Low-density extraction solvent-based solvent terminated dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of carbamate pesticides in water samples

Magnetic stirring in syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as an effective method for preconcentration of tartrazine dye from food samples: A multivariate analysis approach

A new, rapid, simple, and sensitive preconcentration method and Spectrophotometry determination technique have been presented for the microextraction and determination of trace amount of Tartrazine dye in food samples. In the present system, which is called "Magnetic stirring in syring dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction"(MSIS- DLLME), a cloudy state result is formed in a homemade glass syringe by magnetic agitation. In the MSIS-DLLME system, Tartrazine colour was uprooted into an organic detergent (Toluene) after many twinkles. Subsequently, the organic detergent which was placed on top of the result was transferred into a narrow neck by moving the piston overhead. The effective parameters on the extraction recovery were studied and optimized by Central Composite design (CCD). Under the optimum conditions, the estimation cure is direct in the range of 0.1-1(μg L- 1). The limit of detection (LOD), relative standard divagation and enrichment factor were 0.03 μg L -1, ±4.6 (n = 10) and 166, independently. The advanced system was successfully applied for microextraction of Tartrazine in food samples.

Development of a new and facile method for determination of chlorpyrifos residues in green tea by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

In this work a simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly method has been established for the determination of chlorpyrifos residue in green tea by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-flame photometric detection. Some experimental parameters that influence extraction efficiency, such as the kind and volume of disperser solvents and extraction solvents, extraction time, addition of salt and pH, were investigated. And the optimal experimental conditions were obtained, quantitative analysis was carried out using external standard method. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curves was 0.999 with in 0.05 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg. The results showed that under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors of the chlorpyrifos was about 554.51, the recoveries for standard addition fell in the range from 91.94 to 104.70% and the relative standard deviations was 4.61%. The limit of quantification of chlorpyrifos in green tea was 0.02 μg/mL at the signal/noise ratio of 3.

Modified DLLME-GC-TQMS determination of pesticide residues in Gomti River, Lucknow, India: ecological risk assessment and multivariate statistical approach

This research article aims to establish an easy and well-defined analytical method for detection and quantification of multiclass pesticides in Gomti river water samples because the increased agricultural activities, industrialization, and urbanization had increased the presence of pesticides in the ecosystem which causes the depletion of water quality making it a global concern. The analytical method, vortex-assisted ultrasonication-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-solidification of floating organic droplets (VAUS-DLLME-SFO) was optimized using one parameter at a time approach which gave the recovery between 69.45 and 114.15%, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.0011-0.0111 µg/L and 0.0033-0.0368 µg/L, respectively, and RSD in the range of 0.75-1.29 which shows sensitivity and accuracy better than earlier reported methods. The data obtained were subjected to measurement uncertainty, risk assessment, and multivariate statistical analysis to establish the robustness of the developed analytical method. The measurement uncertainty found was concluded to be in the acceptable range for analytical results. Furthermore, the real samples were analyzed and the associated value of the risk quotient was found to be less than 1, except for aquatic invertebrates, establishing the fact that the current concentration of pesticides has no such negative threat to flora and fauna. The possible source of pesticides in the Gomti river system was established by multivariate analysis. It was thus concluded that anthropogenic activity is responsible for the variable concentration of pesticides found in the sample.

Solvent terminated natural deep eutectic solvent microextraction for concentration of curcuminoids in Curcumae Longae Rhizoma and turmeric tea

A novel solvent terminated microextraction method based on a natural deep eutectic solvent (L-menthol and lactic acid at a molar ratio of 1:2) coupled with HPLC was proposed, which was utilized for the separation and enrichment of bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin and curcumin in Curcumae Longae Rhizoma and turmeric tea. The effects of independent parameters on extraction efficiency were optimized by single-factor analysis. Subsequently, four predominated parameters affecting extraction procedure, including extractant volume, salt concentration, demulsifier consumption and demulsification time, were further evaluated by central composite design. Under the optimized conditions, the linear ranges of calibration curves were 0.005-0.5 μg/mL for bisdemethoxycurcumin, 0.004-0.4 μg/mL for demethoxycurcumin and 0.0045-0.45 μg/mL for curcumin, respectively. In addition, the developed method provided low detection limits (0.1-0.4 ng/mL) and high enrichment factors (279-350). Its intra-day and inter-day precision were carried out by relative standard deviation ranged from 2.2% to 9.2%. Finally, the applicability of this method was assessed by the analysis of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma and turmeric tea samples. The results showed that these samples were detected successfully and the spiked recoveries over the range of 85.3%-108.9% with relative standard deviations 1.6%-8.9% were attained, indicating its high relative recoveries with good precision in real sample analysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Current overview and perspectives in environmentally friendly microextractions of carbamates and dithiocarbamates

