Multiresidue analysis of sulfonamides in meat by supramolecular solvent microextraction, liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection and method validation according to the 2002/657/EC decision

NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the mechanism of the mitigative effect of lycopene on sulfamethoxazole-induced inflammatory damage in grass carp kidneys

Freshwater environmental antibiotic pollution is becoming more severe because of the irregular use of sulfonamide antibiotics. Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) is a kind of antibiotic that can cause harm to the urinary systems of organisms. However, the toxic impacts of environment-related concentrations of antibiotics in fish have not been thoroughly studied. Lycopene (LYC) has the property of alleviating antibiotic toxicity by diminishing oxidative stress and inflammation. This investigation is intended to examine the instrument of the mitigative part of LYC on SMZ-caused renal inflammatory injury in grass carp. Grass carp were born with SMZ (0. 3 μg L^-1) and LYC (10 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. Serum was used to measure creatinine (CREA) and urea nitrogen (BUN) contents; what is more, kidneys were used to measure histological structure, oxidative stress indicators, relative expressions of cytokines, and inflammatory factors. We found that SMZ exposure significantly increased oxidative stress, characterized by decreased catalase activity (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, inflammation-related factors: interleukin (IL-18, IL-6, and IL-1β), an apoptotic speck-containing protein with a card (ASC), NOD-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-activated B cells (NF-κB) expression increased significantly contrasted with those control group. Inflammatory reactions and ultrastructural changes accompany. LYC administration alleviated the changes mentioned above. In conclusion, In conclusion, these results suggest a protective effect of LYC dietary supplements against kidney damage caused by SMZ. LYC is expected to prevent and treat oxidative stress and chronic inflammation caused by antibiotics as a critical component in the fish breeding diet.

A review of green solvent extraction techniques and their use in antibiotic residue analysis

Antibiotic residues are being continuously recognized in the aquatic environment and in food. Though the concentration of antibiotic residues is typically low, adverse effects on the environment and human health have been observed. Hence, an efficient method to determine numerous antibiotic residues should be simple, inexpensive, selective, with high throughput and with low detection limits. Liquid-based extractions have been exceedingly used for clean-up and preconcentration of antibiotics prior to chromatographic analysis. In order to make methods more green and environmentally sustainable, conventional hazardous organic solvents can be replaced with green solvents. This review presents sampling strategies as well as comprehensive and up-to-date methods for chemical analysis of antibiotic residues in different sample matrices. Particularly, solvent-based sample preparation techniques using green solvents are discussed along with applications in antibiotic residue analysis.

Supramolecular Solvent-Based Microextraction of Selected Anticonvulsant and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs from Sediment Samples

The increase in the production and consumption of pharmaceuticals increases their presence in the global environment, which may result in direct threats to living organisms. For this reason, there is a need for new methods to analyze drugs in environmental samples. Here, a new procedure for separating and determining selected drugs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, and carbamazepine) from bottom sediment and water samples was developed. Drugs were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector (UHPLC-UV). In this work, a universal and single-step sample treatment, based on supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS), was proposed to isolate selected anticonvulsants and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from sediment samples. The following parameters were experimentally selected: composition of the supramolecular solvent (composition THF:H₂O (v/v), amount of decanoic acid), volume of extractant, sample mass, extraction time, centrifugation time, and centrifugation speed. Finally, the developed procedure was validated. A Speedisk procedure was also developed to extract selected drugs from water samples. The recovery of analytes using the SUPRAS procedure was in the range of 88.8-115%, while the recoveries of the Speedisk solid-phase extraction procedure ranged from 81.0-106%. The effectiveness of the sorption of the tested drugs by sediment was also examined.

Supramolecular solvent-based high-throughput sample treatment for monitoring phytohormones in plant tissues

Quantification of endogenous hormones in plants is essential to understand their growth, development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, it is challenging to develop high-throughput sample treatments from complex plant tissues containing low amounts of structurally unrelated and labile phytohormones while delivering clean and analyte-enriched extracts. In this paper we propose the use of supramolecular solvents (SUPRASs) made up or inverted hexagonal nanostructures of alkanols to address this challenge. The strategy was applied, as a proof of concept, to the quantification of stress-related phytohormones belonging to different categories (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate and 3-indoleacetic acid) in melon and pepper leaves. Sample treatment consisted in a single extraction-cleanup step involving the use of a low volume of SUPRAS (244 μL), the stirring (5 min) and centrifugation (15 min) of the sample at room temperature, and the direct analysis of the extract by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This high-throughput sample treatment method delivered excellent results for the target phytohormones regarding absolute recoveries (80-92%), method quantification limits (0.05-2 ng g^-1), reproducibility (1-7%) and matrix effects (+13 to -31%), in both melon and pepper leaves, compared to reported methods based on repetitive solvent extraction, purification and solvent evaporation steps. The method was successfully applied to determine target hormones in melon and pepper plants for the evaluation of the effect of thermal stress. It was found that their concentration increased in the ranges 1.2-1.9 and 1.3-3.8 times in melon and pepper leaves, respectively, compared with control samples.

A new strategy for the combination of supramolecular liquid phase microextraction and UV-Vis spectrophotometric determination for traces of maneb in food and water samples

A novel and green method was developed for enrichment of maneb (manganese ethylene-bisdithiocarbamate) with a supramolecular solvent liquid phase microextraction method. The microextraction method has been used for the first time in the literature for separation-preconcentration of maneb. 1-decanol and tetrahydrofuran were used in the supramolecular solvent formation. The Mn²⁺ content of maneb was extracted in the supramolecular solvent phase as 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol complex at pH 12.0. Manganese concentration was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 555 nm. Then, the maneb concentration equivalent to manganese concentration was calculated. The analytical parameters which effective in the method, including pH, volume of reagents, and sample volume were optimized. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification values for maneb were calculated as 2.22 μg L^-1 and 7.32 μg L^-1, respectively. The method was successfully applied in the analysis of the maneb content of water and food samples.

