1
|
Liang Y, Hu W, Jia C, Wang Y, Dong C, Cai Y, Xie Q, Zhu X, Han Y. Rapid screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water by solid-phase microextraction coupled with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1437-1444. [PMID: 36648546 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are considered emerging organic contaminants that attract more attention in the environment. Herein, online coupling of solid-phase microextraction and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry was developed for rapid screening of eight PBDEs in water samples. This procedure was completed in 22 min, about 6 times faster than the routine workflow such as solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thermal desorption and solvent-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization were developed for the effective coupling of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS), which contributed to the signal enhancement and made the methodology feasible for environmental screening. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01-0.50 ng/mL and 0.05-4.00 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries were 57.2-75.2% for quality control samples at spiking levels of 0.8-10 ng/mL (4-50 ng/mL for BDE209), with relative standard deviation less than 19.0%. Twelve water samples from different river sites near industrial areas were screened using the developed method. The results showed that BDE-209 was the dominant PBDE (1.02-1.28 ng/mL in positive samples), but its amount was lower than the human health ambient water quality criteria. Consequently, the developed method provides a rapid and reliable way of evaluating contamination status and risks of PBDEs in aqueous environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Wenya Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Changcheng Jia
- Beijing 101 Eco-Geology Detection Co., Ltd, Beijing Institute of Geological Engineering Design, Beijing, 101500, China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Chenglong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Beijing 101 Eco-Geology Detection Co., Ltd, Beijing Institute of Geological Engineering Design, Beijing, 101500, China
| | - Qingqing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yehua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Q, Zhang M, Li Y, Hou X. Novel core–shell SiO2@dSiO2@NH2-MIL-53(Al) packed into solid phase extraction column for enrichment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prior to UPLC-MS/MS. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
3
|
Ultra-Sensitive Si-Based Optical Sensor for Nanoparticle-Size Traditional Water Pollutant Detection. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9050289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A low-cost Si-based optical nano-sensor that monitors traditional water pollutants is introduced in this paper. The introduced sensor works in the near-infrared region, 900 nm to 2500 nm spectral range. The proposed structure consists of a Si layer with an optimized thickness of 300 nm on the top of the Al layer acting as a back reflector. On the top of the Si layer, the water pollutants are modeled as nanoparticle materials of different sizes. The finite difference time domain method is utilized to optimize the thicknesses of the Si layer by analyzing the optical light absorption considering different Si layer thicknesses and different pollutant nanoparticles’ sizes. Different interpolation techniques, including polynomials with various degrees and locally weighted smoothing quadratic regression, are used to find the best fitting model representing the simulated data points with goodness of fit analysis. Three features are proposed to identify the water pollutant with its size, peak absorption wavelength, relative amplitude, and a full width at half maximum. The device’s performance in detecting six different pollutants, silver, aluminum, copper, chromium, selenium, and ammonia, is evaluated. Sensitivity, a figure of merit, and a quality factor are used to evaluate the proposed sensor. The obtained maximum sensitivity is 11,300 nm/RIU, FOM of 740, and quality factor of 670.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu Y, Li P, Yan H, Shen S. Ionic Liquid Modified Porous Polymer as a Dispersive Filter Extraction Adsorbent for Simple, Sensitive, and Efficient Determination of Chlorotriazine Herbicides in Irrigation Water. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1327-1334. [PMID: 35041420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides (TRZHs) are widely used in agricultural production, but their improper use can threaten the environment and organisms. Herein, rapid extraction of four chlorotriazine herbicides (Cl-TRZHs) in irrigation water was achieved using an ionic liquid modified porous m-aminophenol formaldehyde resin (IL-MAPFR) as a dispersive filter extraction (DFE) adsorbent. The IL-MAPFR shows excellent adsorption performance for four Cl-TRZHs (simazine, cyanazine, atrazine, and terbuthylazine), with a large specific surface area (158.1 m2 g-1) and fast mass transfer (2 min). The adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models. The four Cl-TRZHs were concentrated 12-16-fold after the IL-MAPFR-DFE method. Coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography, an accurate and sensitive determination method for four Cl-TRZHs in irrigation water was established, with low detection limit (0.11-0.20 ng mL-1), high recoveries (91.5-110%), and excellent precision (relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 8.4%). This method provides technical support for agricultural irrigation water quality monitoring and has great application potential in water safety, especially pesticide residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Lu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shigang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huérfano Barco IM, España Amórtegui JC, Guerrero Dallos JA. Development and validation of qualitative screening, quantitative determination and post-targeted pesticide analysis in tropical fruits and vegetables by LC-HRMS. Food Chem 2021; 367:130714. [PMID: 34388632 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The following qualitative screening and quantitative determination of 201 pesticides present a detailed optimization making use of design of experiments (DoE). The post-targeted screening took advantage of an upgradeable database to extend the survey further to perform a standard-free novel quantitation by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The fine tuning of instrumental parameters allowed the best method selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility for the compounds under study. Among the factors considered, the heated electrospray source (HESI), the sample composition and the MS/MS acquisition modes were assessed, including the all-ion fragmentation (AIF) mode and different versions of the variable data independent acquisition (vDIA). The results of the optimization showed that selected HESI conditions, a methanol/water (1:1) sample composition and a vDIA acquisition method increased the signal for most compounds with a remarkable benefit on signal shape and intensity. The method showed adequate analytical performance when assessed in local produce.
Collapse
|
6
|
Limitations of GC-QTOF-MS Technique in Identification of Odorous Compounds from Wastewater: The Application of GC-IMS as Supplement for Odor Profiling. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Odorous emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) cause negative impacts on the surrounding areas and possible health risks on nearby residents. However, the efficient and reliable identification of WWTPs’ odorants is still challenging. In this study, odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from domestic wastewater at different processing units were profiled and identified using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS). The GC-QTOF-MS results confirmed the odor contribution of sulfur organic compounds in wastewater before primary sedimentation and ruled out the significance of most of the hydrocarbons in wastewater odor. The problems in odorous compounds analysis using GC-QTOF-MS were discussed. GC-IMS was developed for visualized analysis on composition characteristics of odorants. Varied volatile compounds were detected by GC-IMS, mainly oxygen-containing VOCs including alcohols, fatty acids, aldehydes and ketones with low odor threshold values. The fingerprint plot of IMS spectra showed the variation in VOCs’ composition, indicating the changes of wastewater quality during treatment process. The GC-IMS technique may provide an efficient profiling method for the changes of inlet water and performance of treatment process at WWTPs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Domínguez I, Arrebola FJ, Martínez Vidal JL, Garrido Frenich A. Assessment of wastewater pollution by gas chromatography and high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
8
|
Kuvshinov GV, Koifman OI. Sorption and Selective Properties of Diatomite Adsorbents for Gas Chromatography, Modified by a Cu(II) Complex of a Camphor-Substituted Tetrapyrasinoporphyrazine. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Grasso G, Caracciolo L, Cocco G, Frazzoli C, Dragone R. Towards Simazine Monitoring in Agro-Zootechnical Productions: A Yeast Cell Bioprobe for Real Samples Screening. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E112. [PMID: 30445795 PMCID: PMC6316374 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Simazine is an herbicide that is able to contaminate surface waters, ground waters, and milk/dairy products, thus posing concerns in both environmental health and food safety. A yeast-based bioprobe was utilized to detect simazine in spiked real samples of livestock drinking water and raw cow's milk. Yeast aerobic respiration was taken as short-term toxicological endpoint. We carried out comparative measures of yeast oxygen consumption between simazine-spiked samples and blank samples. Percentage interference (%ρ) on yeast aerobic respiration was calculated through the comparison of aerobic respiration of simazine-exposed and non-exposed yeast cells. The method was optimized for raw cow's milk samples by using boric acid as fungistatic agent in order to avoid cellular proliferation. Overall, the results have shown that simazine can be detected up to concentrations five times below the EU legal concentration limits for drinking water (0.02 ppb) and cow's milk (2 ppb) (%ρ values of 18.53% and 20.43% respectively; %RSD ≤ 15%). Dose-effect relationships of simazine were assessed. The findings of the bioassays match reasonably well with known mechanisms of toxicity and intracellular detoxification in yeast. A correlation between fat content in milk samples and analytical performance of the bioprobe was established. Results suggest the involvement of a matrix effect, presumably due to lipid sequestration of simazine. The yeast-based bioprobe has proved to be sensitive and suitable for the detection of simazine in real samples in concentrations of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Grasso
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.le Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Ludovico Caracciolo
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.le Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giulia Cocco
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.le Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Dipartimento Malattie Cardiovascolari, Dismetaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162 Roma, Italy.
