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Brião VB, Mossmann J, Seguenka B, Graciola S, Piccin JS. Integrating Whey Processing: Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Water Reuse from Diafiltration. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:191. [PMID: 39330532 PMCID: PMC11433986 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14090191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
This work proposes an integrated production of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and lactose and the recovery of water from diafiltration (DF) steps. Whey protein and lactose can be concentrated using ultrafiltration and nanofiltration, respectively, and both can be purified using DF. However, DF uses three-fold the initial volume of whey. We propose a method to reclaim this water using reverse osmosis and adsorption by activated carbon. We produced WPC with 88% protein and purified lactose (90%), and 66% of the water can be reclaimed as drinking water. Additionally, the reclaimed water was used to produce another batch of WPC, with no decrease in product quality. Water recovery from the whey process is necessary to meet the needs of a dairy refinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandré Barbosa Brião
- Post-Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, L1 Building, BR 285, District São José, 611, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Juliane Mossmann
- Post-Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, L1 Building, BR 285, District São José, 611, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Seguenka
- Post-Graduate Program in Food Engineering, Integrated Regional University of Alto Uruguay and Missions, Avenue Sete de Setembro, 1621, PO Box 743, Erechim 99709-910, Brazil
| | - Samarah Graciola
- Post-Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, L1 Building, BR 285, District São José, 611, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Steffanello Piccin
- Post-Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, L1 Building, BR 285, District São José, 611, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil
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2
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Zhao Y, Geng X, Zhou X, Xu L, Li S, Li Z, Guo Y, Li C. A novel high-stability bioelectrochemical sensor based on sol-gel immobilization of lactate dehydrogenase and AuNPs-rGO signal enhancement for serum pyruvate detection. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1265:341335. [PMID: 37230575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate participates in diverse metabolic pathways in the body and is normally present in human blood at 40-120 μM, with concentrations outside this range associated with various diseases. Therefore, accurate and stable blood pyruvate level tests are necessary for effective disease detection. However, traditional analytical techniques require complicated instrumentation and are time consuming and expensive, prompting researchers to develop improved methods based on biosensors and bioassays. Here, we designed a highly stable bioelectrochemical pyruvate sensor affixed to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). To maximize biosensor stability, 0.1 U of lactate dehydrogenase was affixed to the GCE using a sol-gel process, resulting in generation of Gel/LDH/GCE. Next, 2.0 mg/mL AuNPs-rGO was added to enhance current signal strength, resulting in generation of the bioelectrochemical sensor Gel/AuNPs-rGO/LDH/GCE. AuNPs-rGO synthesized in advance was verified as correct using transmission electron microscopy and UV-Vis, Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Pyruvate detection conducted via differential pulse voltammetry in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 100 mM) at 37 °C for 1-4500 μM pyruvate provided detection sensitivity as high as 254.54 μA/mM/cm2. The reproducibility, regenerability and storage stability were analyzed with the relative standard deviation of 5 bioeletrochemical sensors detection was 4.60% and biosensor accuracy after 9 cycles was 92%, with accuracy remaining at 86% after 7 days. In the presence of D-glucose, citric acid, dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid, the Gel/AuNPs-rGO/LDH/GCE sensor exhibited excellent stability, high anti-interference ability and better performance than conventional spectroscopic methods for detection of pyruvate in artificial serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Xu Geng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Gerontology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yi Guo
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China.
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3
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Bortolami M, Di Matteo P, Rocco D, Feroci M, Petrucci R. Metabolic Profile of Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. Rhizome Herbal Tea by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154962. [PMID: 35956912 PMCID: PMC9370816 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. (couch grass) is a world-wide infesting rhizomatous plant with pharmacological applications. Chemical research is focused on its allelopathic and anti-inflammatory components, which are mainly present in the essential oil. Conversely, the aqueous extracts have been sparingly investigated, although the herbal tea is by far the most used formulation. To fill the gap, the metabolic profile of Agropyron repens rhizome herbal tea was investigated by electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem–mass spectrometry (MS/MS); the phenolic profile was investigated by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. ESI-MS fingerprinting was provided, evidencing diagnostic ions for saccharides, organic acids and amino acids. The HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis evidenced at least 20 characteristic phenolic compounds, the most representative being caffeoyl and feruloyl quinic esters, followed by coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids, and hesperidin among flavonoids. In addition, the essential amino acid tryptophan was identified for the first time. The results suggest new perspectives of applications for Agropyron repens rhizome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bortolami
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Di Matteo
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Rocco
- Department of Ingegneria Meccanica ed Aerospaziale, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Feroci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-649766736 (R.P.)
| | - Rita Petrucci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-649766736 (R.P.)
