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John AS, Sidek MM, Thang LY, Sami S, Tey HY, See HH. Online sample preconcentration techniques in nonaqueous capillary and microchip electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1638:461868. [PMID: 33453653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the major drawbacks of electrophoresis in both capillary and microchip is the unsatisfactory sensitivity. Online sample preconcentration techniques can be regarded as the most common and powerful approaches commonly applied to enhance overall detection sensitivity. While the advances of various online preconcentration strategies in capillary and microchip employing aqueous background electrolytes are well-reviewed, there has been limited discussion of the feasible preconcentration techniques specifically developed for capillary and microchip using nonaqueous background electrolytes. This review provides the first consolidated overview of various online preconcentration techniques in nonaqueous capillary and microchip electrophoresis, covering the period of the last two decades. It covers developments in the field of sample stacking, isotachophoresis, and micellar-based stacking. Attention is also given to multi-stacking strategies that have been used for nonaqueous electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annestasia Simbut John
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Mizwaruddin Sidek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Yien Thang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sabita Sami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Yin Tey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
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Efficient Low-Cost Procedure for Microextraction of Estrogen from Environmental Water Using Magnetic Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010032. [PMID: 33374724 PMCID: PMC7793500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, three magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) were investigated for extraction of four estrogens, i.e., estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and ethinylestradiol (EE2), from environmental water. The cation trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium ([P66614]+), selected to confer hydrophobicity to the resulting MIL, was combined with tetrachloroferrate(III), ferricyanide, and dysprosium thiocyanate to yield ([P66614][FeCl4]), ([P66614]3[Fe(CN)6]), and ([P66614]5[Dy(SCN)8]), respectively. After evaluation of various strategies to develop a liquid–liquid microextraction technique based on synthesized MILs, we placed the MILs onto a magnetic stir bar and used them as extracting solvents. After extraction, the MIL-enriched phase was dissolved in methanol and injected into an HPLC–UV for qualitative and quantitative analysis. An experimental design was used to simultaneously evaluate the effect of select variables and optimization of extraction conditions to maximize the recovery of the analytes. Under optimum conditions, limits of detection were in the range of 0.2 (for E3 and E2) and 0.5 μg L−1 (for E1), and calibration curves exhibited linearity in the range of 1–1000 μg L−1 with correlation coefficients higher than 0.998. The percent relative standard deviation (RSD) was below 5.0%. Finally, this method was used to determine concentration of estrogens in real lake and sewage water samples.
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Applications of Hollow-Fiber and Related Microextraction Techniques for the Determination of Pesticides in Environmental and Food Samples—A Mini Review. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides represent one of the most important groups of analytes in environmental analysis. Moreover, their levels are very frequently determined in food and beverages due to the concern over their possible adverse health effects. Their concentration in samples is usually very low; thus, they have to be preconcentrated. Conventional solvent and solid-phase extractions are mainly used for this purpose, but miniaturized approaches are also being applied more and more often. The present review covers solvent microextractions that use a semi-permeable membrane barrier between the sample and the solvent. The main representatives of this approach are hollow-fiber microextraction (HFME), solvent bar microextraction (SBME), electromembrane extraction (EME), and different variations of those, such as combinations with other sorbent or solvent microextractions, electromigration, etc. The relevant research from the last decade, dealing with the application of these microextractions to the isolation of pesticides from various environmental and food samples, is critically discussed with emphasis on their strengths and weak points.
