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Stationary Phases for Green Liquid Chromatography. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020419. [PMID: 35057141 PMCID: PMC8778826 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Industrial research, including pharmaceutical research, is increasingly using liquid chromatography techniques. This involves the production of large quantities of hazardous and toxic organic waste. Therefore, it is essential at this point to focus interest on solutions proposed by so-called “green chemistry”. One such solution is the search for new methods or the use of new materials that will reduce waste. One of the most promising ideas is to perform chromatographic separation using pure water, without organic solvents, as a mobile phase. Such an approach requires novel stationary phases or specific chromatographic conditions, such as an elevated separation temperature. The following review paper aims to gather information on stationary phases used for separation under purely aqueous conditions at various temperatures.
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2
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Strezsak SR, Beuning PJ, Skizim NJ. Versatile separation of nucleotides from bacterial cell lysates using strong anion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1188:123044. [PMID: 34864423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotides exemplify some of the building blocks of life, comprising DNA & RNA, participating in processes such as cell signaling and metabolism, and serving as carriers of metabolic energy. The quantification of these compounds in biological samples is critical for researchers to understand complex systems. Herein, we demonstrate an anion exchange chromatography method utilizing a pH range of 8 to 10, which provides superior resolution and selectivity to previously reported methods and, more importantly, gives the flexibility to shift analyte selectivity if resolution between analytes is not optimal. We have applied the method to study the kinetics of the nucleotide pool in a bacterial cell-free lysate system that is producing RNA. Sample to sample runtimes are less than 18 min and recoveries greater than 96% were observed for all analytes through our methanol quench protocol with day-to-day variabilities less than 5%. This method reliably detects and quantifies all analytes that were expected to be observed in the process and helps lay the groundwork for future nucleotide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Strezsak
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Greenlight Biosciences, Medford, MA, 02155, United States
| | - Penny J Beuning
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Application of linear solvation energy relationships and principal component analysis methods for the prediction of the retention behaviour of E-resveratrol analogues with substituted silica hydride stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1090:159-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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5
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Kulsing C, Nolvachai Y, Matyska MT, Pesek JJ, Topete J, Boysen RI, Hearn MTW. Origin of the selectivity differences of aromatic alcohols and amines of different n-alkyl chain length separated with perfluorinated C8 and bidentated C8 modified silica hydride stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta X 2018; 1:100003. [PMID: 33186417 PMCID: PMC7587035 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2018.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorinated C8-(PerfluoroC8) and bidentate anchored C8-(BDC8)-modified silica hydride stationary phases have been employed for the isocratic separation of homologous phenylalkanols and phenylalkylamines differing in their n-alkyl chain length, using aqueous-acetonitrile (ACN) mobile phases of different ACN contents from 10 to 90% (v/v) in 10% increments. These analytes showed reversed-phase (RP) retention behaviour with mobile phases of <40% (v/v) ACN content with both stationary phases but with the BDC8 stationary phase providing longer retention. The PerfluoroC8, but not the BDC8, stationary phase also exhibited significant retention of these analytes under conditions typical of an aqueous normal phase (ANP) mode (i.e. with mobile phases of >80% (v/v) ACN content), with the analytes exhibiting overall U-shape retention dependencies on the ACN content of the mobile phase. Further, these stationary phases showed differences in their selectivity behaviour with regard to the n-alkyl chain lengths of the different analytes. These observations could not be explained in terms of pK a , log P, molecular mass or linear solvation energy concepts. However, density functional theory (DFT) simulations provided a possible explanation for the observed selectivity trends, namely differences in the molecular geometries and structural organisation of the immobilised ligands of these two stationary phases under different solvational conditions. For mobile phase conditions favouring the RP mode, these DFT simulations revealed that interactions between adjacent BDC8 ligands occur, leading to a stationary phase with a more hydrophobic surface. Moreover, under mobile phase conditions favouring retention of the analytes in an ANP mode, these interactions of the bidentate-anchored C8 ligands resulted in hindered analyte access to potential ANP binding sites on the BDC8 stationary phase surface. With the PerfluoroC8 stationary phase, the DFT simulations revealed strong repulsion of individual perfluoroC8 ligand chains, with the perfluoroC8 ligands of this stationary phase existing in a more open brush-like state (and with a less hydrophobic surface) compared to the BDC8 ligands. These DFT simulation results anticipated the chromatographic findings that the phenylalkanols and phenylalkylamines had reduced retention in the RP mode with the PerfluoroC8 stationary phase. Moreover, the more open ligand structure of the PerfluoroC8 stationary phase enabled greater accessibility of the analytes to water solvated binding sites on the stationary phase surface under mobile phase conditions favouring an ANP retention mode, leading to retention of the analytes, particularly the smaller phenylalkylamines, via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic effects.