| | - Roberto Dragone
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.le Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
García-Córcoles MT, Rodríguez-Gómez R, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Çipa M, Martín-Pozo L, Kauffmann JM, Zafra-Gómez A. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Natural Water and Wastewater Samples: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:160-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1496010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. García-Córcoles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. de Alarcón-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Çipa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - J.-M. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kuvshinov GV, Koifman OI. Thermodynamic Characteristics of the Sorption and Separation of Pyridine Derivatives Using Pyrazinoporphirazine Based Sorbents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024418100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Domínguez I, Arrebola FJ, Gavara R, Martínez Vidal JL, Frenich AG. Automated and simultaneous determination of priority substances and polychlorinated biphenyls in wastewater using headspace solid phase microextraction and high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1002:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Huérfano Barco IM, Guerrero Dallos JA. Método cualitativo rápido (screening) para la detección de residuos de plaguicidas en frutas y hortalizas. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE QUÍMICA 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v47n1.62240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Debido a la importancia de desarrollar metodologías que permitan el análisis de los residuos agrícolas, el presente trabajo validó un método cualitativo rápido (screening) para el análisis de residuos de plaguicidas en frutas y hortalizas. La metodología se basó en el método de extracción QuEChERS, versión europea, con un paso adicional de limpieza por cromatografía de permeación por gel (GPC), lo cual permitió reducir la cantidad de componentes de la matriz en el extracto final. El análisis fue realizado por cromatografía de gases/espectrometría de masas con un analizador cuadrupolo simple. La metodología resultó adecuada para el análisis cualitativo de 31 plaguicidas a su respectivo límite máximo de residuos. Los resultados en muestras reales fueron consistentes respecto a una metodología cuantitativa de rutina, por ende, la metodología resultó ser una buena alternativa para el análisis rápido de estos contaminantes.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kuvshinova SA, Kuvshinov GV, Koifman OI. Adsorption and selective properties of 4-{4-[4(S)-2-methyl-1-butoxybenzoyloxy]phenyldiazenyl}benzaldehyde in gas–mesophase chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817120073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Kuvshinov GV, Kuvshinova SA, Koifman OI. Sorption, thermodynamic, and selective properties of camphor-substituted copper(II) tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine as a stationary phase for gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Application of gas and liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry in pesticides: Multiresidue analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Z, Mei M, Huang Y, Huang X, Huang H, Ding Y. Facile preparation of a polydopamine-based monolith for multiple monolithic fiber solid-phase microextraction of triazine herbicides in environmental water samples. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:733-743. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem; College of the Environment and Ecology; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - Meng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem; College of the Environment and Ecology; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - Yanmei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem; College of the Environment and Ecology; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - Xiaojia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem; College of the Environment and Ecology; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - Hanyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem; College of the Environment and Ecology; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - Yuxin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem; College of the Environment and Ecology; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Merel S, Snyder SA. Critical assessment of the ubiquitous occurrence and fate of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:98-117. [PMID: 27639850 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The insect repellent diethyltoluamide (DEET) is among the most frequently detected organic chemical contaminants in water across a wide range of geographies from around the world. These observations are raising critical questions and increasing concerns regarding potential environmental relevance, particularly when the emergence of severe neurological conditions attributed to the Zika virus has increased the use of insect repellents. After dermal application, DEET is washed from the skin when bathing and enters the municipal sewer system before discharge into the environment. Mainly measured by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS or LC-MS), more than 200 peer-reviewed publications have already reported concentrations of DEET ranging ng/L to mg/L in several water matrices from North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and more recently Africa and South America. While conventional wastewater treatment technology has limited capacity of removal, advanced technologies are capable of better attenuation and could lower the environmental discharge of