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Ewonde Ewonde R, Böttinger K, De Vos J, Lingg N, Jungbauer A, Pohl CA, Huber CG, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Selectivity and Resolving Power of Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Targeting the Separation of Monoclonal Antibody Variants. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1121-1128. [PMID: 38190620 PMCID: PMC10809212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the mechanistic understanding of retention and selectivity in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. It provides valuable insights into crucial method-development parameters involved in achieving chromatographic resolution for profiling molecular variants of trastuzumab. Retention characteristics have been assessed for three column chemistries, i.e., butyl, alkylamide, and long-stranded multialkylamide ligands, while distinguishing column hydrophobicity and surface area. Salt type and specifically chloride ions proved to be the key driver for improving chromatographic selectivity, and this was attributed to the spatial distribution of ions at the protein surface, which is ion-specific. The effect was notably more pronounced on the multialkylamide column, as proteins intercalated between the multiamide polymer strands, enabling steric effects. Column coupling proved to be an effective approach for maximizing resolution between molecular variants present in the trastuzumab reference sample and trastuzumab variants induced by forced oxidation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS peptide mapping experiments after fraction collection indicate that the presence of chloride in the mobile phase enables the selectivity of site-specific deamidation (N30) situated at the heavy chain. Moreover, site-specific oxidation of peptides (M255, W420, and M431) was observed for peptides situated at the Fc region close to the CH2-CH3 interface, previously reported to activate unfolding of trastuzumab, increasing the accessible surface area and hence resulting in an increase in chromatographic retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ewonde Ewonde
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katharina Böttinger
- Department
of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess
Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess
Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christian G. Huber
- Department
of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Wang L, Zhou L, Ma N, Wan Y, Zhang Y, Xu B, Qian W. Real-time monitoring of papain digestion of antibodies immobilized with various strategies by optical interferometry. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123872. [PMID: 36871683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Antigen binding fragments (Fabs) employed in research are typically generated by the papain digestion of monoclonal antibodies. However, the interaction between papain and antibodies at the interface remains unclear. Herein, we developed ordered porous layer interferometry for the label-free monitoring of the interaction between the antibody and papain at liquid-solid interfaces. Human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) was used as the model antibody, and different strategies were employed to immobilize it on the surface of silica colloidal crystal (SCC) films which are optical interferometric substrates. It was observed that different immobilization strategies induced different changes in the optical thickness (OT) of SCCs. The order of rate of the changes of OT from largest to smallest was IgG immobilized by protein A orientation, glutaraldehyde coupling, and physical adsorption. This phenomenon can be explained by the varied orientations of the antibodies created at the interface by the different modification procedures. The Fab-up orientation maximized the exposure of the hinge region sulfhydryl group and easily underwent conformational transitions because hIgG was immobilized by protein A. This process stimulates papain to produce the highest degree of activity, resulting in the greatest decrease in OT. This study provides insights into the catalysis of papain on antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lele Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yizhen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; OPLI (Suzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, New District, Suzhou 215163, China.
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3
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Bickel F, Griaud F, Kern W, Kroener F, Gritsch M, Dayer J, Barteau S, Denefeld B, Kao-Scharf CY, Lang M, Slupska-Muanza I, Schmidt C, Berg M, Sigg J, Boado L, Chelius D. Restoring the biological activity of crizanlizumab at physiological conditions through a pH-dependent aspartic acid isomerization reaction. MAbs 2023; 15:2151075. [PMID: 36519228 PMCID: PMC9762811 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2151075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the isomerization of an aspartic acid residue in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of crizanlizumab as a major degradation pathway. The succinimide intermediate and iso-aspartic acid degradation products were successfully isolated by ion exchange chromatography for characterization. The isomerization site was identified at a DG motif in the CDR by peptide mapping. The biological characterization of the isolated variants showed that the succinimide variant exhibited a loss in target binding and biological activity compared to the aspartic acid and iso-aspartic acid variants of the molecule. The influence of pH on this isomerization reaction was investigated using capillary zone electrophoresis. Below pH 6.3, the succinimide formation was predominant, whereas at pH values above 6.3, iso-aspartic acid was formed and the initial amounts of succinimide dropped to levels even lower than those observed in the starting material. Importantly, while the succinimide accumulated at long-term storage conditions of 2 to 8°C at pH values below 6.3, a complete hydrolysis of succinimide was observed at physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37°C), resulting in full recovery of the biological activity. In this study, we demonstrate that the critical quality attribute succinimide with reduced potency has little or no impact on the efficacy of crizanlizumab due to the full recovery of the biological activity within a few hours under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bickel
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - François Griaud
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Kern
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frieder Kroener
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Gritsch
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Dayer
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Barteau
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Blandine Denefeld
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chi-Ya Kao-Scharf
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Lang
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Izabela Slupska-Muanza
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carla Schmidt
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Berg
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Sigg
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lina Boado
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Chelius
- Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland,CONTACT Dirk Chelius Analytical Development, Technical Research and Development Biologics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Sarin D, Kumar S, Rathore AS. Multiattribute Monitoring of Charge-Based Heterogeneity of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies Using 2D HIC-WCX-MS. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15018-15026. [PMID: 36260865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charged heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) products is regarded as a critical quality attribute (CQA) depending on its impact on the safety and efficacy profile of the product. Hence, manufacturers are expected to perform a comprehensive characterization of the charge heterogeneity to ensure that the manufactured product meets its specifications. Further, monitoring is also expected during the product lifecycle to demonstrate consistency in product quality. However, conventional analytical methods for characterization of hydrophobic and charge variants are nonvolatile salt-based and require manual fraction collection and desalting steps before analysis through mass spectrometry can be performed. In the present study, a workflow of a two-dimensional liquid chromatography method using mass spectrometry (MS)-compatible buffers coupled with native mass spectrometry was performed to characterize hydrophobic variants in the first dimension and charge variants in the second dimension without any need for manual fractionation. This novel two-dimensional (2D) hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)-weak cation-exchange chromatography (WCX)-MS workflow identified 10 variants in mAb A, out of which 2 variants are exclusive to the 2D orthogonal method. Similarly, for mAb B, a total of 11 variants are identified, including 5 variants exclusive to the 2D orthogonal workflow. When compared to stand-alone, HIC resolved only 4 variants for both mAbs and WCX resolved 7 variants for mAb A and 6 variants for mAb B. In addition, the proposed method allows direct characterization of hydrophobic/charge variant peaks through native mass spectrometry in a single-run workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