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Zamani A, Fashi A. Extraction and Preconcentration of Trace Malondialdehyde from Lipid-Rich Foods Using Ion Pair–Based Solvent Bar Liquid-Phase Microextraction. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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López-López JA, Mendiguchía C, Pinto JJ, Moreno C. Application of solvent-bar micro-extraction for the determination of organic and inorganic compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Plenis A, Miękus N, Grabow N, Eickner T, Bączek T. Simultaneous electrokinetic and hydrodynamic injection and sequential stacking featuring sweeping for signal amplification following MEKC during the analysis of rapamycin (sirolimus) in serum samples. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2590-2597. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Olędzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Natalia Miękus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology; Faculty of Biology; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Niels Grabow
- University Medical Center Rostock; Institute for Biomedical Engineering; Rostock Germany
| | - Thomas Eickner
- University Medical Center Rostock; Institute for Biomedical Engineering; Rostock Germany
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
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Fashi A, Salarian AA, Zamani A. Solvent-stir bar microextraction system using pure tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as supported liquid membrane: A new and efficient design for the extraction of malondialdehyde from biological fluids. Talanta 2018; 182:299-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Application of capillary electrophoresis with electrokinetic supercharging and sweeping for the on-line preconcentration of phenolic acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7093-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lian DS, Zhao SJ. Highly sensitive analysis of nucleic acids using capillary gel electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection based on the combination of matrix field-amplified and head-column field-amplified stacking injection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 978-979:29-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Progress in stacking techniques based on field amplification of capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6129-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fang R, Yi LX, Shao YX, Zhang L, Chen GH. ON-LINE PRECONCENTRATION IN CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS FOR ANALYSIS OF AGROCHEMICAL RESIDUES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.794740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rou Fang
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Ling-Xiao Yi
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Yu-Xiu Shao
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Li Zhang
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Guan-Hua Chen
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
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Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Recent applications of on-line sample preconcentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Kenndler E. A critical overview of non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Part I: Mobility and separation selectivity. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:16-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Ghasemi E, Kheradmand S, Ghorban Dadrass O. Solvent bar microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for preconcentration and determination of pramipexole in biological samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:486-91. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Salim Kheradmand
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Orkideh Ghorban Dadrass
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
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Alshana U, Lubbad I, Göğer NG, Çok İ, Tamer U, Ertaş N. DISPERSIVE LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION BASED ON SOLIDIFICATION OF FLOATING ORGANIC DROP COMBINED WITH COUNTER-ELECTROOSMOTIC FLOW NORMAL STACKING MODE IN CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BISPHENOL A IN WATER AND URINE SAMPLES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.725700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Usama Alshana
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Lubbad
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nilgün G. Göğer
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - İsmet Çok
- b Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Uğur Tamer
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nusret Ertaş
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
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Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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Arias N, Arazuri S, Jarén C. Ability of NIRS technology to determine pesticides in liquid samples at maximum residue levels. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:471-477. [PMID: 22997066 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide residues remaining on food represent a potential risk to consumer's health. Determination of these pesticide residues involves tedious procedures of analysis with regard to time and laboratory work. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a possible alternative to these methods. The aim of this research was to evaluate the ability of NIRS to classify two pesticides used for controlling apple fruit pests according to their concentration. Different solutions were prepared, based on the dose recommended by the pesticide producers for apple pest treatments. Spectra were acquired on a spectrophotometer from liquid samples belonging to these solutions. RESULTS Calibration models were developed from liquid samples, following the soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) analysis method. These models classified between 99 and 100% of the validation samples belonging to different pesticide concentration solutions even at the maximum residue limit level of these products in apple fruit. CONCLUSIONS NIRS technology shows a high potential for identifying pesticides in liquid samples, according to their concentration, at the levels required by the legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Arias
- Dpto de Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Zhang Z, Zhang F, Liu Y. Recent Advances in Enhancing the Sensitivity and Resolution of Capillary Electrophoresis. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:666-83. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Us MF, Alshana U, Lubbad I, Göğer NG, Ertaş N. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop combined with field-amplified sample injection in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of beta(2)-agonists in bovine urine. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:854-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Usama Alshana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Gazi University; Ankara; Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Lubbad