Carbamates and dithiocarbamates are two classes of pesticides widely employed in the agriculture practice to control and avoid pests and weeds, hence, the monitoring of the residue of those pesticides in different foodstuff samples is important. Thus, this review presents the classification, chemical structure, use, and toxicology of them. Moreover, it was shown the evolution of liquid- and solid-phase microextractions employed in the extraction of carbamates and dithiocarbamates in water and foodstuff samples. The classification, operation mode, and application of the microextractions of liquid-phase and solid-phase used in their extraction were discussed and related to the analytical parameters and guidelines of green analytical chemistry.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method combined with sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction for the determination of some pesticides in molasses samples

In this study, a sensitive analytical method was developed to determine some pesticides (cyprodinil, trifloxystrobin, prometryn, propachlor, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, and phosalone) in molasses samples. Pesticides were extracted from samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method combined with sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In this method, pesticides in molasses samples were first extracted using a water-miscible solvent (acetonitrile) in the sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction stage. The sugar in the ratio of 84-88% naturally contained in the molasses sample enabled phase separation in the acetonitrile-water homogeneous mixture. Then acetonitrile phase containing pesticides was used as dispersing solvent in the second step of the process. Under the specified optimum conditions, the limit of detection was calculated between 0.8-6.1 ng/g and the limit of quantification was in the range of 2.5-20 ng/g. The relative standard deviation values of molasses samples containing 150 ng/g of each analyte were found to be lower than 4.9% intra-day and 5.6% for inter-day. This validated method has been successfully applied to different types of molasses.

Conserved Metabolic and Evolutionary Themes in Microbial Degradation of Carbamate Pesticides

Carbamate pesticides are widely used as insecticides, nematicides, acaricides, herbicides and fungicides in the agriculture, food and public health sector. However, only a minor fraction of the applied quantity reaches the target organisms. The majority of it persists in the environment, impacting the non-target biota, leading to ecological disturbance. The toxicity of these compounds to biota is mediated through cholinergic and non-cholinergic routes, thereby making their clean-up cardinal. Microbes, specifically bacteria, have adapted to the presence of these compounds by evolving degradation pathways and thus play a major role in their removal from the biosphere. Over the past few decades, various genetic, metabolic and biochemical analyses exploring carbamate degradation in bacteria have revealed certain conserved themes in metabolic pathways like the enzymatic hydrolysis of the carbamate ester or amide linkage, funnelling of aryl carbamates into respective dihydroxy aromatic intermediates, C1 metabolism and nitrogen assimilation. Further, genomic and functional analyses have provided insights on mechanisms like horizontal gene transfer and enzyme promiscuity, which drive the evolution of degradation phenotype. Compartmentalisation of metabolic pathway enzymes serves as an additional strategy that further aids in optimising the degradation efficiency. This review highlights and discusses the conclusions drawn from various analyses over the past few decades; and provides a comprehensive view of the environmental fate, toxicity, metabolic routes, related genes and enzymes as well as evolutionary mechanisms associated with the degradation of widely employed carbamate pesticides. Additionally, various strategies like application of consortia for efficient degradation, metabolic engineering and adaptive laboratory evolution, which aid in improvising remediation efficiency and overcoming the challenges associated with in situ bioremediation are discussed.

Fast Determination of Carbamates in Environmental Water Based on Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Adsorbent

Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) were prepared with isoprocarb as template molecule and applied to extraction of carbamates pesticides in different water samples. This method based on magnetic solid-phase extraction (SPE) avoided the time-consuming column-passing process of loading large volume samples in conventional SPE. In the study, only 0.1 g MMIPs could be used to obtain satisfactory recoveries, due to the high-surface area and excellent adsorption capacity of these nano-magnetic adsorbents. Owing to the excellent selectivity of MMIPs, in high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the matrix effects of this technique were obviously lower than the conventional SPE method. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limits of carbamates were in the range of 2.7-11.7 ng L-1. The relative standard deviations of intra-day and inter-day were 2.5-7.4% and 3.6-8.4%, respectively. At all the spiked level, the recoveries of four analyzed carbamates in environmental water samples were in the range of 74.2-94.2%. The significant positive results were achieved in the proposed method for the determination of four carbamates in water samples from different lakes and rivers. In the three samples we tested, the carbaryl was found in the lake water obtained from Yitong River, and the content was 2.4 ng L-1.