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Hipper E, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P, Kaiser W. Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 35056968 PMCID: PMC8779573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
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6
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Cao M, De Mel N, Wang J, Parthemore C, Jiao Y, Chen W, Lin S, Liu D, Kilby G, Chen X. Characterization of N-Terminal Glutamate Cyclization in Monoclonal Antibody and Bispecific Antibody Using Charge Heterogeneity Assays and Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:335-344. [PMID: 34516988 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal glutamate (E) cyclization to form pyroglutamate (pE) generates charge heterogeneities for mAbs and proteins. Thus far, pE formation rate in lyophilized formulation as compared to in liquid formulation has not been reported. Impact of pE on antibody biological activity has only been predicted or assessed using stressed samples that may contain other confounding degradations besides pE. Additionally, application of hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) to separate pE has not been reported. In our study, N-terminal E cyclization was identified as the major degradation pathway in lyophilized formulation at elevated temperature for both monoclonal antibody (mAb-A) and IgG-like bispecific antibody (bsAb-A). pE was enriched in salt-gradient ion exchange chromatography (IEC) as pre-peak and in HIC as post-peak for both mAb-A and bsAb-A. Structure-function studies with pE-enriched IEC and HIC fractions confirmed that pE did not affect binding activities for mAb-A and bsAb-A. In vitro incubation of bsAb-A in serum and PBS revealed that the serum matrix may play a role in pE conversion in human serum, in contrast to the chemical reaction mechanism reported. These techniques can help in characterization of N-terminal E-to-pE cyclization and quality attribute severity assessment during therapeutic protein product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Cao
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878.
| | - Niluka De Mel
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Jihong Wang
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Conner Parthemore
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Yang Jiao
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Weimin Chen
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Shihua Lin
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Dengfeng Liu
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Greg Kilby
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
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7
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Identification, characterization and control of a sequence variant in monoclonal antibody drug product: a case study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13233. [PMID: 34168178 PMCID: PMC8225904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence variants (SV) in protein bio therapeutics can be categorized as unwanted impurities and may raise serious concerns in efficacy and safety of the product. Early detection of specific sequence modifications, that can result in altered physicochemical and or biological properties, is therefore desirable in product manufacturing. Because of their low abundance, and finite resolving power of conventional analytical techniques, they are often overlooked in early drug development. Here, we present a case study where trace amount of a sequence variant is identified in a monoclonal antibody (mAb) based therapeutic protein by LC-MS/MS and the structural and functional features of the SV containing mAb is assessed using appropriate analytical techniques. Further, a very sensitive selected reaction monitoring (SRM) technique is developed to quantify the SV which revealed both prominent and inconspicuous nature of the variant in process chromatography. We present the extensive characterization of a sequence variant in protein biopharmaceutical and first report on control of sequence variants to < 0.05% in final drug product by utilizing SRM based mass spectrometry method during the purification steps.
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8
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Ewonde RE, De Vos J, Broeckhoven K, Eβer D, Eeltink S. Assessment of the resolving power of hydrophobic interaction chromatography for intact protein analysis on non-porous butyl polymethacrylate phases. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462310. [PMID: 34166860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the assessment of the separation performance of hydrophobic interaction chromatography for intact protein analysis using non-porous butyl polymethacrylate phases. The maximum peak capacity in inverse gradient mode was reached at a volumetric flow rate which was significantly (10-20 times) higher than the flow rate yielding the minimum plate height in isocratic mode, as the gradient volume dominates the peak-capacity generation. The flow rate yielding the maximum peak capacity increased with decreasing gradient volume, i.e., steeper gradients, and also depends on the magnitude of the mass-transfer contribution to peak dispersion (affected by particle size and molecular diffusion coefficient of proteins) at these high flow rates. The maximum peak capacity using a 100 mm long column packed with 4 µm particles for steep 7.5 min gradients was determined to be 60. Increasing the column length by coupling columns leads to better gradient performance than increasing the gradient duration for gradients of 60 min and longer. Using a coupled column system (2 × 100 mm long columns packed with 4 µm particles), the maximum peak capacity was determined to be 105, which was 33% higher compared to that of a single column while applying a similar gradient volume. Decreasing the particle size to 2.3 µm leads to higher peak capacities even though the column was operated at lower volumetric flow rate. The maximum peak capacity obtained with the 2.3 µm column was 128% higher than was obtained with the coupled column. Even at suboptimal conditions, the 2.3 µm column yields a higher peak capacity (14%) than when using two coupled columns packed with 4 µm at optimal conditions (gradient time of 120 min and a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ewonde Ewonde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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9
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Fully automated peptide mapping multi-attribute method by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with robotic liquid handling system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 198:113988. [PMID: 33676166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The multi-attribute method (MAM) based on liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry is emerging as a powerful tool to directly monitor multiple product quality attributes simultaneously. To better implement MAM, either for product characterization or for quality control (QC), there is a need for a robust, universal, and high-throughput workflow that can be broadly adopted in different laboratories with minimal barriers to implementation. Manual preparation of samples for MAM, however, is labor intensive and produces nontrivial variations across analysts and laboratories. We describe the development of a fully automated peptide mapping procedure with a high-throughput robotic liquid handling system to improve sample handling capacity and outcome reproducibility while saving analyst hands-on time. Our procedure features the automation of a "microdialysis" step, an efficient desalting approach prior to proteolytic digestion that optimizes digestion completeness and consistency each time. The workflow is completely hands-free and requires the analyst only to pre-normalize the sample concentrations and to load buffers and reagents at their designated positions on the robotic deck. The robotic liquid handler performs all the subsequent preparation steps and stores the digested samples on a chiller unit to await retrieval for further analysis. We also demonstrate that the manual and automated procedures are comparable with regard to protein sequence coverage, digestion completeness and consistency, and quantification of posttranslational modifications. Notably, in contrast to a previously reported automated sample preparation protocol that relied on customized accessories, all components in our automation procedure are commercial products that are readily available. In addition, we also present the high-throughput data analysis workflow by using Protein Metrics. The automation procedure can be applied cross-functionally in the biopharmaceutical industry and, given its practicality and reproducibility, can pave the way for MAM implementation in QC laboratories.