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Key Words
- ACN, acetonitrile
- ANP, aqueous normal-phase
- Aqueous normal-phase
- BDC8, bidentate octyl
- DFT, density functional theory
- DH, Diamond Hydride
- HILIC, hydrophilic interaction chromatography
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LSER, linear solvation energy relationship
- PerfluoroC8, perfluorinated octyl
- RP, reversed-phase
- Reversed-phase
- Shape specific separation
- Silica hydride
- n-alkyl chain length selectivities
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadin Kulsing
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Maria T Matyska
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA
| | - Joseph J Pesek
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA
| | - Joshua Topete
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA
| | - Reinhard I Boysen
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Milton T W Hearn
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Appulage DK, Schug KA. Silica hydride based phases for small molecule separations using automated liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method development. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1507:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Mičová K, Friedecký D, Adam T. Mass Spectrometry for the Sensitive Analysis of Intracellular Nucleotides and Analogues. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/68073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Kulsing C, Yang Y, Sepehrifar R, Lim M, Toppete J, Matyska MT, Pesek JJ, Boysen RI, Hearn MTW. Investigations into the separation behaviour of perfluorinated C8 and undecanoic acid modified silica hydride stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 916:102-11. [PMID: 27016444 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the surface charge properties of perfluorinated C8 (PerfluoroC8) and undecanoic acid (UDA) modified silica hydride stationary phases have been investigated. The zeta potential values of these stationary phases were measured in aqueous/acetonitrile mobile phases of different pH, buffer concentrations and acetonitrile contents. The retention behaviour of several basic, acidic and neutral compounds were then examined with these two stationary phases, with U-shaped retention dependencies evident with regard to the organic solvent content of the mobile phase. Plots of the logarithmic retention factor versus buffer concentration revealed slopes ≥ -0.41 for both stationary phases, indicating the involvement of mixed mode retention mechanisms with contributions from both ionic and non-ionic interactions. Using a linear solvation energy relationship approach, the origins of these interactions under different mobile phase conditions were differentiated and quantified. The PerfluoroC8 stationary phase exhibited stronger retention for basic compounds under high acetonitrile content mobile phase conditions, whilst stronger retention was observed for all compounds with the UDA stationary phase under high aqueous content mobile phase conditions. The more negative zeta potentials of the UDA stationary phase correlated with higher total charge density, surface charge density and charge density at the beta plane (the outer plane of the double layer) compared to the PerfluoroC8 stationary phase. With mobile phases of low buffer concentrations, more negative zeta potential values were unexpectedly observed for the PerfluoroC8 stationary phase with slight increases in the C descriptor value, reflecting also the greater accessibility of the analytes to the stationary phase surface. Comparison of the retention behaviours on these phases with other types of silica hydride stationary phases has revealed different patterns of selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadin Kulsing
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yuanzhong Yang
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Roshanak Sepehrifar
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Joshua Toppete
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Maria T Matyska
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Joseph J Pesek
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Reinhard I Boysen
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Milton T W Hearn
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Pesek JJ, Matyksa MT, Modereger B, Hasbun A, Phan VT, Mehr Z, Guzman M, Watanable S. The separation and analysis of symmetric and asymmetric dimethylarginine and other hydrophilic isobaric compounds using aqueous normal phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1441:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Kisley L, Poongavanam MV, Kourentzi K, Willson RC, Landes CF. pH-dependence of single-protein adsorption and diffusion at a liquid chromatographic interface. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:682-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kisley
- Department of Chemistry; Rice University; Houston TX USA
| | | | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston TX USA
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos; Tecnológico de Monterrey; Monterrey NL Mexico
| | - Christy F. Landes