Ionic liquid and magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes for extraction of N-methylcarbamate pesticides from water samples prior their determination by capillary electrophoresis

A simple and rapid microextraction procedure is reported on the use of ionic liquid (IL) in combination with magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs). The procedure is based on temperature-controlled IL dispersive liquid phase microextraction (DLPME) and MMWCNTs, for selective preconcentration of N-methylcarbamate pesticides in water samples, followed by their hydrolysis in alkaline buffer, prior to being analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. The extraction procedure uses small volume of organic solvents, and there is no need for centrifugation. In the experimental approach the IL was quickly disrupted by an ultrasonic probe, heated with the temperature controlled at 90 °C and dispersed in water samples in a homogenous form. At this stage, N-methylcarbamate pesticides migrate into the IL. Then the solution was cooled and small amounts of MMWCNTs were dispersed into the sample solutions to adsorb the ionic liquid containing the analytes and phase separation was completed. The ionic liquid allowed the microextraction of the analytes and a small volume of dichloromethane (DCM) was used for elution. MMWCNTs favored the adsorption of the ionic liquid with the analytes and improved the final recovery with respect to the use of simple magnetic nanoparticles as a sorbent material. Under the optimum conditions, limit of quantifications (LOQ) were achieved in the 5.6-9.3 ng mL^-1 range, with recoveries between 85.0% and 102.4%.

Novel Salt-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Technique for Environmental, Food, and Biological Samples Analysis Applications: A Review

Background::

Sample preparation has gained significant recognition in the chemical analysis workflow. Substantial efforts have been made to simplify the comprehensive process of sample preparation that is focused on green sample preparation methodology, including the miniaturization of extraction method, elimination of the sample pre-treatment as well as the post-treatment steps, elimination of toxic as well as hazardous organic solvent consumption, reduction in sample volume requirements, reducing the extraction time, maximization of the extraction efficiency and possible automation.

Methods::

Among various microextraction processes, liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) is most abundantly used in the extraction of the target analytes. The salting-out phenomenon has been introduced into the LPME procedure and has been raised as a new technique called the ‘Salt-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (SALLME)’. The principle is based on decreasing the solubility of less polar solvent or analyte with an increase in the concentration of the salt in aqueous solution leading to two-phase separation.

Conclusion::

SALLME proved to be a simple, rapid, and cost-effective sample preparation technique for the efficient extraction and preconcentration of organic and inorganic contaminants from various sample matrices, including environmental, biological, and food samples. SALLME exhibits higher extraction efficiency and recovery and compatible with multiple analytical instruments. This review provides an overview of developments in SALLME technique and its applications to till date.

Determination of fipronil and bixafen pesticides residues using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy with matrix matching calibration strategy after binary dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

The objective of this study was to determine bixafen and fipronil residues in domestic and industrial wastewater, soil and mint samples by binary dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method (BDLLME) prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Extraction efficiency for the selected analytes was improved by optimizing the parameters such as solvent type, ratio and volume, dispersive solvent type/volume, mixing type and duration to increase overall analytical performance. Under the optimum chromatographic and extraction conditions, limits of detection values for bixafen and fipronil were determined as 7.3 and 6.1 µg L^-1, respectively. Spiking experiments were performed for domestic and industrial wastewater, soil and mint samples to evaluate applicability and accuracy of the proposed method. Recovery results for the samples were calculated in the range of 89.4%-112.6% via matrix matching calibration strategy. It was determined that the detection power of GC-MS system was improved 7.8 times for bixafen and 119 times for fipronil over LOD comparisons of conventional GC-MS and B-DLLME-GC-MS systems.

Liquid phase microextraction techniques combined with chromatography analysis: a review

Sample pretreatment is the first and the most important step of an analytical procedure. In routine analysis, liquid–liquid microextraction (LLE) is the most widely used sample pre-treatment technique, whose goal is to isolate the target analytes, provide enrichment, with cleanup to lower the chemical noise, and enhance the signal. The use of extensive volumes of hazardous organic solvents and production of large amounts of waste make LLE procedures unsuitable for modern, highly automated laboratories, expensive, and environmentally unfriendly. In the past two decades, liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) was introduced to overcome these drawbacks. Thanks to the need of only a few microliters of extraction solvent, LPME techniques have been widely adopted by the scientific community. The aim of this review is to report on the state-of-the-art LPME techniques used in gas and liquid chromatography. Attention was paid to the classification of the LPME operating modes, to the historical contextualization of LPME applications, and to the advantages of microextraction in methods respecting the value of green analytical chemistry. Technical aspects such as description of methodology selected in method development for routine use, specific variants of LPME developed for complex matrices, derivatization, and enrichment techniques are also discussed.