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10
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Meyer RM, Berger L, Nerkamp J, Scheler S, Nehring S, Friess W. Identification of monoclonal antibody variants involved in aggregate formation - Part 2: Hydrophobicity variants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 160:134-142. [PMID: 33524536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are valuable tools both in therapy and in diagnostic. Their tendency to aggregate is a serious concern. Since a mAb drug substance (DS) is composed of different variants, it is important for manufacturers to know the behavior and stability not only of the mAb as a whole, but also of the variants contained in the product. We present a method to separate hydrophobicity variants of a mAb and subsequently analyzed these variants for stability and aggregation propensity. We identified a potentially aggregation prone hydrophilic variant which is interrelated with another previously identified aggregation prone acidic charge variant. Additionally, we assessed the risk posed by the aggregation prone variant to the DS by spiking hydrophobicity variants into DS and did not observe an enhanced aggregation propensity. Thus we present an approach to separate, characterize and analyze the criticality of aggregation prone variants in protein DS which is a step forward to further assure drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robina M Meyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Berger
- Sandoz Biopharmaceutics, Biochemiestr. 10, 6336 Langkampfen, Austria
| | - Joerg Nerkamp
- Sandoz Biopharmaceutics, Biochemiestr. 10, 6336 Langkampfen, Austria
| | - Stefan Scheler
- Sandoz Biopharmaceutics, Biochemiestr. 10, 6336 Langkampfen, Austria
| | - Sebastian Nehring
- Sandoz Biopharmaceutics, Biochemiestr. 10, 6336 Langkampfen, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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11
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Jones J, Pack L, Hunter JH, Valliere-Douglass JF. Native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry: suitability for antibody-drug conjugate drug-to-antibody ratio quantitation across a range of chemotypes and drug-loading levels. MAbs 2021; 12:1682895. [PMID: 31769727 PMCID: PMC6927766 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1682895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (nSEC-MS) is an analytical methodology that is appropriate for accurately quantitating the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) on a wide variety of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), irrespective of chemotype. In the current preclinical environment, novel ADCs conjugated with unique drug-linkers need to progress toward the clinic as quickly as possible. Platform analytical approaches can reduce time-to-clinic because key process development and optimization activities can be decoupled from the development of bespoke, molecule-specific analytical methods. In this work, we assessed the potential of nSEC-MS as a platformable, quantitative DAR method. The nSEC-MS method was evaluated according to performance characteristics and parameters described in the ICH guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). In order to comprehensively assess the accuracy and bias of nSEC-MS DAR quantitation, ADCs were generated using three different drug-linker chemotypes with DARs ranging from 2 to 8. These molecules were tested by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and nSEC-MS, and DARs obtained from both methods were compared to assess the degree to which nSEC-MS quantitation aligned with the HIC release assay. Our results indicated that there is no bias introduced by nSEC-MS quantitation of DAR and that SEC-MS data can be bridged to HIC data without the need for a correction factor or offset. nSEC-MS was also found to be suitable for unbiased DAR quantitation in the other ADC chemotypes that were evaluated. Based on the totality of our work, we conclude that, used as intended, nSEC-MS is well suited for quantitating DAR on a variety of interchain cysteine-linked ADCs in an accurate, unbiased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Jones
- Analytical Sciences, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Laura Pack
- Quality, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Joshua H Hunter
- Conjugation Process Development, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
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12
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Simultaneous Monitoring and Comparison of Multiple Product Quality Attributes for Cell Culture Processes at Different Scales Using a LC/MS/MS Based Multi-Attribute Method. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3319-3329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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A hydrophobic interaction chromatography method suitable for quantitating individual monoclonal antibodies contained in co-formulated drug products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113703. [PMID: 33147536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A co-formulated monoclonal antibody (mAb) product containing two or more antibodies offers several therapeutic advantages. However, quantitating the individual antibodies in a co-formulated product is challenging due to the similar biochemical and biophysical properties of mAbs. To identify a method suitable to support the development of a co-formulated drug product with three mAbs, a hydrophobic interaction chromatography method was developed, utilizing a Dionex ProPac HIC-10 column, 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and an ammonium sulfate gradient. Compared to other methods that were evaluated, the HIC method showed the best separation, as well as accurate quantitation of the three mAbs in the co-formulated drug product. The calibration curves were linear over column loads of 225 μg to 900 μg (R2 > 0.99) and the accuracy was between 91% and 106%. Intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSD) were less than or equal to 0.6 % and 1.7%, respectively. The method was used to quantitate individual mAb concentrations in the co-formulated drug product and to monitor any changes in concentration during stability studies.
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14
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Wang S, Liu AP, Li N. An 18O-Labeling Assisted LC-MS Method for Accurate Quantitation of Unprocessed C-Terminal Lysine in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1587-1592. [PMID: 32515589 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Unprocessed C-terminal lysine (C-term Lys) is one of the most common causes for the formation of basic variants in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Although the C-term Lys variants are routinely quantified by a LC-MS-based peptide mapping method using the relative MS responses from both C-terminal peptides (with and without Lys), this approach often leads to overestimation of Lys-containing peptide due to the intrinsic difference in ionization efficiency. Herein, we report an 18O-labeling assisted LC-MS method, which takes advantage of the carboxypeptidase B-catalyzed Lys removal and 18O-labeling to achieve improved accuracy of C-term Lys quantitation. The fidelity of this method was first demonstrated using synthetic peptide mixture standards that mimic a wide range of C-term Lys levels. Finally, the newly developed method was applied in a case study where C-term Lys variants in mAb samples manufactured from different processes were accurately quantified and compared. This new method provides a valuable solution for studies where accurate C-term Lys levels are needed to assist decision-making and root-cause investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Anita P Liu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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15
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Muca R, Kołodziej M, Piątkowski W, Carta G, Antos D. Effects of negative and positive cooperative adsorption of proteins on hydrophobic interaction chromatography media. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461309. [PMID: 32709351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption behavior of the model proteins: alpha-Lactalbumin, Bovine Serum Albumin, Lysozyme, and a monoclonal antibody, in single component and in binary mixtures, was investigated on two different hydrophobic interaction chromatography resins using both static and dynamic methods. A kinetic model of the adsorption process was developed, which accounted for protein unfolding and intermolecular interactions in the adsorbed phase. The latter incorporated positive cooperative interactions, resulting from preferred and multilayer adsorption on the adsorbent surface, as well as negative cooperative interactions attributed to exclusion effects due to size exclusion and repulsion. Cooperative adsorption resulted in negative or positive deviations from the Langmuir model for both single and multicomponent isotherms. The model was used to assess possible contributions of different adsorption mechanisms of proteins and their structurally different forms to the overall adsorption pattern, as well as to simulate chromatographic band profiles under different loading conditions. For proteins with unstable structure, the overall adsorption isotherm was dominated by binding of unfolded species at low surface coverage and by positive cooperative adsorption at high surface coverage. Furthermore, regardless of structural stability, exclusion effects influenced strongly adsorption equilibrium, particularly at low surface coverages. In case of chromatographic elution, i.e. under dynamic conditions, unfolding, negative cooperative adsorption, and kinetic effects governed the retention behavior and determined peak shapes, whereas the effect of positive cooperative adsorption was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Muca
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy Ave. 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Michał Kołodziej
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy Ave. 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piątkowski
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy Ave. 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Giorgio Carta
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Virginia, Thornton Hall, P.O. Box 400259, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4259, United States
| | - Dorota Antos
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy Ave. 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
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16
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Wang D, Nowak C, Mason B, Katiyar A, Liu H. Analytical artifacts in characterization of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 183:113131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Wallace A, Trimble S, Valliere-Douglass JF, Allen M, Eakin C, Balland A, Reddy P, Treuheit MJ. Control of Antibody Impurities Induced by Riboflavin in Culture Media During Production. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:566-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Unique Impacts of Methionine Oxidation, Tryptophan Oxidation, and Asparagine Deamidation on Antibody Stability and Aggregation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:656-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Ghezellou P, Garikapati V, Kazemi SM, Strupat K, Ghassempour A, Spengler B. A perspective view of top-down proteomics in snake venom research. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 1:20-27. [PMID: 30076652 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The venom produced by snakes contains complex mixtures of pharmacologically active proteins and peptides which play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of snakebite diseases. The deep understanding of venom proteomes can help to improve the treatment of this "neglected tropical disease" (as expressed by the World Health Organization [WHO]) and to develop new drugs. The most widely used technique for venom analysis is liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)-based bottom-up (BU) proteomics. Considering the fact that multiple multi-locus gene families encode snake venom proteins, the major challenge for the BU proteomics is the limited sequence coverage and also the "protein inference problem" which result in a loss of information for the identification and characterization of toxin proteoforms (genetic variation, alternative mRNA splicing, single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] and post-translational modifications [PTMs]). In contrast, intact protein measurements with top-down (TD) MS strategies cover almost complete protein sequences, and prove the ability to identify venom proteoforms and to localize their modifications and sequence variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Ghezellou
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mahdi Kazemi
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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20
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Beck A, Liu H. Macro- and Micro-Heterogeneity of Natural and Recombinant IgG Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010018. [PMID: 31544824 PMCID: PMC6640695 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) intended for therapeutic usage are required to be thoroughly characterized, which has promoted an extensive effort towards the understanding of the structures and heterogeneity of this major class of molecules. Batch consistency and comparability are highly relevant to the successful pharmaceutical development of mAbs and related products. Small structural modifications that contribute to molecule variants (or proteoforms) differing in size, charge or hydrophobicity have been identified. These modifications may impact (or not) the stability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of mAbs. The presence of the same type of modifications as found in endogenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) can substantially lower the safety risks of mAbs. The knowledge of modifications is also critical to the ranking of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the drug and define the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP). This review provides a summary of the current understanding of post-translational and physico-chemical modifications identified in recombinant mAbs and endogenous IgGs at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and developability, IRPF, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois CEDEX, 74160 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France.
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Anokion, 50 Hampshire Street, Suite 402, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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21
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Duivelshof BL, Fekete S, Guillarme D, D’Atri V. A generic workflow for the characterization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies—application to daratumumab. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4615-4627. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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23
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Huang S, Li F, Liu H, Ye P, Fan X, Yuan X, Wu Z, Chen J, Jin C, Shen B, Feng J, Zhang B. Structural and functional characterization of MBS301, an afucosylated bispecific anti-HER2 antibody. MAbs 2018; 10:864-875. [PMID: 30081724 PMCID: PMC6152455 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1486946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MBS301, a glyco-engineered bispecific anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) antibody with a typical IgG1 monoclonal antibody structure, was developed through dual-cell expression and in vitro assembling process. MBS301 consists of two half antibodies engineered from trastuzumab and pertuzumab, respectively. Integrity and purity profiles of MB301 indicated that the heterodimerization of the two half antibodies was successful. The high and similar melting temperatures (Tm1,72.0°C and Tm2, 84.8°C) of MBS301 compared with those of its parental monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab (in-house made T-mab and P-mab, respectively) revealed its structural compactness. With computer-modeling experiments and Biacore binding and competition kinetics studies, the binding stoichiometry between MBS301 and HER2-ECD was determined to be 1:1 and the two arms of MBS301 were shown to bind to domains II and IV of HER2-ECD antigen simultaneously. MBS301 displayed synergistic bioactivities as the combination of T-mab and P-mab in vitro in multiple cancer cell lines and in vivo in xenograft mouse model studies, and showed more effective activity than T-mab or P-mab used individually. Moreover, fucose-knockout dramatically increased MBS301’s binding affinity to low affinity FcγRIIIa allotype 158F (KD = 2.35 × 10−7M) to near the high affinity level of allotype V158 (KD = 1.17 × 10−7M). This resulted in far more effective ADCC activity of MBS301 than the combination of T-mab and P-mab in killing HER2-positive cancer cells. Hence, a novel fully afucosylated anti-HER2 bispecific antibody with improved antitumor activities was generated and shown to have the potential to be used for treating HER2-positive but trastuzumab-resistant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Huang
- a Economic Technological Developmental Area , Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd , Beijing , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Feng Li
- a Economic Technological Developmental Area , Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd , Beijing , China
| | - Huifang Liu
- a Economic Technological Developmental Area , Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd , Beijing , China
| | - Pei Ye
- a Economic Technological Developmental Area , Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaochuan Fan
- a Economic Technological Developmental Area , Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd , Beijing , China
| | - Xinqiu Yuan
- a Economic Technological Developmental Area , Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd , Beijing , China
| | - Zhidan Wu
- a Economic Technological Developmental Area , Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd , Beijing , China
| | - Jin Chen
- a Economic Technological Developmental Area , Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd , Beijing , China
| | - Chunyang Jin
- a Economic Technological Developmental Area , Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd , Beijing , China
| | - Beifen Shen
- b State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- b State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Boyan Zhang
- a Economic Technological Developmental Area , Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd , Beijing , China
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24
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Nowak C, Tiwari A, Liu H. Asparagine Deamidation in a Complementarity Determining Region of a Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody in Complex with Antigen. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6998-7003. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Ashish Tiwari
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
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25
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King C, Patel R, Ponniah G, Nowak C, Neill A, Gu Z, Liu H. Characterization of recombinant monoclonal antibody variants detected by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:96-103. [PMID: 29649755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In-depth characterization of the commonly observed variants is critical to the successful development of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Multiple peaks of a recombinant monoclonal antibody were observed when analyzed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing. The potential modification causing the heterogeneity was localized to F(ab')2 region by analyzing the antibody after IdeS digestion using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. LC-MS analysis identified asparagine deamidation as the root cause of the observed multiple variants. While the isoelectric focusing method is expected to separate deamidated species, the similar profile observed in hydrophobic interaction chromatography indicates that the single site deamidation caused differences in hydrophobicity. Forced degradation demonstrated that the susceptible asparagine residue is highly exposed, which is expected as it is located in the light chain complementarity determining region. Deamidation of this single site decreased the mAb binding affinity to its specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory King
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Rekha Patel
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States.