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4
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Herniman JM, Worsley PR, Greenhill R, Bader DL, John Langley G. Development of ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays to analyze potential biomarkers in sweat. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:542-550. [PMID: 34796639 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods were required to afford the rapid separation and detection of purines and small organic acids. These compounds are found in sweat and sebum and are potential biomarkers for the early detection of pressures sores. Two ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays have been successfully developed for both classes of compounds. Separation for purines was achieved using a gradient of supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol with a 1-aminoanthracene sub 2 μm particle size column followed by positive ion electrospray ionization. Separation for organic acids was achieved using a gradient of supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol (50 mM ammonium acetate 2% water) with a Diol sub 2 μm particle size column followed by negative ion electrospray ionization. Calibration curves were created in the absence of internal standards and R2 values > 0.96 were achieved using single ion monitoring methods for the protonated purines and the deprotonated acids. The two new assays afford rapid analytical methods for the separation and detection of potential biomarkers in human sweat leading to the early detection and prevention of pressure sores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Herniman
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter R Worsley
- Faculty of Environmental and Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Greenhill
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dan L Bader
- Faculty of Environmental and Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G John Langley
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Diekman EF, van Weeghel M, Suárez-Fariñas M, Argmann C, Ranea-Robles P, Wanders RJA, Visser G, van der Made I, Creemers EE, Houten SM. Dietary restriction in the long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout mouse. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 27:100749. [PMID: 33868931 PMCID: PMC8040332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with a disorder of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) have reduced fasting tolerance and may present with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, (cardio)myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Patients should avoid a catabolic state because it increases reliance on FAO as energy source. It is currently unclear whether weight loss through a reduction of caloric intake is safe in patients with a FAO disorder. We used the long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout (LCAD KO) mouse model to study the impact of dietary restriction (DR) on the plasma metabolite profile and cardiac function. For this, LCAD KO and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to DR (70% of ad libitum chow intake) for 4 weeks and compared to ad libitum chow fed mice. We found that DR had a relatively small impact on the plasma metabolite profile of WT and LCAD KO mice. Echocardiography revealed a small decrease in left ventricular systolic function of LCAD KO mice, which was most noticeable after DR, but there was no evidence of DR-induced cardiac remodeling. Our results suggest that weight loss through DR does not have acute and detrimental consequences in a mouse model for FAO disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugène F Diekman
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carmen Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pablo Ranea-Robles
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gepke Visser
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Esther E Creemers
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Li YS, Li QJ, Gao XF. A novel immobilization fluorescence capillary analysis method and its applications. Analyst 2020; 145:1980-1996. [PMID: 31984395 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01821b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence capillary analysis (FCA) realizes trace-level analysis of micro-volume samples; it is easy to operate, extremely low in analytical cost and can significantly lessen environmental pollution from analytical chemistry waste. FCA has the characteristics of green analytical chemistry and has been applied in clinical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food safety and other fields. FCA basically involves a micro-volume glass capillary, a capillary holder and an ordinary fluorescence detector. The capillary is not only a container for chemical reaction and detection but also functions as a carrier to immobilize enzymes, gene probes or reagents; it can be used repeatedly or can be disposable. In analysis, the capillary which is modified with functional reagents sucks in a measured liquid for the reaction and is then inserted into the holder within the fluorescent detector for measurement. The immobilized FCA method has been successfully used in the determination of reduced coenzyme I, ethanol in liqueur, lactic acid in dairy products, pyruvic acid and glucose in serum, trace-level sulfated bile acid in urine, the ratio of pyruvic/lactic acid in serum, and pyruvic acid in cells as well as in DNA end-labeling and dyeing methods. Further, FCA can also be extended to capillary arrays to complete multipurpose simultaneous determinations and can be combined with mobile phones as fluorescence detectors for use in mobile health analytical technology. FCA will produce considerable social benefits in medicine, pharmacy, fermentation of food, environmental protection and other fields. Therefore, the relevant contents are presented in this tutorial review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 6100651, China.