- Department of Chemistry; Rice University; Houston TX USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston TX USA
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11
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Dang A. Analysis of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate using aqueous normal-phase chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1515-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Pesek
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Maria T. Matyska
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Andy Dang
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
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12
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Borges EM. Silica, hybrid silica, hydride silica and non-silica stationary phases for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:580-97. [PMID: 25234386 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Free silanols on the surface of silica are the "villains", which are responsible for detrimental interactions of those compounds and the stationary phase (i.e., bad peak shape, low efficiency) as well as low thermal and chemical stability. For these reasons, we began this review describing new silica and hybrid silica stationary phases, which have reduced and/or shielded silanols. At present, in liquid chromatography for the majority of analyses, reversed-phase liquid chromatography is the separation mode of choice. However, the needs for increased selectivity and increased retention of hydrophilic bases have substantially increased the interest in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). Therefore, stationary phases and this mode of separation are discussed. Then, non-silica stationary phases (i.e., zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, alumina and porous graphitized carbon), which afford increased thermal and chemical stability and also selectivity different from those obtained with silica and hybrid silica, are discussed. In addition, the use of these materials in HILIC is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endler M Borges
- Núcleo Biotecnológico, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Rua Paese, 198, Bairro Universitário-Bloco K. Videira, SC CEP 89560-000, Brazil
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13
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Nixon MR, Saionz KW, Koo MS, Szymonifka MJ, Jung H, Roberts JP, Nandakumar M, Kumar A, Liao R, Rustad T, Sacchettini JC, Rhee KY, Freundlich JS, Sherman DR. Folate pathway disruption leads to critical disruption of methionine derivatives in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:819-30. [PMID: 24954008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we identified antifolates with potent, targeted activity against whole-cell Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of antifolate-treated cultures revealed metabolic disruption, including decreased pools of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted altered regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis and utilization of these two compounds. Supplementation with amino acids or S-adenosylmethionine was sufficient to rescue cultures from antifolate treatment. Instead of the "thymineless death" that characterizes folate pathway inhibition in a wide variety of organisms, these data suggest that MTB is vulnerable to a critical disruption of the reactions centered around S-adenosylmethionione, the activated methyl cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R Nixon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kurt W Saionz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mi-Sun Koo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Michael J Szymonifka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Hunmin Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Justin P Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Madhumita Nandakumar
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anuradha Kumar
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Reiling Liao
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tige Rustad
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James C Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joel S Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - David R Sherman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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14
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Analysis of thiopurines using aqueous normal phase chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 95:102-6. [PMID: 24657678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The chromatography of several thiopurines is investigated using aqueous normal phase (ANP) conditions in conjunction with a silica hydride-based column. Both isocratic and gradient elution modes are tested. Detection of higher concentration samples is done by UV to demonstrate feasibility in this format while lower concentration samples utilize mass spectrometry (MS). Repeatability of successive runs is also tested with particular attention to gradient methods where the equilibration time of the stationary phase can be evaluated.