organic contaminants, including DEET. For instance, adsorption on activated carbon, desalinating membrane processes (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis), ozonation, and advanced oxidation processes can achieve 50% to essentially 100% DEET attenuation. Despite the abundant literature on the topic, the ubiquity of DEET in the environment still raises questions due to the apparent lack of obvious spatio-temporal trends in concentrations measured in surface water, which does not fit the expected usage pattern of insect repellents. Moreover, two recent studies showed discrepancies between the concentrations obtained by GC-MS and LC-MS analyses. While the occurrence of DEET in the environment is well established, the concentrations reported should be interpreted cautiously, considering the disparities in methodologies applied and occurrence patterns observed. Therefore, this manuscript provides a critical overview of the origin of DEET in the environment, the relevant analytical methods, the occurrence reported in peer-reviewed literature, and the attenuation efficacy of water treatment processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA; Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 12 Hölderlinstraße, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Feher IC, Moldovan Z, Oprean I. Spatial and seasonal variation of organic pollutants in surface water using multivariate statistical techniques. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 74:1726-1735. [PMID: 27763353 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, analysis of variance (ANOVA), cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed in order to evaluate the concentration profile of organic contaminants found in three main river from central Transylvania, Romania. Samples were collected from nine sampling stations, in two different sampling campaigns (wet season and dry season). Water samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twelve organic pollutants belonging to different classes were used for further interpretations. ANOVA highlighted compounds which distinguished Olt River from Mures River, and compounds that are influenced by increased river flow from the wet season. CA was applied to group the sampling stations. Three clusters were obtained, according to their organic load. PCA extracted five principal components explaining 87.330% from data set variability. Based on these results, a future monitoring study may be optimized by reducing the sampling points and compounds to those that are representative for each river, thereby reducing costs, without any information loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Coralia Feher
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103, Donat Street, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania E-mail:
| | - Zaharie Moldovan
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103, Donat Street, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania E-mail:
| | - Ioan Oprean
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 11, Arany Janos Street, Cluj-Napoca 400028, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Effective extraction of triazines from environmental water samples using magnetism-enhanced monolith-based in-tube solid phase microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 937:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
21
|
Pitarch E, Cervera MI, Portolés T, Ibáñez M, Barreda M, Renau-Pruñonosa A, Morell I, López F, Albarrán F, Hernández F. Comprehensive monitoring of organic micro-pollutants in surface and groundwater in the surrounding of a solid-waste treatment plant of Castellón, Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 548-549:211-220. [PMID: 26802349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The solid-waste treatment plant of RECIPLASA is located in the municipality of Onda (Castellón province), which is an important agricultural area of Spain, with predominance of citrus crops. In this plant, all urban solid wastes from the town of Castellón (around 200,000 inhabitants) and other smaller towns as Almassora, Benicàssim, Betxí, Borriana, L'Alcora, Onda and Vila-Real are treated. In order to evaluate the potential impact of this plant on the surrounding water, both surface and groundwater, a comprehensive monitoring of organic pollutants has been carried out along 2011, 2012 and 2013. To this aim, an advanced analytical strategy was applied for wide-scope screening, consisting on the complementary use of liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) with quadrupole (Q)-time of flight analyser (TOF). A generic solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB cartridges was applied prior to the chromatographic analysis. The screening included more than 1500 organic pollutants as target compounds, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, veterinary drugs, drugs of abuse, UV-filters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), among others. Pesticides, mainly herbicides, were the compounds more frequently detected. Other compounds as antioxidants, cosmetics, drugs of abuse, PAHs, pharmaceuticals and UV filters, were also identified in the screening though at much lower frequency. Once the screening was made, quantitative analysis focused on the compounds more frequently detected was subsequently applied using LC coupled to tandem MS with triple quadrupole analyser. In this way, up to 24 pesticides and transformation products (TPs), 7 pharmaceuticals, one drug of abuse and its metabolite could be quantified at sub-ppb concentrations. Along the three years of study, ten compounds were found at concentrations higher than 0.1μg/L. Most of them were pesticides and TPs, a fact that illustrates that the main source of pollution seems to be the agricultural activities in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pitarch