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7
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Mirzaei F, Mirzaei M, Torkzadeh-Mahani M. A hydrophobin-based-biosensor layered by an immobilized lactate dehydrogenase enzyme for electrochemical determination of pyruvate. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 130:107323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Franco-Martínez L, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Subiela S, Márquez G, Martínez Díaz N, Cugat R, Cerón JJ, Jiménez-Reyes P. Changes in lactate, ferritin, and uric acid in saliva after repeated explosive effort sequences. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:902-909. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Pundir CS, Malik M, Chaudhary R. Quantification of pyruvate with special emphasis on biosensors: A review. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Schumacher D, Morgenstern J, Oguchi Y, Volk N, Kopf S, Groener JB, Nawroth PP, Fleming T, Freichel M. Compensatory mechanisms for methylglyoxal detoxification in experimental & clinical diabetes. Mol Metab 2018; 18:143-152. [PMID: 30287091 PMCID: PMC6308908 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The deficit of Glyoxalase I (Glo1) and the subsequent increase in methylglyoxal (MG) has been reported to be one the five mechanisms by which hyperglycemia causes diabetic late complications. Aldo-keto reductases (AKR) have been shown to metabolize MG; however, the relative contribution of this superfamily to the detoxification of MG in vivo, particularly within the diabetic state, remains unknown. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing was used to generate a Glo1 knock-out (Glo1-/-) mouse line. Streptozotocin was then applied to investigate metabolic changes under hyperglycemic conditions. RESULTS Glo1-/- mice were viable and showed no elevated MG or MG-H1 levels under hyperglycemic conditions. It was subsequently found that the enzymatic efficiency of various oxidoreductases in the liver and kidney towards MG were increased in the Glo1-/- mice. The functional relevance of this was supported by the altered distribution of alternative detoxification products. Furthermore, it was shown that MG-dependent AKR activity is a potentially clinical relevant pathway in human patients suffering from diabetes. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in the absence of GLO1, AKR can effectively compensate to prevent the accumulation of MG. The combination of metabolic, enzymatic, and genetic factors, therefore, may provide a better means of identifying patients who are at risk for the development of late complications caused by elevated levels of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Morgenstern
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yoko Oguchi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Volk
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kopf
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Benedikt Groener
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Paul Nawroth
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany; University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Germany Institute for Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany; Cancer IDC Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Cascone T, McKenzie JA, Mbofung RM, Punt S, Wang Z, Xu C, Williams LJ, Wang Z, Bristow CA, Carugo A, Peoples MD, Li L, Karpinets T, Huang L, Malu S, Creasy C, Leahey SE, Chen J, Chen Y, Pelicano H, Bernatchez C, Gopal YNV, Heffernan TP, Hu J, Wang J, Amaria RN, Garraway LA, Huang P, Yang P, Wistuba II, Woodman SE, Roszik J, Davis RE, Davies MA, Heymach JV, Hwu P, Peng W. Increased Tumor Glycolysis Characterizes Immune Resistance to Adoptive T Cell Therapy. Cell Metab 2018; 27:977-987.e4. [PMID: 29628419 PMCID: PMC5932208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) produces durable responses in some cancer patients; however, most tumors are refractory to ACT and the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance are unclear. Using two independent approaches, we identified tumor glycolysis as a pathway associated with immune resistance in melanoma. Glycolysis-related genes were upregulated in melanoma and lung cancer patient samples poorly infiltrated by T cells. Overexpression of glycolysis-related molecules impaired T cell killing of tumor cells, whereas inhibition of glycolysis enhanced T cell-mediated antitumor immunity in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, glycolysis-related gene expression was higher in melanoma tissues from ACT-refractory patients, and tumor cells derived from these patients exhibited higher glycolytic activity. We identified reduced levels of IRF1 and CXCL10 immunostimulatory molecules in highly glycolytic melanoma cells. Our findings demonstrate that tumor glycolysis is associated with the efficacy of ACT and identify the glycolysis pathway as a candidate target for combinatorial therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Cascone
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jodi A McKenzie
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rina M Mbofung
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simone Punt
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leila J Williams
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher A Bristow
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alessandro Carugo
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael D Peoples
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lerong Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tatiana Karpinets
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shruti Malu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Caitlin Creasy
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sara E Leahey
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiong Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Helen Pelicano
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Y N Vashisht Gopal
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Timothy P Heffernan
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rodabe N Amaria
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott E Woodman
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - R Eric Davis
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Weiyi Peng
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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12