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15
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Correlations between the zeta potentials of silica hydride-based stationary phases, analyte retention behaviour and their ionic interaction descriptors. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 817:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Study of hydration process on silica hydride surfaces by microcalorimetry and water adsorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 416:161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Studzińska S, Rola R, Buszewski B. Determination of nucleotides in infant milk formulas using novel dendrimer ion-exchangers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 949-950:87-93. [PMID: 24480328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to develop a method for the separation of 5'-monophosphate nucleotides with the use of ion chromatography. Novel dendrimeric stationary phases were used for this purpose. The effects exerted by the type of anion-exchanger support (silica or polymeric) and the number of stationary phase layers on nucleotide retention were studied. A silica-based dendrimeric anion-exchanger was most suitable for analyzing the studied compounds. An increase in the number of layers enhanced nucleotide retention inside the column. The separation efficiency of the studied compounds was tested at various concentrations of the mobile phase buffer. At higher phosphate buffer concentrations, nucleotide resolutions were achieved in 6min. Three commercially available infant milk formulas were analyzed to verify the applicability of the studied method. Solid phase extraction was used for sample cleanup and concentration. The limit of quantification of nucleotides was 0.40μg/ml, and the method was linear in the concentration range of 0.40-20.6μgml(-1.)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Studzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - R Rola
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - B Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Kim AM. Evaluation of stationary phases based on silica hydride for the analysis of drugs of abuse. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2760-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Pesek
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Maria T. Matyska
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Amy M. Kim
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
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19
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Yang Y, Boysen RI, Kulsing C, Matyska MT, Pesek JJ, Hearn MTW. Analysis of polar peptides using a silica hydride column and high aqueous content mobile phases. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3019-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhong Yang
- Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for Green Chemistry; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Reinhard I. Boysen
- Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for Green Chemistry; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Chadin Kulsing
- Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for Green Chemistry; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Maria T. Matyska
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Joseph J. Pesek
- Department of Chemistry; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - Milton T. W. Hearn
- Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for Green Chemistry; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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20
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Soukup J, Jandera P. Comparison of nonaqueous hydrophilic interaction chromatography with aqueous normal-phase chromatography on hydrosilated silica-based stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2753-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Soukup
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
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21
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Soukup J, Janás P, Jandera P. Gradient elution in aqueous normal-phase liquid chromatography on hydrosilated silica-based stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1286:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Boysen RI, Yang Y, Hearn MT. Aqueous normal-phase chromatography using silica-hydride-based stationary phases. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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23
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Silica hydride-based chromatography of LC–MS response-altering compounds native to human plasma. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:2877-86. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An investigation was carried out into the chromatographic behavior, on a silica hydride-based phase and a comparator silica-based phase, of an important group of lipids endogenous to human plasma, which are associated with matrix effect and in the context of quantitative peptide analysis. Results: The propensity for aqueous normal phase (ANP) retention on the silica hydride-based phase was strong and extensive in comparison with the silica-based comparator, and the lipophilic interferences in question were readily eluted using the ANP mode, a contrast to over-retention issues with accompanying implications for method ruggedness typically found with silica-based phases. Conclusion: The silica hydride-based phase, with ANP operation, offered selectivity conducive to rapid lipophilic interferent elimination and the bimodal retention involved in suitable gradient elution was appropriate for general peptide analytical application.
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Ge J, Liu F, Holmes EH, Ostrander GK, Li QX. Aqueous normal phase liquid chromatography coupled with tandem time-of-flight quadrupole mass spectrometry for determination of zanamivir in human serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 906:58-62. [PMID: 22947416 PMCID: PMC3465458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An aqueous normal phase (ANP) liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ANP-LC-micrOTOFQ) method was used for the determination of zanamivir in human serum. Zanamivir was extracted with methanol from protein-precipitated human serum samples and further purified with SCX solid-phase extraction cartridges. Scherzo SM-C18, Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq, Cogent Diamond Hydride, Cogent Bidentate and Luna HILIC columns were compared and optimized for the retention and separation of zanamivir and the Luna HILIC and Diamond Hydride columns exhibited the best retention of zanamivir. The former provided a shorter retention time, a sharper peak and relatively high sensitivity, whereas the latter exhibited a longer retention time and less matrix interference. The analytical range of the calibration curve was between 5 and 1000 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengmao Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Eric H. Holmes
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI 96813, USA
| | - Gary K. Ostrander
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI 96813, USA
| | - Qing X. Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI 96822, USA
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Soukup J, Jandera P. The effect of temperature and mobile phase composition on separation mechanism of flavonoid compounds on hydrosilated silica-based columns. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1245:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Ashu-Arrah BA, Glennon JD, Albert K. Preparation and characterization of bonded silica hydride intermediate from triethoxysilane and dimethylmethoxysilane using supercritical carbon dioxide and dioxane as reaction medium. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Dang A. Analysis of cycloserine and related compounds using aqueous normal phase chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 64-65:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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A new approach to bioanalysis: aqueous normal-phase chromatography with silica hydride stationary phases. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:845-53. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stationary phases based on silica hydride have demonstrated a number of unique properties that are especially advantageous for bioanalyses. They have excellent retention capabilities for hydrophilic compounds, which have been the most difficult to analyze by standard reversed-phase methods and, in many cases, can outperform newer approaches for the analysis of polar molecules, such as hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography. In addition, all columns utilizing silica-hydride materials can be used in either the normal-phase or reversed-phase modes, sometimes retaining both polar and nonpolar compounds simultaneously. These stationary phases have a high degree of reproducibility and long-term stability.
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Soukup J, Jandera P. Hydrosilated silica-based columns: The effects of mobile phase and temperature on dual hydrophilic-reversed-phase separation mechanism of phenolic acids. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Boysen RI, Yang Y, Chowdhury J, Matyska MT, Pesek JJ, Hearn MT. Simultaneous separation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic peptides with a silica hydride stationary phase using aqueous normal phase conditions. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8021-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Fischer SM. Improvement of peak shape in aqueous normal phase analysis of anionic metabolites. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3509-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Separation strategies for untargeted metabolomics. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3460-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Young JE, Matyska MT, Pesek JJ. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry compatible approaches for the quantitation of folic acid in fortified juices and cereals using aqueous normal phase conditions. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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35
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Jansen RS, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Mass spectrometry in the quantitative analysis of therapeutic intracellular nucleotide analogs. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:321-343. [PMID: 20623700 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are widely used in anti-cancer, anti-(retro)viral, and immunosuppressive therapy. Nucleosides are prodrugs that require intracellular activation to mono-, di-, and finally triphosphates. Monitoring of these intracellular nucleotides is important to understand their pharmacology. The relatively involatile salts and ion-pairing agents traditionally used for the separation of these ionic analytes limit the applicability of mass spectrometry (MS) for detection. Both indirect and direct methods have been developed to circumvent this apparent incompatibility. Indirect methods consist of de-phosphorylation of the nucleotides into nucleosides before the actual analysis. Various direct approaches have been developed, ranging from the use of relatively volatile or very low levels of regular ion-pairing agents, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), weak anion-exchange, or porous graphitic carbon columns to capillary electrophoresis and matrix-assisted light desorption--time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS. In this review we present an overview of the publications describing the quantitative analysis of therapeutic intracellular nucleotide analogs using MS. The focus is on the different approaches for their direct analysis. We conclude that despite the technical hurdles, several useful MS-compatible chromatographic approaches have been developed, enabling the use of the excellent selectivity and sensitivity of MS for the quantitative analysis of intracellular nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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36
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Yanes O, Tautenhahn R, Patti GJ, Siuzdak G. Expanding coverage of the metabolome for global metabolite profiling. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2152-61. [PMID: 21329365 DOI: 10.1021/ac102981k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics is the comprehensive study of naturally occurring small molecules collectively known as the metabolome. Given the vast structural diversity and chemical properties of endogenous metabolites, biological extraction and chromatography methods bias the number, property, and concentration of metabolites detected by mass spectrometry and creates a challenge for global untargeted studies. In this work, we used Escherichia coli bacterial cells to explore the influence of solvent polarity, temperature, and pH in extracting polar and nonpolar metabolites simultaneously. In addition, we explored chromatographic conditions involving different stationary and mobile phases that optimize the separation and ionization of endogenous metabolite extracts as well as a mixture of synthetic standards. Our results reveal that hot polar solvents are the most efficient in extracting both hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolites simultaneously. In addition, ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase substantially improved ionization efficiency in negative electrospray ionization mode by an average increase in signal intensity of 5.7 and over a 2-fold increase in the total number of features detected. The improvement in sensitivity with ammonium fluoride resulted in 3.5 times as many metabolite hits in databases compared to ammonium acetate or formic acid enriched mobile phases and allowed for the identification of unique metabolites involved in fundamental cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Yanes
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.