Supramolecular solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of copper from water and hair samples

A supramolecular solvent based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (SM-DLLME) procedure has been established for the separation and preconcentration of Cu(ii) before its determination by microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

A sensitive emulsification liquid phase microextraction coupled with on-line phase separation followed by HPLC for trace determination of sulfonamides in water samples

For the first time, ion-pair based emulsification liquid phase microextraction coupled with a novel approach for phase separation followed by high performace liquid chromatgraphy (HPLC) was utilized for trace determination of sulfonamides in water samples. After the formation of ion-pair complex with a cationic surfactant, sulfonamides were extracted into the drops of dispersed organic extracting solvent. Then, the cloudy solution was passed through an in-line filter located in a suitable holder and was separated based on emulsion filtration. By changing the HPLC valve position, the filter was laid in the mobile phase path, and the extraction phase was eluted by the mobile phase and introduced into the separation column for analysis. The effects of important parameters, such as type of extraction solvent, type of ion-pair agent and its concentration, pH of sample solution, ionic strength, and volume of extraction phase, on the extraction efficiency, were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the linear range, limits of detection, and precision (relative standard deviations) were 0.3-100, 0.1-0.3 μg L(-1), and 4.7-5.8%, respectively. Preconcentration factors (PFs) for the compounds studied were obtained in the range of 268-664. These PFs correspond to extraction recoveries in the range of 41-97%. The sample throughput of the method was 3 samples per hour, regarding 20 min analysis time for a single procedure. Finally, the method was successfully applied to determine the selected sulfonamides in some water samples.

Recent advances in sample preparation techniques and methods of sulfonamides detection - A review

Sulfonamides (SAs) have been the most widely used antimicrobial drugs for more than 70 years, and their residues in foodstuffs and environmental samples pose serious health hazards. For this reason, sensitive and specific methods for the quantification of these compounds in numerous matrices have been developed. This review intends to provide an updated overview of the recent trends over the past five years in sample preparation techniques and methods for detecting SAs. Examples of the sample preparation techniques, including liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS, are given. Different methods of detecting the SAs present in food and feed and in environmental, pharmaceutical and biological samples are discussed.

Simultaneous determination of multiveterinary drug residues in pork meat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with solid phase extraction

An LC-MS/MS method developed for simultaneous analysis of 54 veterinary drug residues of six families in pork meat samples, including sulfanilamide, nitroimidazoles, quinolones, macrolide antibiotics, lincosamides, and praziquantel. The pork meat sample was prepared by extraction with ACN, and clean-up on a C(18) SPE cartridge. The sample was separated on a C(8) column and eluted with ACN, methanol, and formic acid. The MS/MS detector is operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode, acquiring two specific precursor-product ion transitions per target compound. The method showed excellent linearity (R(2) ≥ 0.99) and high precision (relative SD, RSD ≤ 19.8%) for all compounds. The method quantification limits of 54 veterinary drug residues were in the range of 0.3-3.0 μg/kg. Recoveries for most analytes based on matrix-matched calibration in matrices were 20.9-121.0%. This method has been successfully applied for analysis of more than 100 pork meat samples from the local market; five of the 54 drugs were detected.

QuEChERS-HPLC-DAD method for sulphonamides in chicken breast

The development of a QuEChERS-HPLC-DAD method using a Lichrospher 60 RP-Select B column (250 x 4.6 mm x 5 µm) at 40ºC, mobile phase constituted by phosphate buffer:acetonitrile (75:25, v/v) at a initial flow rate of 0.5 mL min-1, increased by 1.2 mL min-1 and at 265 nm is presented for simultaneous determination of sulphadiazine, sulphametoxipiridazine and sulphamethoxazole in chicken breast samples. QuEchERS is inexpensive, fast and easy, and the extraction of the analytes of the matrix was successfully employed. In addition, the method presented linearity, in the range of 25, 50, 100, 150, 175, and 200 µg kg-1, precision, selectivity and sensitivity. The intraday precision (RSD %) for QuEChERS method was between 3.6-10.8 (SDZ), 6.9-14.1 (SPZ) and 1.9-10.9 (SMX) and interday precision (RSD%) was between 1.5-9.7, 1.7-4.1 and 2.1-10.2, respectively. Results of accuracy (bias) were in the range of -8.6 to +11.9 %. Therefore, the validated method is clearly useful for the practical residue monitoring of the drugs evaluated in chicken samples, as all the values were within the acceptable criteria used for food safety. Of 6 samples analyzed, none of them showed contamination of the sulphonamides studied at detectable levels.

Development of an immunoaffinity chromatography purification and ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of 12 sulfonamides in beef and milk

A highly selective and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 12 sulfonamides in beef and milk by immunoaffinity chromatography purification coupled to ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The MS/MS conditions, UPLC mobile phase, injection solution, sample purification process, and matrix effect were studied to optimize the operating conditions. The limits of detection (LODs) of the instrument for the studied sulfonamides ranged from 0.4 to 2.0 μg L(-1), being 1.6-8.0 μg kg(-1) for beef and 1.8-6.4 μg kg(-1) for milk. The standard solution was diluted with blank beef or milk matrix for the construction of calibration curves, which had a linear range from 10 to 200 μg kg(-1) and regression coefficients higher than 0.990 (n=10) for all the studied sulfonamides. Samples spiked at 10, 20, and 100 μg kg(-1) showed recoveries above 70% and relative standard deviations below 10%.