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Yang H, Geng Y, Lin S, Wang L, Peng Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Liu X. The determination of underivatized chlormequat, fosetyl-aluminium and phosphonic acid residues in maize and soybean by LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:237-243. [PMID: 38105742 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01874a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, rapid and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of chlormequat, fosetyl-aluminium and phosphonic acid residues in maize and soybean using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Analytes were extracted with acetic acid solution, purified on an HLB column, and then filtered through a 0.2 μm hydrophilic microporous filter membrane. They were then separated on an IC column using a separation phase consisting of polyvinyl alcohol particles with quaternary ammonium groups. The mobile phase optimised with water was denoted as mobile phase A and that optimised with 200 mmol L-1 ammonium bicarbonate solution containing 0.05% ammonium hydroxide was denoted as mobile phase B. The residues were detected by tandem mass spectrometry with negative electrospray ionization in a multi-reaction monitoring mode. The correlation coefficient (R ≥ 0.997) showed good linear regressions for all analytes in water as well as in maize and soybean matrices with a wide dynamic range of 0.001 to 0.5 mg L-1 for calibration. The mean recoveries (RSDs) of the analytes were in the range 85.0-106.4% (5.5-14.9%), 81.7-109.5% (2.7-11.0%) and 74.7-104.4% (2.9-6.1%) at three concentration levels (0.05, 0.1 and 1 mg kg-1) for the interday test (n = 15). The limit of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) of the method for different matrices were 0.01 and 0.003 mg kg-1, respectively. In conclusion, the established analytical approach has high sensitivity and good accuracy and precision and is suitable for monitoring chlormequat, fosetyl-aluminium and phosphonic acid residues in maize and soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Geng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Tianjin, China
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Jansen K, Mohr C, Lügger K, Heller C, Siemens J, Mulder I. Widespread occurrence of quaternary alkylammonium disinfectants in soils of Hesse, Germany. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159228. [PMID: 36208753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary alkylammonium compounds (QAACs) are cationic organic compounds with amphiphilic properties that are widely used as surfactants and disinfectants in industry, households and agriculture. Several studies suggest that QAACs co-select for antibiotic resistant microorganisms and thus may contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Data on QAAC occurrence in soil are scarce and limited to soils that are prone to direct exposure to QAACs. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive study on the occurrence of QAACs in soils of Hesse, a federal state in Germany, covering an area of 21,115 km2. Sixty-five soil samples that comprised different land uses (arable, grassland, forest, vineyard) and area types (rural, agglomeration) were analysed for concentrations of alkyltrimethylammonium (ATMACs, with alkyl chain lengths C8-C16), benzylalkyldimethylammonium (BACs, C8-C18) and dialkyldimethylammonium compounds (DADMACs, C8-C18) via HPLC-MS/MS after ultrasonic-assisted extraction with acidified acetonitrile. QAACs were detected in 97 % of the soil samples irrespective of land use and area type. The most abundant QAAC homologues were DADMACs > BACs > ATMACs. The highest total QAAC concentrations were detected in alluvial soils influenced by the deposition of suspended particles during flood events, with DADMAC-C16 and -C18 as the dominant homologues. The high abundance of long-chain DADMACs suggests that legacy pollution and accumulation govern QAAC concentrations in soils. The presence of QAACs in forest soils points to a potential input via atmospheric deposition. Our work highlights the widespread occurrence of QAACs in soils of Hesse and the need for more research on their entry paths and fate in the soil ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jansen
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, iFZ Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Mohr
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, iFZ Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Lügger
- Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Rheingaustrasse 186, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany.
| | - Christian Heller
- Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Rheingaustrasse 186, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany.
| | - Jan Siemens
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, iFZ Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ines Mulder
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, iFZ Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Chlorocholine chloride induced testosterone secretion inhibition mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in primary rat Leydig cells. Toxicol Lett 2021; 356:161-171. [PMID: 34958886 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorocholine chloride (CCC) is well acknowledged as a plant growth regulator and may be considered as a potential environmental endocrine disrupting chemical. In our previous studies, it was found that CCC exposure at a pubertal stage reduced the serum and testicular levels of testosterone, decreased the sperm motility and delayed the puberty onset. However, the molecular mechanisms of CCC-induced testosterone secretion disorders remain unclear. In this study, we found that CCC exposure above 20 μg/mL inhibited the secretion of testosterone in Sprague-Dawley rats Leydig cells. Proteomic and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that CCC might induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Western blot detection showed CCC exposure at 100, 200 μg/mL increased the protein level of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GPR78), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D1 (UBE2D1) and the ring finger protein (RNF185) in the Leydig cells. The Leydig cells treated with 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA), an ER stress inhibitor, rescued the testosterone secretion disorders and alleviated CCC-induced increase in the ER stress related protein levels at 200 μg/mL CCC treatment. Overall, CCC in vitro exposure might disturb testosterone production of Leydig cells and endoplasmic reticulum stress was involved in it.