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Li YS, Li QJ, Yang W, Gao XF. Research on a New Micro-Volume Fluorescence Capillary Biosensor Assay for Sequentially Quantifying Pyruvate and Lactate. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:883-894. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Rapid quantification of metabolic intermediates in blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to investigate congenital lactic acidosis. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 942:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Wagner M, Tonoli D, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. The use of mass spectrometry to analyze dried blood spots. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:361-438. [PMID: 25252132 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma samples, their benefits rely in the fact that sample collection is easier and that logistic aspects related to sample storage and shipment can be relatively limited, respectively, without the need of a refrigerator or dry ice. Originally, this approach has been developed in the sixties to support the analysis of phenylalanine for the detection of phenylketonuria in newborns using bacterial inhibition test. In the nineties tandem mass spectrometry was established as the detection technique for phenylalanine and tyrosine. DBS became rapidly recognized for their clinical value: they were widely implemented in pediatric settings with mass spectrometric detection, and were closely associated to the debut of newborn screening (NBS) programs, as a part of public health policies. Since then, sample collection on paper cards has been explored with various analytical techniques in other areas more or less successfully regarding large-scale applications. Moreover, in the last 5 years a regain of interest for DBS was observed and originated from the bioanalytical community to support drug development (e.g., PK studies) or therapeutic drug monitoring mainly. Those recent applications were essentially driven by improved sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This review presents an overall view of all instrumental and methodological developments for DBS analysis with mass spectrometric detection, with and without separation techniques. A general introduction to DBS will describe their advantages and historical aspects of their emergence. A second section will focus on blood collection, with a strong emphasis on specific parameters that can impact quantitative analysis, including chromatographic effects, hematocrit effects, blood effects, and analyte stability. A third part of the review is dedicated to sample preparation and will consider off-line and on-line extractions; in particular, instrumental designs that have been developed so far for DBS extraction will be detailed. Flow injection analysis and applications will be discussed in section IV. The application of surface analysis mass spectrometry (DESI, paper spray, DART, APTDCI, MALDI, LDTD-APCI, and ICP) to DBS is described in section V, while applications based on separation techniques (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography) are presented in section VI. To conclude this review, the current status of DBS analysis is summarized, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wagner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Coelho M, Mendes VM, Lima IS, Martins FO, Fernandes AB, Macedo MP, Jones JG, Manadas B. Direct analysis of [6,6-(2)H2]glucose and [U-(13)C6]glucose dry blood spot enrichments by LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:242-248. [PMID: 27107853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in a triple-quadrupole scan mode was developed and comprehensively validated for the determination of [6,6-(2)H2]glucose and [U-(13)C6]glucose enrichments from dried blood spots (DBS) without prior derivatization. The method is demonstrated with dried blood spots obtained from rats administered with a primed-constant infusion of [U-(13)C6]glucose and an oral glucose load enriched with [6,6-(2)H2]glucose. The sensitivity is sufficient for analysis of the equivalent to <5μL of blood and the overall method was accurate and precise for the determination of DBS isotopic enrichments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Coelho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 8, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Vera M Mendes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 8, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Inês S Lima
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana n° 6, 6-A Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fátima O Martins
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 8, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana n° 6, 6-A Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, Pólo II, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana B Fernandes
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana n° 6, 6-A Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Paula Macedo
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana n° 6, 6-A Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Rua Rodrigo da Fonseca, n° 1, 1250-189 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - John G Jones
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 8, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Rua Rodrigo da Fonseca, n° 1, 1250-189 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 8, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal.
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16
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Altered Energetics of Exercise Explain Risk of Rhabdomyolysis in Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147818. [PMID: 26881790 PMCID: PMC4755596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is common in very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) and other metabolic myopathies, but its pathogenic basis is poorly understood. Here, we show that prolonged bicycling exercise against a standardized moderate workload in VLCADD patients is associated with threefold bigger changes in phosphocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations in quadriceps muscle and twofold lower changes in plasma acetyl-carnitine levels than in healthy subjects. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that muscle ATP homeostasis during exercise is compromised in VLCADD. However, the measured rates of PCr and Pi recovery post-exercise showed that the mitochondrial capacity for ATP synthesis in VLCADD muscle was normal. Mathematical modeling of oxidative ATP metabolism in muscle composed of three different fiber types indicated that the observed altered energy balance during submaximal exercise in VLCADD patients may be explained by a slow-to-fast shift in quadriceps fiber-type composition corresponding to 30% of the slow-twitch fiber-type pool in healthy quadriceps muscle. This study demonstrates for the first time that quadriceps energy balance during exercise in VLCADD patients is altered but not because of failing mitochondrial function. Our findings provide new clues to understanding the risk of rhabdomyolysis following exercise in human VLCADD.
