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Serol M, Ahmad SM, Quintas A, Família C. Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues. Molecules 2023; 28:5550. [PMID: 37513421 PMCID: PMC10386329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of firearms is of paramount importance for investigating crimes involving firearms, as it establishes the link between a particular firearm and firearm-related elements found at a crime scene, such as projectiles and cartridge cases. This identification relies on the visual comparison of such elements against reference samples from suspect firearms or those existing in databases. Whenever this approach is not possible, the chemical analysis of the gunpowder and gunshot residue can provide additional information that may assist in establishing a link between samples retrieved at a crime scene and those from a suspect or in the identification of the corresponding model and manufacturer of the ammunition used. The most commonly used method for the chemical analysis of gunshot residue is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, which focuses on the inorganic elements present in ammunition formulation, particularly heavy metals. However, a change in the legal paradigm is pushing changes in these formulations to remove heavy metals due to their potential for environmental contamination and the health hazards they represent. For this reason, the importance of the analysis of organic compounds is leading to the adoption of a different set of analytical methodologies, mostly based on spectroscopy and chromatography. This manuscript reviews the constitution of primer and gunpowder formulations and the analytical methods currently used for detecting, characterising, and identifying their compounds. In addition, this contribution also explores how the information provided by these methodologies can be used in ammunition identification and how it is driving the development of novel applications within forensic ballistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Serol
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Samir Marcos Ahmad
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Família
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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Simon A, Ong TH, Wrobel A, Mendum T, Kunz R. Review: Headspace Components of Explosives for Canine Non-Detonable Training Aid Development. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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3
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Akhdhar A, Yakout AA. Enhanced simultaneous sequestration of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from industrial wastewater samples based on poly-(2-aminothiophenol) functionalized graphene oxide. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2122495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Akhdhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr A. Yakout
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Schachel TD, Schulte-Ladbeck R. Rapid and straight forward mass spectrometric determination of nitrocellulose in smokeless powder by DART-Q-ToF-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 336:111326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McKeever C, Callan S, Warren S, Dempsey E. Magnetic nanoparticle modified electrodes for voltammetric determination of propellant stabiliser diphenylamine. Talanta 2022; 238:123039. [PMID: 34801896 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The overall aim of the work was to advance electrochemical devices capable of analysis of forensically relevant residues using rapid electrochemical sensor technology. In order to achieve this, electrochemical detection of the propellant stabiliser diphenylamine (DPA) was achieved via voltammetry with signal enhancement realised in the presence of iron oxide nanoparticle modified transducers. This allowed both mechanistic and analytical evaluation with the aim to achieve the required selectivity and sensitivity for reliable detection. DPA electrochemistry was examined at glassy carbon electrodes in aqueous (3:7 methanol: sodium acetate pH 4.3) electrolyte via potential sweeping, with an irreversible wave at Ep = 0.67 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The diffusion coefficient (D) for the oxidation process was calculated as 1.43 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 with αna = 0.7. DPA electrochemistry in a non aqueous methanol/acetonitrile electrolyte resulted in a D value of 5.47 × 10-8 cm2 s-1 with αna = 0.5. Electrochemical preparation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was achieved via electrooxidation of an iron anode in the presence of an amine surfactant followed by characterisation with SEM/EDX, XRD, FTIR and thermal analysis. A surface confined layer of these magnetic nanoparticles served to positively influence the response to DPA while impeding formation of surface confined oxidation products, with generation of an improved analytical signal - sensitivity 1.13× 10-3 A cm-2 mM-1 relative to bare electrode response (9.80 × 10-4 A cm-2 mM-1) over the range 0.5-50 μM DPA using differential pulse voltammetry, with LOD 3.51 × 10-6 M and LOQ 1.17 × 10-5 M. Real sample analysis involved recovery and differential pulse voltammetry of unburnt and burnt gunshot residue with DPA qualitative and quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm McKeever
- Department of Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sarah Callan
- Department of Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Susan Warren
- CREST Technology Gateway, FOCUS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Kevin St., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eithne Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Correlation and analysis of smokeless powder, smokeless powder residues, and lab generated pyrolysis products via GC–MS. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Estimating Diphenylamine in Gunshot Residues from a New Tool for Identifying both Inorganic and Organic Residues in the Same Sample. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A method involving the collection and determination of organic and inorganic gunshot residues on hands using on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled to miniaturized capillary liquid chromatography with diode array detection (CapLC-DAD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersion X-ray (SEM-EDX), respectively, for quantifying both residues was developed. The best extraction efficiency for diphenylamine (DPA) as the main target among organic residues was achieved by using a dry cotton swab followed by vortex-assisted extraction with water, which permits preservation of inorganic residues. Factors such as the nature and length of the IT-SPME extractive phase and volume of the sample processed were investigated and optimized to achieve high sensitivity: 90 cm of TRB-35 (35% diphenyl, 65% polydimethylsiloxane) capillary column and 1.8 mL of the processed sample were selected for the IT-SPME. Satisfactory limit of detection of the method for analysis of DPA deposited on shooters’ hands (0.3 ng) and precision (intra-day relative standard deviation, 9%) were obtained. The utility of the described approach was tested by analyzing several samples of shooters’ hands. Diphenylamine was found in 81% of the samples analyzed. Inorganic gunshot residues analyzed by SEM-EDX were also studied in cotton swab and lift tape kit samplers. Optical microscopy was used to see the inorganic gunshot residues in the cotton swab samplers. The lift tape kits provided lesser sensitivity for DPA than dry cotton swabs—around fourteen times. The possibility of environmental and occupational sources could be eliminated when DPA was found together with inorganic residues. Then, the presence of inorganic and organic residues in a given sample could be used as evidence in judicial proceedings in the forensic field.