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4
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Faraji M. Novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction of two auxins in water and fruit juice samples and determination by high performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Simple and Sensitive Determination of Aromatic Acids in Coconut Water by g-C3N4@SiO2 Based Solid-phase Extraction and HPLC-UV Analysis. Chem Res Chin Univ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-018-8041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Chen JY, Cao SR, Xi CX, Chen Y, Li XL, Zhang L, Wang GM, Chen YL, Chen ZQ. A novel magnetic β-cyclodextrin modified graphene oxide adsorbent with high recognition capability for 5 plant growth regulators. Food Chem 2018; 239:911-919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huang D, Wu S, Pan Y, Meng Q, Chu H, Jiang J, Shang L, Hao W. The effects of chlormequat chloride on the development of pubertal male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 47:92-99. [PMID: 27653211 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlormequat Chloride (CCC) is a plant growth regulator that is widely applied in agriculture. Previous studies have shown that long-term exposure of CCC could decrease body weight in animals. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been studied. In this study, CCC was administered to rats daily by gavage on postnatal days 23-60 at doses of 0, 75, 150 and 300mg/kg bw/d. The results showed that body weight and the length of the right femur were significantly decreased in the 300mg/kg bw/d group. Histological analysis of proximal growth plates of the right femurs showed narrowed proliferative zones and hypertrophic zones in CCC-treated groups. The mRNA expression of growth hormone, growth hormone receptor and insulin like growth factor 1 were decreased in the CCC-treated group. The results indicated that CCC may affect the expression of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 and subsequently cause a decrease in body weight and bone length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yao Pan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Hongqian Chu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Lanqin Shang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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8
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Wang M, Chang X, Wu X, Yan H, Qiao F. Water-compatible dummy molecularly imprinted resin prepared in aqueous solution for green miniaturized solid-phase extraction of plant growth regulators. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1458:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Boumrah Y, Gicquel T, Hugbart C, Baert A, Morel I, Bouvet R. Suicide by self-injection of chlormequat trademark C5SUN(®). Forensic Sci Int 2016; 263:e9-e13. [PMID: 27020619 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlormequat is a quaternary ammonium used as plant growth regulating agent. We report here the first suicide case involving a 45 year-old farmer man who intentionally self-injected C5SUN(®), containing chlormequat and choline. An original liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry method (LC-HR-MS), using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer, was developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of chlormequat in different biological matrices. Toxicological analyses of post-mortem samples highlighted the presence of chlormequat in the blood (2.25mg/L) and the urine (4.45mg/L), in addition to ethanol impregnation blood (1.15g/L). The route of administration (subcutaneous injection) was confirmed by the detection of chlormequat in the abdominal fat sample (chlormequat: 10.04mg/g) taken from the traumatic injury location, as well as in the syringe found at the death scene, close to the victim's body. Based on the results of these post-mortem investigations, the cause of death was determined to be consecutive to cardiac dysrhythmia and cardiac arrest following chlormequat self-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Boumrah
- Institut National de Criminalistique et de Criminologie (INCC-GN), Bouchaoui, Alger, Algeria
| | - Thomas Gicquel
- Laboratoire de toxicologie biologique et médico-légale, Centre hospitalier universitaire, Rennes, France; INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, France.
| | - Chloé Hugbart
- Service de médecine légale, Centre hospitalier universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Baert
- Service de médecine légale, Centre hospitalier universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Isabelle Morel
- Laboratoire de toxicologie biologique et médico-légale, Centre hospitalier universitaire, Rennes, France; INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | - Renaud Bouvet
- Service de médecine légale, Centre hospitalier universitaire, Rennes, France; Faculté de médecine, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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10
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Liu S, He H, Huang X, Jin Q, Zhu G. Comparison of extraction solvents and sorbents in the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the determination of pesticide multiresidue in fruits by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3525-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Liu
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics; Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Huali He
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics; Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xihui Huang
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics; Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Quan Jin
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics; Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou P. R. China
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Zhang F, Fan S, Liu S, Li X, Pan C. Dissipation and residue behavior of mepiquat on wheat and potato field application. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:9101-9109. [PMID: 23649477 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A modified LC-MS method for the analysis of mepiquat residue in wheat, potato, and soil was developed and validated. A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic column has been successfully used to retain and separate the mepiquat. Mepiquat residue dynamics and final residues in supervised field trials at Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) conditions in wheat, potato, and soil were studied. The limits of quantification for mepiquat in all samples were all 0.007 mg kg(-1), which were lower than their maximum residue limits. At fortification levels of 0.04, 0.2, and 2 mg kg(-1) in all samples, recoveries ranged from 77.5 to 116.4% with relative standard deviations of 0.4-7.9% (n = 5). The dissipation half-lives (T 1/2) of mepiquat in soil (wheat), wheat plants, soil (potato), and potato plants were 4.5-6.3, 3.0-5.6, 2.2-4.6, and 2.4-3.2 days, respectively. The final residues of mepiquat were below 0.153 mg kg(-1) in soil (wheat), 0.052-1.900 mg kg(-1) in wheat, below 0.072 mg kg(-1) in soil (potato), and below 1.173 mg kg(-1) in potato at harvest time. Moreover, pesticide risk assessment for all the detected residues was conducted. A maximum 0.0012% of acceptable daily intake (150 mg kg(-1)) for national estimated daily intake indicated low dietary risk of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzu Zhang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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12
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Anagnostopoulos CJ, Liapis K, Haroutounian S, Paspatis E. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR IN HIGH WATER CONTENT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY AND TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.657730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Anagnostopoulos
- a Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy , Benaki Phytopathological Institute , Athens , Greece
| | - Konstantinos Liapis
- a Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy , Benaki Phytopathological Institute , Athens , Greece
| | - Serkos Haroutounian
- b Chemistry Laboratory , Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Evangelos Paspatis
- c Department of Weed Science , Benaki Phytopathological Institute , Athens , Greece
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Li C, Jin F, Yu Z, Qi Y, Shi X, Wang M, Shao H, Jin M, Wang J, Yang M. Rapid determination of chlormequat in meat by dispersive solid-phase extraction and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6816-6822. [PMID: 22686367 DOI: 10.1021/jf3010756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method for analyzing trace levels of chlormequat (CQ) in meat samples by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, followed by a rapid cleanup through a dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) technique with octadecyl (C18) DSPE sorbents. The chromatographic separation was achieved within 6 min using a HILIC column with 10 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water/acetonitrile (v/v, 40:60) as the mobile phase. Quantification was performed using a matrix-matched calibration curve, which was linear in the range of the 0.05-100 μg/L. The limit of detection (LOD) was estimated at 0.03 μg/kg for CQ on the basis of a peak to peak signal noise (S/N = 3). The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.1 μg/kg on the basis of the lowest spiked concentration with suitable precision and accuracy. The average recovery of CQ in spiked meat samples was 86.4-94.7% at 2, 20, and 200 μg/kg. Finally, this method was applied to determine CQ in the livestock and poultry meats purchased from markets in Beijing in 2011. CQ was detected in all 12 samples, and the concentration was 0.4-636.0 μg/kg. Concentrations in a chicken sample (636.0 μg/kg) and a goat meat sample (486.0 μg/kg) were found to be 15.9 and 2.43 times the corresponding Codex maximum residue limits, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
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Dong SY, Yang Z, Zhang PH, Hu Q, Huang TL. Comparative study of hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction and an aqueous two-phase system for determination of phytohormones in soil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1743-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Han Z, Liu G, Rao Q, Bai B, Zhao Z, Liu H, Wu A. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of acid/alkaline phytohormones in grapes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 881-882:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Xue J, Wang S, You X, Dong J, Han L, Liu F. Multi-residue determination of plant growth regulators in apples and tomatoes by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3289-3297. [PMID: 22006392 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid multi-residue analytical method for plant growth regulators (PGRs) (i.e., chlormequat, mepiquat, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, ethephon and flumetralin) in apples and tomatoes was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). A homogenised sample was extracted with a mixture of methanol/water (90:10, v/v) and adjusted to pH <3 with formic acid. Primary secondary amine (PSA) adsorbent was used to clean up the sample. The determination was performed using electrospray ionisation (ESI) and a triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyser. Under the optimised method, the results showed that, except for ethephon, the recoveries were 81.8-98.1% in apples and tomatoes at the spiked concentrations of 0.005 to 2 mg/kg, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 11.7%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were lower than their maximum residue limits (MRLs). The procedure was concluded as a practical method to determine the PGR residues in fruit and vegetables and is also suitable for the simultaneous analysis of the amounts of samples for routine monitoring. The analytical method described herein demonstrates a strong potential for its application in the field of PGR multi-residue analysis to help assure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Xue
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Simultaneous determination of chlormequat chloride and mepiquat chloride in plants by mobile phase ion chromatography. Se Pu 2011; 29:244-8. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2011.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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18
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Yu Z, Jin F, Hu J, Zhang X, Sun J, Yang M. An improved method for analyzing chlormequat and mepiquat in source waters by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 678:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Juhler RK, Henriksen T, Rosenbom AE, Kjaer J. Fate and transport of chlormequat in subsurface environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2010; 17:1245-1256. [PMID: 20177799 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE Chlormequat (Cq) is a plant growth regulator used throughout the world. Despite indications of possible effects of Cq on mammalian health and fertility, little is known about its fate and transport in subsurface environments. The aim of this study was to determine the fate of Cq in three Danish subsurface environments, in particular with respect to retardation of Cq in the A and B horizons and the risk of leaching to the aquatic environment. The study combines laboratory fate studies of Cq sorption and dissipation with field scale monitoring of the concentration of Cq in the subsurface environment, including artificial drains. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the laboratory studies, soil was sampled from the A and B horizons at three Danish field research stations-two clayey till sites and one coarse sandy site. Adsorption and desorption were described by means of the distribution coefficient (K (d)) and the Freundlich adsorption coefficient (K (F,ads)). The dissipation rate was estimated using soil sampled from the A horizon at the three sites. Half life (DT(50)) was calculated by approximation to first-order kinetics. A total of 282 water samples were collected at the sites under the field monitoring study- groundwater from shallow monitoring screens located 1.5-4.5 m b.g.s. at all three sites as well as drainage water from the two clayey sites and porewater from suction cups at the sandy site, in both cases from 1 m b.g.s. The samples were analysed using LC-MS/MS. The field monitoring study was supported by hydrological modelling, which provided an overall water balance and a description of soil water dynamics in the vadose zone. RESULTS The DT(50) of Cq from the A horizon ranged from 21 to 61 days. The Cq concentration-dependant distribution coefficient (K (d)) ranged from 2 to 566 cm(3)/g (median 18 cm(3)/g), and was lowest in the sandy soil (both the A and B horizons). The K (F,ads) ranged from 3 to 23 (microg(1 - 1/n ) (cm(3))(1/n) g(-1)) with the exponent (1/n) ranging from 0.44 to 0.87, and was lowest in the soil from the sandy site. Desorption of Cq was very low for the soil types investigated (<10%w). Cq in concentrations exceeding the detection limit (0.01 microg/L) was only found in two of the 282 water samples, the highest concentration being 0.017 microg/L. DISCUSSION That sorption was highest in the clayey till soils is attributable to the composition of the soil, the soil clay and iron content being the main determinant of Cq sorption in both the A and B horizons of the subsurface environment. Cq was not detected in concentrations exceeding the detection limit in either the groundwater or the porewater at the sandy site. The only two samples in which Cq was detected were drainage water samples from the two clayey till sites. The presence of Cq here was probably attributable to the hydrogeological setting as water flow at the two clayey till sites is dominated by macropore flow and less by the flow in the low permeability matrix. In contrast, water flow at the sandy site is dominated by matrix flow in the high permeability matrix, with negligible macropore flow. Given the characteristics of these field sites, Cq adsorption and desorption can be expected to be controlled by the clay composition and content and the iron content. Combining these observations with the findings of the sorption and dissipation studies indicates that the key determinant of Cq retardation and fate in the soil is sorption characteristics and bioavailability. CONCLUSIONS The leaching risk of Cq was negligible at the clayey till and sandy sites investigated. The adsorption and desorption experiments indicated that absorption of Cq was high at all three sites, in particular at the clayey till sites, and that desorption was generally very limited. The study indicates that leaching of Cq to the groundwater is hindered by sorption and dissipation. The detection of Cq in drainage water at the clayey till sites and the evidence for rapid transport through macropores indicate that heavy precipitation events may cause pulses of Cq. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES The present study is the first to indicate that the risk of Cq leaching to the groundwater and surface water is low. Prior to any generalisation of the present results, the fate of Cq needs to be studied in other soil types, application regimes and climatic conditions to determine the Cq retardation capacity of the soils. The study identifies bioavailability and heavy precipitation events as important factors when assessing the risk of Cq contamination of the aquatic environment. The possible effects of future climate change need to be considered when assessing whether or not Cq poses an environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- René K Juhler
- The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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