Rapid extraction of copper ions in water, tea, milk and apple juice by solvent-terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using p-sulfonatocalix (4) arene: optimization by artificial neural networks coupled bat inspired algorithm and response surface methodology

A bat inspired algorithm with the aid of artificial neural networks (ANN-BA) has been used for the first time in chemistry and food sciences to optimize solvent-terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (ST-DLLME) as a green, fast and low cost technique for determination of Cu²⁺ ions in water and food samples using p-sulfonatocalix (4) arene as a complexing reagent. For this purpose, the influence of four important factors four factors which was influenced on the extraction efficiency such as salt addition, solution pH and disperser and extraction solvent volumes were investigated. Central composite design (CCD) as a comparative technique was employed for optimization of ST-DLLME efficiency. The ANN-BA optimization technique was regarded as a superior model due to its higher value of extraction efficiency (about 7.21%) compared to CCD method. Under ANN-BA optimal conditions, the limit of quantitation (S/N = 10), limit of detection (S/N = 3) and linear range were 0.35, 0.12 and 0.35-1000 µg L^-1, respectively. In these circumstances, the percentage recoveries for drinking tea, apple juice, milk, bottled drinking water, river and well water spiked with 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg L^-1 of Cu²⁺ ions were in the acceptable range (91.4-107.1%). In comparison to other methods, the developed ST-DLLME method showed the lowest solvent and sample consumption, shortest value of extraction time, most suitable determination and detection limits and linear range with simple and low cost apparatus. Additionally, the use of bat inspired algorithm as a powerful metaheuristic algorithm with the aid of artificial networks is another advantage of the present work.

Simultaneous extraction of Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions in water, wastewater, and food samples using solvent-terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: optimization by multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition

Solvent-terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (ST-DLLME) as a simple, fast, and low-cost technique was developed for simultaneous extraction of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions in aqueous solutions. Multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition with the aid of artificial neural networks (ANN-MOEA/D) was used for the first time in chemistry, environment, and food sciences to optimize several independent variables affecting the extraction efficiency, including disperser volume and extraction solvent volume, pH, and salt addition. To perform the ST-DLLME operations, xylene, methanol, and dithizone were utilized as an extraction solvent, disperser solvent, and chelating agent, respectively. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm versions II and III (NSGA II and NSGA III) as multiobjective metaheuristic algorithms and in addition central composite design (CCD) were studied as comparable optimization methods. A comparison of results from these techniques revealed that ANN-MOEA/D model was the best optimization technique owing to its highest efficiency (97.6% for Cd²⁺ and 98.3% for Cu²⁺). Under optimal conditions obtained by ANN-MOEAD, the detection limit (S/N = 3), the quantitation limit(S/N = 10), and the linear range for Cu²⁺ were 0.05, 0.15, and 0.15-1000 μg L^-1, respectively, and for Cd²⁺ were 0.07, 0.21, and 0.21-750 μg L^-1, respectively. The real sample recoveries at a spiking level of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3 mg L^-1 of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions under the optimal conditions obtained by ANN-MOEA/D ranged from 94.8 to 105%.

Rapid Analysis of Acrylamide in Tap and Well Water Samples by Solvent Terminated Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by GC-FID

A fast, green and low cost method for analysis of acrylamide in tap and well water has been presented for the first time using solvent terminated-dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (ST-DLLME) with a simple equipment which does not need centrifugation step followed by GC-FID. The use of one variable at a time optimization method revealed that methanol and octanone were the superior disperser and extraction solvents, respectively. A central composite design (CCD) as a response surface methodology was used for multivariate optimization of five independent factors (volumes of extraction and dispersive solvents, pH, salt addition and extraction time) on the extraction efficiency. Under CCD optimal conditions, the linear range, detection limit (S/N = 3) and quantitation limit (S/N = 10) were 0.1, 0.3 and 0.3-550 ng mL^-1, respectively. In these circumstances, the recoveries for real samples (tap and well water) spiked with 0.5, 1 and 10 ng g^-1 were in the acceptable range (90.8%-94.1%). In comparison with other methods in the literature, the suggested ST-DLLME approach showed the best analytical performance. The presented green method has potential application as a routine method in the environmental and analytical laboratories for analysis of acrylamide in water samples.

Magnetic Stirring Assisted Demulsification Dispersive Liquid⁻Liquid Microextraction for Preconcentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Grilled Pork Samples

A simple microextraction method, magnetic stirring assisted demulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, for preconcentration of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthrene, and pyrene) was investigated prior to analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. In this method, a mixture of extraction solvent and disperser solvent was rapidly injected into sample solution. The magnetic stirrer agitator aided the dispersion of the extraction solvent into the sample solution. After the formation of an emulsion, the demulsifier was added, resulting in the rapid separation of the mixture into two phases. No centrifugation step was required. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the proposed method were studied, including addition of salt, kind and volume of extraction solvent, volume of demulsifier solvent, and extraction times. Under the optimum conditions, high enrichment factor, low limit of detections (LODs) and good precision were gained. The proposed method was successfully applied to analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues in grilled pork samples.