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Williamson R, Gura S, Tarifa A, Almirall JR. The coupling of capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) dynamic air sampling device with DART-MS analysis for the detection of gunshot residues. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang X, Pan L, Feng J, Tian Y, Luo C, Sun M. Silk fiber for in-tube solid-phase microextraction to detect aldehydes by chemical derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1522:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Identification of polymers and organic gunshot residue in evidence from 3D-printed firearms using DART-mass spectrometry: A feasibility study. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Hierarchical Graphene coating for highly sensitive solid phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides. Talanta 2016; 160:217-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Stevens B, Bell S, Adams K. Initial evaluation of inlet thermal desorption GC–MS analysis for organic gunshot residue collected from the hands of known shooters. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Memarian E, Hosseiny Davarani SS, Nojavan S, Movahed SK. Direct synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene on platinum wire as a new fiber coating method for the solid-phase microextraction of BXes in water samples: Comparison of headspace and cold-fiber headspace modes. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:151-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Gassner AL, Ribeiro C, Kobylinska J, Zeichner A, Weyermann C. Organic gunshot residues: Observations about sampling and transfer mechanisms. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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LC–MS method development and comparison of sampling materials for the analysis of organic gunshot residues. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 264:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tarifa A, Almirall JR. Fast detection and characterization of organic and inorganic gunshot residues on the hands of suspects by CMV-GC–MS and LIBS. Sci Justice 2015; 55:168-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Microextraction of methyl and ethyl centralites using an alkanol-based nanostructured solvent followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Chang KH, Yew CH, Abdullah AFL. Study of the Behaviors of Gunshot Residues from Spent Cartridges by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatographic Techniques. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:869-77. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic Science Program; School of Health Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kubang Kerian 16150 Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Chong Hooi Yew
- Royal Malaysia Police College; Cheras 43200 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic Science Program; School of Health Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kubang Kerian 16150 Kelantan Malaysia
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Preparation and characterization of metal-organic framework MIL-101(Cr)-coated solid-phase microextraction fiber. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:303-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Chang KH, Jayaprakash PT, Abdullah AFL. Application of different standard loading approaches during solid phase microextraction for forensic analysis of single particle smokeless powders. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2014.907825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Ma C, Ji J, Tan C, Chen D, Luo F, Wang Y, Chen X. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography for the analysis of aldehydes in edible oils. Talanta 2014; 120:94-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Chang KH, Yew CH, Abdullah AFL. Optimization of Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Technique for Extraction of Volatile Smokeless Powder Compounds in Forensic Applications. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:1100-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic Science Program; School of Health Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kubang Kerian 16150 Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Chong Hooi Yew
- Royal Malaysia Police College; Cheras 43200 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic Science Program; School of Health Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kubang Kerian 16150 Kelantan Malaysia
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Preparation of graphene-coated solid-phase microextraction fiber and its application on organochlorine pesticides determination. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Kabir A, Holness H, Furton KG, Almirall JR. Recent advances in micro-sample preparation with forensic applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Chang KH, Jayaprakash PT, Yew CH, Abdullah AFL. Gunshot residue analysis and its evidential values: a review. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2012.691546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Preliminary evaluation of the persistence of organic gunshot residue. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Morelato M, Beavis A, Ogle A, Doble P, Kirkbride P, Roux C. Screening of gunshot residues using desorption electrospray ionisation–mass spectrometry (DESI–MS). Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:101-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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López-López M, Delgado JJ, García-Ruiz C. Ammunition Identification by Means of the Organic Analysis of Gunshot Residues Using Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3581-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203237w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan José Delgado
- Criminalistic Service of Guardia Civil, C/Guzmán el Bueno 110, 28003
Madrid, Spain
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Bueno J, Sikirzhytski V, Lednev IK. Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Gunshot Residue Offering Great Potential for Caliber Differentiation. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4334-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203429x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Bueno
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222,
United States
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222,
United States
| | - Igor K. Lednev
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222,
United States
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Determination of emulsion explosives with Span-80 as emulsifier by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3521-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196, United States
| | - J. M. Butler
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312, United States
| | - J. R. Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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The evaluation of solid phase micro-extraction fibre types for the analysis of organic components in unburned propellant powders. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Chen J, Zou J, Zeng J, Song X, Ji J, Wang Y, Ha J, Chen X. Preparation and evaluation of graphene-coated solid-phase microextraction fiber. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 678:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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