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26
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Industrial bioprocessing perspectives on managing therapeutic protein charge variant profiles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jun Tian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jie Chen
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
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27
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Ambrogelly A, Gozo S, Katiyar A, Dellatore S, Kune Y, Bhat R, Sun J, Li N, Wang D, Nowak C, Neill A, Ponniah G, King C, Mason B, Beck A, Liu H. Analytical comparability study of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. MAbs 2018; 10:513-538. [PMID: 29513619 PMCID: PMC5973765 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1438797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Process changes are inevitable in the life cycle of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Products made using pre- and post-change processes are required to be comparable as demonstrated by comparability studies to qualify for continuous development and commercial supply. Establishment of comparability is a systematic process of gathering and evaluating data based on scientific understanding and clinical experience of the relationship between product quality attributes and their impact on safety and efficacy. This review summarizes the current understanding of various modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. It further outlines the critical steps in designing and executing successful comparability studies to support process changes at different stages of a product's lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ambrogelly
- Biologics Analytical Operations, Pharmaceutical & Biologics Development, Gilead Sciences, Ocean Ranch Blvd, Oceanside, CA
| | - Stephen Gozo
- Analytical Research & Development-Biologics, Celgene Corporation, Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ
| | - Amit Katiyar
- Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington Rocky Road, Pennington, NJ
| | - Shara Dellatore
- Biologics & Vaccines Bioanalytics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Yune Kune
- Fortress Biologicals, Sawyer Road, Suite, Waltham, MA
| | - Ram Bhat
- Millennium Research laboratories, New Boston Street, Woburn, MA
| | - Joanne Sun
- Product Development, Innovent Biologics, Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, China
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Analytical Department, BioAnalytix, Inc., Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Cory King
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Bruce Mason
- Pre-formulation, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Alain Beck
- Analytical Chemistry, NBEs, Center d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex, France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
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28
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Källsten M, Hartmann R, Artemenko K, Lind SB, Lehmann F, Bergquist J. Qualitative analysis of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs): an experimental comparison of analytical techniques of cysteine-linked ADCs. Analyst 2018; 143:5487-5496. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Four different cysteine linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) consisting of Trastuzumab-vc-MMAE were analysed with four common analytical techniques with respect to drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Källsten
- Department of Chemistry-BMC
- Analytical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Rafael Hartmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- BMC
- Uppsala University
- SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | | | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Department of Chemistry-BMC
- Analytical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | | | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC
- Analytical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
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29
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Tassi M, De Vos J, Chatterjee S, Sobott F, Bones J, Eeltink S. Advances in native high-performance liquid chromatography and intact mass spectrometry for the characterization of biopharmaceutical products. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:125-144. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Sneha Chatterjee
- Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry; Antwerp University; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Frank Sobott
- Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry; Antwerp University; Antwerp Belgium
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - Jonathan Bones
- The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT); Dublin Ireland
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
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30
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Ma J, Dai Q, Li X, Zhu X, Ma T, Qiao X, Shen S, Liu X. Dipentaerythritol penta-/hexa-acrylate based-highly cross-linked hybrid monolithic column: Preparation and its applications for ultrahigh efficiency separation of proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 963:143-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Muca R, Marek W, Żurawski M, Piątkowski W, Antos D. Effect of mass overloading on binding and elution of unstable proteins in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1492:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Methionine oxidation is a common posttranslational modification (PTM) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Oxidation can reduce the in-vivo half-life, efficacy and stability of the product. Peptide mapping is commonly used to monitor the levels of oxidation, but this is a relatively time-consuming method. A high-throughput, automated subunit mass analysis method was developed to monitor antibody methionine oxidation. In this method, samples were treated with IdeS, EndoS and dithiothreitol to generate three individual IgG subunits (light chain, Fd’ and single chain Fc). These subunits were analyzed by reversed phase-ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with an online quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer and the levels of oxidation on each subunit were quantitated based on the deconvoluted mass spectra using the UNIFI software. The oxidation results obtained by subunit mass analysis correlated well with the results obtained by peptide mapping. Method qualification demonstrated that this subunit method had excellent repeatability and intermediate precision. In addition, UNIFI software used in this application allows automated data acquisition and processing, which makes this method suitable for high-throughput process monitoring and product characterization. Finally, subunit mass analysis revealed the different patterns of Fc methionine oxidation induced by chemical and photo stress, which makes it attractive for investigating the root cause of oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sokolowska
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development , Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Jingjie Mo
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development , Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Jia Dong
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development , Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Michael J Lewis
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development , Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Ping Hu
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development , Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
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33
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Baca M, De Vos J, Bruylants G, Bartik K, Liu X, Cook K, Eeltink S. A comprehensive study to protein retention in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:182-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bobály B, Sipkó E, Fekete J. Challenges in liquid chromatographic characterization of proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:3-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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35
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Hydrophobic interaction chromatography for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies and related products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:3-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Bobaly B, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Impact of organic modifier and temperature on protein denaturation in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:124-132. [PMID: 27589029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to better understand the chromatographic conditions in which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of broad hydrophobicity scale and a cysteine conjugated antibody-drug conjugate (ADCs), namely brentuximab-vedotin, could denaturate. For this purpose, some experiments were carried out in HIC conditions using various organic modifier in natures and proportions, different mobile phase temperatures and also different pHs. Indeed, improper analytical conditions in hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) may create reversed-phase (RP) like harsh conditions and therefore protein denaturation. In terms of organic solvents, acetonitrile (ACN) and isopropanol (IPA) were tested with proportions ranging from 0 to 40%. It appeared that IPA was a less denaturating solvent than ACN, but should be used in a reasonable range (10-15%). Temperature should also be kept reasonable (below 40°C), to limit denaturation under HIC conditions. However, the combined increase of temperature and organic content induced denaturation of protein biopharmaceuticals in all cases. Indeed, above 30-40°C and 10-15% organic modifier in mobile phase B, heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) fragments dissociated. Mobile phase pH was also particularly critical and denaturation was significant even under moderately acidic conditions (pH of 5.4). Today, HIC is widely used for measuring drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of ADCs, which is a critical quality attribute of such samples. Here, we demonstrated that the estimation of average DAR can be dependent on the amount of organic modifier in the mobile phase under HIC conditions, due to the better recovery of the most hydrophobic proteins in presence of organic solvent (IPA). So, special care should be taken when measuring the average DAR of ADCs in HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Bobaly
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France(1)
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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37
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Yang Y, Qu Q, Li W, Yuan J, Ren Y, Wang L. Preparation of a silica-based high-performance hydrophobic interaction chromatography stationary phase for protein separation and renaturation. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2481-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science, Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| | - Qian Qu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science, Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| | - Weimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science, Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science, Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| | - Yi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science, Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| | - Lili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science, Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
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38
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McSherry T, McSherry J, Ozaeta P, Longenecker K, Ramsay C, Fishpaugh J, Allen S. Cysteinylation of a monoclonal antibody leads to its inactivation. MAbs 2016; 8:718-25. [PMID: 27050640 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1160179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications can have a signification effect on antibody stability. A comprehensive approach is often required to best understand the underlying reasons the modification affects the antibody's potency or aggregation state. Monoclonal antibody 001 displayed significant variation in terms of potency, as defined by surface plasmon resonance testing (Biacore), from lot to lot independent of any observable aggregation or degradation, suggesting that a post-translational modification could be driving this variability. Analysis of different antibody lots using analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) uncovered multiple peaks of varying size. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) indicated that the antibody contained a cysteinylation post-translational modification in complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3 of the antibody light chain. Fractionation of the antibody by HIC followed by ESI-MS and Biacore showed that the different peaks were antibody containing zero, one, or two cysteinylation modifications, and that the modification interferes with the ability of the modified antibody arm to bind antigen. Molecular modeling of the modified region shows that this oxidation of an unpaired cysteine in the antibody CDR would block a potential antigen binding pocket, suggesting an inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy McSherry
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
| | - Jennifer McSherry
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
| | - Panfilo Ozaeta
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
| | | | - Carol Ramsay
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
| | - Jeffrey Fishpaugh
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
| | - Steven Allen
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
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39
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Birdsall RE, McCarthy SM, Janin-Bussat MC, Perez M, Haeuw JF, Chen W, Beck A. A sensitive multidimensional method for the detection, characterization, and quantification of trace free drug species in antibody-drug conjugate samples using mass spectral detection. MAbs 2015; 8:306-17. [PMID: 26651262 PMCID: PMC4966627 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1116659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation processes and stability studies associated with the production and shelf life of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) can result in free (non-conjugated) drug species. These free drug species can increase the risk to patients and reduce the efficacy of the ADC. Despite stringent purification steps, trace levels of free drug species may be present in formulated ADCs, reducing the therapeutic window. The reduction of sample preparation steps through the incorporation of multidimensional techniques has afforded analysts more efficient methods to assess trace drug species. Multidimensional methods coupling size-exclusion and reversed phase liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection (SEC-RPLC/UV) have been reported, but offer limited sensitivity and can limit method optimization. The current study addresses these challenges with a multidimensional method that is specific, sensitive, and enables method control in both dimensions via coupling of an on-line solid phase extraction column to RPLC with mass spectral detection (SPE-RPLC/MS). The proposed method was evaluated using an antibody-fluorophore conjugate (AFC) as an ADC surrogate to brentuximab vedotin and its associated parent maleimide-val-cit-DSEA payload and the derived N-acetylcysteine adduct formed during the conjugation process. Assay sensitivity was found to be 2 orders more sensitive using MS detection in comparison to UV-based detection with a nominal limit of quantitation of 0.30 ng/mL (1.5 pg on-column). Free-drug species were present in an unadulterated ADC surrogate sample at concentrations below 7 ng/mL, levels not detectable by UV alone. The proposed SPE-RPLC/MS method provides a high degree of specificity and sensitivity in the assessment of trace free drug species and offers improved control over each dimension, enabling straightforward integration into existing or novel workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean M McCarthy
- a Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street , Milford , MA , 01757 , USA
| | | | - Michel Perez
- c IRPF, Center de R&D Pierre Fabre , Toulouse , France
| | | | - Weibin Chen
- a Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street , Milford , MA , 01757 , USA
| | - Alain Beck
- b IRPF, Center d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois , France
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40
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Birdsall RE, Shion H, Kotch FW, Xu A, Porter TJ, Chen W. A rapid on-line method for mass spectrometric confirmation of a cysteine-conjugated antibody-drug-conjugate structure using multidimensional chromatography. MAbs 2015; 7:1036-44. [PMID: 26305867 PMCID: PMC4966495 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1083665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-conjugated antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are manufactured using controlled partial reduction and conjugation chemistry with drug payloads that typically occur in intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Control of heterogeneity is of particular importance to the quality of ADC product because drug loading and distribution can affect the safety and efficacy of the ADC. Liquid chromatography ultra-violet (LC-UV)-based methods can be used to acquire the drug distribution profiles of cysteine-conjugated ADCs when analyzed using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). However, alternative analysis techniques are often required for structural identification when conjugated drugs do not possess discrete ultra-violet absorbance properties for precise assessment of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). In this study, multidimensional chromatography was used as an efficient method for combining non-compatible techniques, such as HIC, with analysis by mass spectrometry (LC/LC/QTOF-MS) for rapid on-line structural elucidation of species observed in HIC distribution profiles of cysteine-conjugated ADCs. The methodology was tested using an IgG1 mAb modified by cysteine conjugation with a non-toxic drug mimic. Structural elucidation of peaks observed in the HIC analysis (1st dimension) were successfully identified based on their unique sub-unit masses via mass spectrometry techniques once dissociation occurred under denaturing reversed phase conditions (2nd dimension). Upon identification, the DAR values were determined to be 2.83, 4.44, and 5.97 for 3 drug load levels (low-, medium-, and high-loaded ADC batches), respectively, based on relative abundance from the LC-UV data. This work demonstrates that multidimensional chromatography coupled with MS, provides an efficient approach for on-line biotherapeutic characterization to ensure ADC product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Birdsall