Optimization of Solvent Terminated Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Copper Ions in Water and Food Samples Using Artificial Neural Networks Coupled Bees Algorithm

A multivariate method based on solvent terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was developed for the determination of Cu²⁺ ions in aqueous samples. In the proposed approach, di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid, xylene and acetone were used as chelating agent, dispersive and extraction solvents, respectively. The effects of various factors on the extraction efficiency such as extraction and dispersive solvent volumes, salt addition and pH were studied using central composite design (CCD) and artificial neural networks coupled bees algorithm (ANN-BA). Upon comparison of these techniques, ANN-BA model was considered to be better optimization method due to its higher percentage relative recovery (about 5%) as compared to the CCD approach. The linear range and the limits of detection (S/N = 3) and quantitation (S/N = 10) were 0.22-140, 0.08 and 0.22 µg L^-1, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the recoveries for real samples spiked with 0.1 and 0.3 mg L^-1 were in the range of 85-98%.

Solvent-terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: a tutorial

Solvent-terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (ST-DLLME) is a special mode of DLLME in which a demulsifying solvent is injected into the cloudy mixture of sample/extractant to break the emulsion and induce phase separation. The demulsification process starts by flocculation of the dispersed microdroplets by Ostwald ripening or coalescence to form larger droplets. Then, the extractant either floats or sinks depending on its density as compared with that for the aqueous sample. The demulsifier should have high surface activity and low surface tension in order to be capable of inducing phase separation. The extraction efficiency in ST-DLLME is controlled by the same experimental variables of normal DLLME (n-DLLME) such as the type and volume of the extractant as well as the disperser. Other parameters such as pH and the temperature of the sample, the stirring rate, the time of extraction and the addition of salt are also important to consider. Along with these factors, the demulsifier type and volume and the demulsification time have to be optimized. By using solvents to terminate the dispersion step in DLLME, the centrifugation process is not necessary. This in turn improves precision, increases throughput, decreases the risk of contamination through human intervention and minimizes the overall analysis time. ST-DLLME has been successfully applied for determination of both inorganic and organic analytes including pesticides and pharmaceuticals in water and biological fluids. Demulsification via solvent injection rather than centrifugation saves energy and makes ST-DLLME easier to automate. These characteristics in addition to the low solvent consumption, the reduced organic waste and the possibility of using water in demulsification bestow green features on ST-DLLME. This tutorial discusses the principle, the practical aspects and the different applications of ST-DLLME.

Magnetic extractant with an Fe3O4@SiO2 core and aqueous ammonia coating for microextraction of petroleum acids

Custom-made magnetic aqueous ammonia was prepared for rapid and selective extraction of petroleum acids.

In situprecipitation of hydrous titanium dioxide for dispersive micro solid-phase extraction of nucleosides and their separation

In situprecipitated TiO₂·nH₂O exhibits higher affinity forcis-diol ribonucleosides than both commercial P25 and lab-calcinated TiO₂adsorbents.

Rapid determination of 9 aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke by modified dispersive liquid liquid microextraction and ultraperformance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke have long been monitored due to their carcinogenic toxicity. In this work, a reliable and rapid method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 9 aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke by modified dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME) and ultraperformance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPC2-MS/MS). Briefly, the particulate phase of the cigarette smoke was captured by a Cambridge filter pad, and diluted hydrogen chloride aqueous solution is employed to extract the aromatic amines under mechanical shaking. After alkalization with sodium hydroxide solution, small amount of toluene was introduced to further extract and enrich aromatic amines by modified DLLME under vortexing. After centrifugation, toluene phase was purified by a universal QuEChERS cleanup kit and was finally analyzed by UPC2-MS/MS. Attributing to the superior performance of UPC2-MS/MS, this novel approach allowed the separation and determination of 9 aromatic amines within 5.0min with satisfactory resolution and sensitivity. The proposed method was finally validated using Kentucky reference cigarette 3R4F, and emission levels of targeted aromatic amines determined were comparable to previously reported methods At three different spiked levels, the recoveries of most analytes were ranged from 74.01% to 120.50% with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 12%, except that the recovery of p-toluidine at low spiked level and 3-aminobiphenyl at medium spiked level was 62.77% and 69.37% respectively. Thus, this work provides a novel alternative method for the simultaneous analysis of 9 aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke.