thermal desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determining personal care products in air. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4430-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4742-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101102d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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32
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Lamas JP, Sanchez-Prado L, Garcia-Jares C, Llompart M. Determination of fragrance allergens in indoor air by active sampling followed by ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1882-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Garcia-Jares C, Regueiro J, Barro R, Dagnac T, Llompart M. Analysis of industrial contaminants in indoor air. Part 2. Emergent contaminants and pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:567-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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