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Gazi University; Ankara; Turkey
| | - Nilgün G. Göğer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Gazi University; Ankara; Turkey
| | - Nusret Ertaş
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Gazi University; Ankara; Turkey
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KITAGAWA F, KAWAI T, OTSUKA K. On-line Sample Preconcentration by Large-volume Sample Stacking with an Electroosmotic Flow Pump (LVSEP) in Microscale Electrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:1129-39. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko KITAGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Takayuki KAWAI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Koji OTSUKA
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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Šlampová A, Malá Z, Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P. Contemporary sample stacking in analytical electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:3-18. [PMID: 23161176 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sample stacking is a term denoting a multifarious class of methods and their names that are used daily in CE for online concentration of diluted samples to enhance separation efficiency and sensitivity of analyses. The essence of these methods is that analytes present at low concentrations in a large injected sample zone are concentrated into a short and sharp zone (stack) in the separation capillary. Then the stacked analytes are separated and detected. Regardless of the diversity of the stacking electromigration methods, one can distinguish four main principles that form the bases of nearly all of them: (i) Kohlrausch adjustment of concentrations, (ii) pH step, (iii) micellar methods, and (iv) transient ITP. This contribution is a continuation of our previous reviews on the topic and brings an overview of papers published during 2010-2012 and relevant to the mentioned principles (except the last one which is covered by another review in this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Quirino JP, Aranas AT. On-line sample concentration via micelle to solvent stacking of cations prepared with aqueous organic solvents in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2167-75. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Knob R, Maier V, Petr J, Ranc V, Ševčík J. On-line preconcentration of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2159-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radim Knob
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Maier
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Václav Ranc
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Ševčík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc; Czech Republic
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Ghasemi E. Optimization of solvent bar microextraction combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry for preconcentration and determination of tramadol in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:48-53. [PMID: 22771254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive analytical method for preconcentration and determination of tramadol in different biological samples have been developed using solvent bar microextraction (SBME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The target drugs were extracted from 12 ml of aqueous sample with pH 12.0 (source phase; SP) into an organic extracting solvent (n-nonanol) located inside the pores and lumen of a polypropylene hollow fiber (receiving phase; RP). In order to obtain high extraction efficiency, the effect of different variables on the extraction efficiency was studied using an experimental design. The variables of interest were the type of organic phase, pH of the source phases, ionic strength, volume of the source phase, stirring rate, extraction time and temperature. The experimental parameters of SBME were optimized using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) after a Plackett-Burman screening design. The detection limits were 0.02 μg L(-1) with 4.5% RSD (n=5, c=10 μg L(-1)) for tramadol. Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by extraction and determination of the drugs in different biological samples. The results indicated that SBME method has excellent clean-up and high-preconcentration factor and can be served as a simple and sensitive method for monitoring of tramadol in the biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Alshana U, Göğer NG, Ertaş N. Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction for the determination of ephedrines in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with direct injection. Comparison with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2114-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Review of recent developments of on-line sample stacking techniques and their application in capillary electrophoresis. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) has become one of the most useful tools in separation science because of its high separation efficiency, low cost, versatility, ease of sample preparation and automation. However, some limitations of CE, such as poor concentration sensitivity due to its lower sample loading and shorter optical path length, limits its further applications in separation science. In order to solve this problem, various on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as transient isotachophoresis preconcentration, field-enhanced sample stacking, micelle to solvent stacking, micelle collapse, dynamic pH junction, sweeping, solid phase extraction, single drop microextraction and liquid phase microextraction have been combined with CE. Recent developments, applications and some variants together with different combinations of these techniques integrating in CE are reviewed here and our discussions will be confined to the past three years (2008–2011).
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Determination of phenylureas herbicides in food stuffs based on matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9115-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Kaewchuay N, Yakushiji Y, Fukushi K, Saito K, Hirokawa T. A novel hybrid mode of sample injection to enhance CZE sensitivity for simultaneous determination of a pyridine-triphenylborane anti-fouling agent and its degradation products. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1486-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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