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37
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Lee P. SYNTHESIS OF A PREPARATIVE C30 STATIONARY PHASE ON A SILICA HYDRIDE SURFACE AND ITS APPLICATION TO CAROTENOID SEPARATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.546178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Pesek
- a Department of Chemistry , San Jose State University , San Jose, California, USA
| | - Maria T. Matyska
- a Department of Chemistry , San Jose State University , San Jose, California, USA
| | - Paul Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , San Jose State University , San Jose, California, USA
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Matyska MT, Pesek JJ, Duley J, Zamzami M, Fischer SM. Aqueous normal phase retention of nucleotides on silica hydride-based columns: method development strategies for analytes relevant in clinical analysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:930-8. [PMID: 20183822 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An aqueous normal phase HPLC method coupled with UV or ESI/MS detection was used for the determination of a wide variety of nucleotides, essential in metabolomics studies. Fifteen nucleotides were tested in clinically relevant mixtures at levels of 100 microg/mL for UV detection and 1 microg/mL for ESI-MS detection. Analysis times for all protocols developed were less than 20 min. The chromatographic conditions were changed to achieve optimized retention and separation of the nucleotides studied. The aqueous normal phase-HPLC methods were developed utilizing two columns, one having a minimally modified hydride surface another having an undecanoic acid moiety on a hydride surface. Volatile, low ionic strength mobile phases were used. Negative ion mode ESI-MS at near neutral pH mobile phase, combined with a TOF detector provided a highly sensitive and specific method, which is equally suitable for quadrupole and ion trap instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Matyska
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA.
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39
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Bowen BP, Northen TR. Dealing with the unknown: metabolomics and metabolite atlases. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1471-1476. [PMID: 20452782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is the comprehensive profiling of the small molecule composition of a biological sample. Since metabolites are often the indirect products of gene expression, this approach is being used to provide new insights into a variety of biological systems (clinical, bioenergy, etc.). A grand challenge for metabolomics is the complexity of the data, which often include many experimental artifacts. This is compounded by the tremendous chemical diversity of metabolites. Identification of each uncharacterized metabolite is in many ways its own puzzle (compared with proteomics, which is based on predictable fragmentation patterns of polypeptides). Therefore, effective data reduction/prioritization strategies are critical for this rapidly developing field. Here we review liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based metabolomics, methods for feature finding/prioritization, approaches for identifying unknown metabolites, and construction of method specific 'Metabolite Atlases'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Bowen
- Department of GTL Bioenergy and Structural Biology, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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41
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Prajapati KV. Synthesis and evaluation of silica hydride-based fluorinated stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2908-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Detection and identification of hydrophilic selenium compounds in selenium-rich yeast by size exclusion–microbore normal-phase HPLC with the on-line ICP–MS and electrospray Q-TOF-MS detection. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 657:175-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Loo JA, Fischer SM, Sana TR. Analysis of hydrophilic metabolites in physiological fluids by HPLC-MS using a silica hydride-based stationary phase. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2200-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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dos Santos Pereira A, David F, Vanhoenacker G, Sandra P. The acetonitrile shortage: Is reversed HILIC with water an alternative for the analysis of highly polar ionizable solutes? J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2001-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Analysis of adenosine phosphates in HepG-2 cell by a HPLC-ESI-MS system with porous graphitic carbon as stationary phase. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2019-24. [PMID: 19502115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) in the extract of HepG-2 cells. The chromatographic conditions were optimized by using porous graphitic carbon as the stationary phase for the retention and separation of the AMP, ADP and ATP. Negative-ion mode ESI-MS in basic mobile phase was applied to improve the method sensitivity. An external calibration method with linear ranges from 0.22 to 57.80 microM for AMP, from 0.59 to 117.37 microM for ADP, and from 0.49 to 98.81 microM for ATP was used for quantitative analysis. The levels of ATP, ADP, and AMP in HepG-2 cells treated with benzo[a]pyrene with different time periods were determined. Total adenine nucleotides and the energy charge potential were calculated for the investigation of the effect of benzo[a]pyrene on cell energy metabolism.
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