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Pellegrini D, Onor M, Degano I, Bramanti E. Development and validation of a novel derivatization method for the determination of lactate in urine and saliva by liquid chromatography with UV and fluorescence detection. Talanta 2014; 130:280-7. [PMID: 25159410 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel and straightforward derivatization method for the determination of lactate by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with fluorescence and UV detection in biological matrices as urine and saliva. The derivatization of lactate was achieved employing 9-chloromethyl anthracene (9-CMA) as fluorescence reagent, which has never been previously used to obtain a lactate derivative. Lactate reacts with 9-CMA with high selectivity in a very short time, without requiring extraction procedures from the aqueous solution, and the reaction reaches 70% completion in 30 min. The ester derivative obtained can be easily determined by RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection at 410 nm (λ ex=365 nm) and UV detection at 365 nm. The method was also optimized in order to allow for the simultaneous determination of lactate and creatinine for the application to urine samples. The lactate calibration curve was linear in the investigated range 2 × 10(-4)-3 × 10(-2)mM and the limit of detection, calculated as three times the standard deviation of the blank divided by the calibration curve slope, was 50 nM for both fluorescence and UV detection. Intra-day and inter-day repeatability were lower than 5% and 6%, respectively. The method proposed was successfully applied to the analysis of urine and saliva samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pellegrini
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM-UOS Pisa, Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Onor
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM-UOS Pisa, Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Risorgimento, 35, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM-UOS Pisa, Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Diekman EF, van Weeghel M, Wanders RJA, Visser G, Houten SM. Food withdrawal lowers energy expenditure and induces inactivity in long-chain fatty acid oxidation-deficient mouse models. FASEB J 2014; 28:2891-900. [PMID: 24648546 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-250241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is an inherited disorder of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). Patients with VLCAD deficiency may present with hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, cardiomyopathy, and myopathy. Although several mouse models have been developed to aid in the study of the pathogenesis of long-chain FAO defects, the muscular phenotype is underexposed. To address the muscular phenotype, we used a newly developed mouse model on a mixed genetic background with a more severe defect in FAO (LCAD(-/-); VLCAD(+/-)) in addition to a validated mouse model (LCAD(-/-); VLCAD(+/+)) and compared them with wild-type (WT) mice. We found that both mouse models show a 20% reduction in energy expenditure (EE) and a 3-fold decrease in locomotor activity in the unfed state. In addition, we found a 1.7°C drop in body temperature in unfed LCAD(-/-); VLCAD(+/+) mice compared with WT body temperature. We conclude that food withdrawal-induced inactivity, hypothermia, and reduction in EE are novel phenotypes associated with FAO deficiency in mice. Unexpectedly, inactivity was not explained by rhabdomyolysis, but rather reflected the overall reduced capacity of these mice to generate heat. We suggest that mice are partly protected against the negative consequence of an FAO defect.-Diekman, E. F., van Weeghel, M., Wanders, R. J. A., Visser, G., Houten, S. M. Food withdrawal lowers energy expenditure and induces inactivity in long-chain fatty acid oxidation-deficient mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene F Diekman
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, and
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, and
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Gepke Visser
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Blanco R, Romero E. Efficacy of serum samples stored on filter paper for the detection of antibody to Leptospira spp. by microagglutination test (MAT). J Immunol Methods 2012; 386:31-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Shen X, Zhang G, Zhang D. A New Fluorometric Turn-On Detection of l-Lactic Acid Based on the Cascade Enzymatic and Chemical Reactions and the Abnormal Fluorescent Behavior of Silole. Org Lett 2012; 14:1744-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300344q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shen
- Organic Solids Laboratory, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Organic Solids Laboratory, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Organic Solids Laboratory, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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21
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Biagi S, Ghimenti S, Onor M, Bramanti E. Simultaneous determination of lactate and pyruvate in human sweat using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: a noninvasive approach. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1408-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Biagi
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R.; Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-IPCF- UOS Pisa; Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1; 56124; Pisa; Italy
| | - Silvia Ghimenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Via Risorgimento 35; 56127; Pisa; Italy
| | - Massimo Onor
- National Research Council of Italy, CNR; Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM- UOS Pisa; Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1; 56124; Pisa; Italy
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- National Research Council of Italy, CNR; Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM- UOS Pisa; Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1; 56124; Pisa; Italy
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