- a Biopharmaceutical Business Operations, Waters Corporation ; Milford , MA USA
| | - Henry Shion
- a Biopharmaceutical Business Operations, Waters Corporation ; Milford , MA USA
| | - Frank W Kotch
- b Pfizer Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer Inc ; Pearl River , NY USA
| | - April Xu
- c Pfizer Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc ; Pearl River , NY USA
| | - Thomas J Porter
- d Pfizer Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc ; Andover , MA USA
| | - Weibin Chen
- a Biopharmaceutical Business Operations, Waters Corporation ; Milford , MA USA
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41
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Rogers RS, Nightlinger NS, Livingston B, Campbell P, Bailey R, Balland A. Development of a quantitative mass spectrometry multi-attribute method for characterization, quality control testing and disposition of biologics. MAbs 2015; 7:881-90. [PMID: 26186204 PMCID: PMC4623056 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1069454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory agencies have recently recommended a Quality by Design (QbD) approach for the manufacturing of therapeutic molecules. A QbD strategy requires deep understanding at the molecular level of the attributes that are crucial for safety and efficacy and for insuring that the desired quality of the purified protein drug product is met at the end of the manufacturing process. A mass spectrometry (MS)-based approach to simultaneously monitor the extensive array of product quality attributes (PQAs) present on therapeutic molecules has been developed. This multi-attribute method (MAM) uses a combination of high mass accuracy / high resolution MS data generated by Orbitrap technology and automated identification and relative quantification of PQAs with dedicated software (Pinpoint). The MAM has the potential to replace several conventional electrophoretic and chromatographic methods currently used in Quality Control to release therapeutic molecules. The MAM represents an optimized analytical solution to focus on the attributes of the therapeutic molecule essential for function and implement QbD principles across process development, manufacturing and drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Rogers
- Analytical Sciences; Amgen Inc.; Seattle, WA USA
- Present affiliation: Just Biotherapeutics; Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Brittney Livingston
- Analytical Sciences; Amgen Inc.; Seattle, WA USA
- Present affiliation: Just Biotherapeutics; Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Robert Bailey
- Analytical Sciences; Amgen Inc.; Seattle, WA USA
- Present affiliation: Zymeworks; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Alain Balland
- Analytical Sciences; Amgen Inc.; Seattle, WA USA
- Present affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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42
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Karkov HS, Krogh BO, Woo J, Parimal S, Ahmadian H, Cramer SM. Investigation of protein selectivity in multimodal chromatography usingin silicodesigned Fab fragment variants. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2305-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Sophie Karkov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180
- Protein Purification Technology; Novo Nordisk A/S; DK-2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | | | - James Woo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180
| | - Siddharth Parimal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180
| | - Haleh Ahmadian
- Protein Purification Technology; Novo Nordisk A/S; DK-2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Steven M. Cramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180
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43
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Haverick M, Mengisen S, Shameem M, Ambrogelly A. Separation of mAbs molecular variants by analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography HPLC: overview and applications. MAbs 2015; 6:852-8. [PMID: 24751784 PMCID: PMC4171020 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography (HIC-HPLC) is a powerful analytical method used for the separation of molecular variants of therapeutic proteins. The method has been employed for monitoring various post-translational modifications, including proteolytic fragments and domain misfolding in etanercept (Enbrel®); tryptophan oxidation, aspartic acid isomerization, the formation of cyclic imide, and α amidated carboxy terminus in recombinant therapeutic monoclonal antibodies; and carboxy terminal heterogeneity and serine fucosylation in Fc and Fab fragments. HIC-HPLC is also a powerful analytical technique for the analysis of antibody-drug conjugates. Most current analytical columns, methods, and applications are described, and critical method parameters and suitability for operation in regulated environment are discussed, in this review.
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44
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McCombs JR, Owen SC. Antibody drug conjugates: design and selection of linker, payload and conjugation chemistry. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:339-51. [PMID: 25604608 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as an important pharmaceutical class of drugs designed to harness the specificity of antibodies with the potency of small molecule therapeutics. The three main components of ADCs are the antibody, the linker, and the payload; the majority of early work focused intensely on improving the functionality of these pieces. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on developing methods to control the site and number of linker/drug conjugated to the antibody, with the aim of producing more homogenous ADCs. In this article, we review popular conjugation methods and highlight recent approaches including "click" conjugation and enzymatic ligation. We discuss current linker technology, contrasting the characteristics of cleavable and non-cleavable linkers, and summarize the essential properties of ADC payload, centering on chemotherapeutics. In addition, we report on the progress in characterizing to determine physicochemical properties and on advances in purifying to obtain homogenous products. Establishing a set of selection and analytical criteria will facilitate the translation of novel ADCs and ensure the production of effective biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R McCombs
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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45
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Geng X, Jia X, Liu P, Wang F, Yang X. Two variables dominating the retention of intact proteins under gradient elution with simultaneous ultrafast high-resolution separation by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Analyst 2015; 140:6692-704. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01400j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The retention of proteins under gradient elution in HIC is dominated by two variables of steady and migration regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindu Geng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Modern Separation Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
| | - Xiaodan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Modern Separation Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Modern Separation Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Modern Separation Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Modern Separation Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
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46
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Michels DA, Ip AY, Dillon TM, Brorson K, Lute S, Chavez B, Prentice KM, Brady LJ, Miller KJ. Separation Methods and Orthogonal Techniques. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1201.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Michels
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Anna Y. Ip
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Thomas M. Dillon
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Kurt Brorson
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Scott Lute
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Brittany Chavez
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ken M. Prentice
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lowell J. Brady
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Karen J. Miller
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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Brorson K, Jia AY. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and consistent ends: terminal heterogeneity, detection, and impact on quality. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Gospodarek AM, Sun W, O’Connell JP, Fernandez EJ. Structures of multidomain proteins adsorbed on hydrophobic interaction chromatography surfaces. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1371:204-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gospodarek AM, Hiser DE, O’Connell JP, Fernandez EJ. Unfolding of a model protein on ion exchange and mixed mode chromatography surfaces. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:238-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sandra K, Vandenheede I, Sandra P. Modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques for protein biopharmaceutical characterization. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:81-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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