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - María Inés Cervera
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Mercedes Barreda
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Arianna Renau-Pruñonosa
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Ignacio Morell
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Francisco López
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Fernando Albarrán
- RECIPLASA, Reciclados de Residuos La Plana, S.A., E-12200 Onda, Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Niu H, Wang S, Tan Y, Song X, Cai Y. Simultaneous and direct analysis of multiple types of organic contaminants in water based on a MOF decorated with a suitable quantity of Au nanoparticles, using SALDI-TOF MS. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19635g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous, fast and sensitive analysis of multiple types of organic contaminants using SALDI-TOF MS was realized for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Saihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Yixin Tan
- Department of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering of Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rodríguez-González N, Beceiro-González E, González-Castro MJ, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. An environmentally friendly method for the determination of triazine herbicides in estuarine seawater samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:618-626. [PMID: 25096490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A fast, simple, sensitive and green chemistry method using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the simultaneous determination of seven triazine herbicides (ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, simazine, simetryn and terbuthylazine) in estuarine seawater samples has been developed. DLLME was carried out using a small volume of seawater (25 mL) and 300 μL of 1-octanol. Herbicide concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-diode array detection, and results were confirmed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem spectrometry analysis. The analytical features of the proposed method were satisfactory with repeatability < ±5% and intermediate precision < ±10%, and recoveries ranged from 81-102% for all compounds. All the triazines exhibited linear matrix calibration curves with coefficients of determination >0.999 for all the analytes except for simazine (0.9975). Limits of quantification ranged between 0.19 and 1.12 μg L(-1). The method was applied to the analysis of seawater samples from ten points susceptible to contamination by triazines from estuary of A Coruña (Galicia, NW of Spain). The levels of the seven triazines were below the LODs in the analysed samples. Use of proposed method will allow for monitoring of triazines at levels below the regulatory limits set by the European Directive 2008/105/EC of 2 and 4 μg L(-1) for atrazine and simazine, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Rodríguez-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Suspected-target pesticide screening using gas chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with high resolution deconvolution and retention index/mass spectrum library. Talanta 2014; 128:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
25
|
Andrade FN, Santos-Neto ÁJ, Lanças FM. Microextraction by packed sorbent liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry of triazines employing a molecularly imprinted polymer†. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3150-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Abbas HH, Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Chromatographic Methods for Analysis of Triazine Herbicides. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2014; 45:226-40. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.927731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
27
|
Lombardo-Agüí M, Cruces-Blanco C, García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L. Multiresidue analysis of quinolones in water by ultra-high perfomance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry using a simple and effective sample treatment. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2145-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lombardo-Agüí
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Campus Fuentenueva; Granada Spain
| | - Carmen Cruces-Blanco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Campus Fuentenueva; Granada Spain
| | - Ana M. García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Campus Fuentenueva; Granada Spain
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Campus Fuentenueva; Granada Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Assessment of gas chromatography time-of-flight accurate mass spectrometry for identification of volatile and semi-volatile compounds in honey. Talanta 2014; 129:505-15. [PMID: 25127626 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The performance of gas chromatography (GC) combined with a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) system for the determination of volatile and semi-volatile compounds in honey samples is evaluated. After headspace (HS) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of samples, the accurate mass capabilities of the above system were evaluated for compounds identification. Accurate scan electron impact (EI) MS spectra allowed discriminating compounds displaying the same nominal masses, but having different empirical formulae. Moreover, the use of a mass window with a width of 0.005 Da provided highly specific chromatograms for selected ions, avoiding the contribution of interferences to their peak areas. Additional information derived from positive chemical ionization (PCI) MS spectra and ion product scan MS/MS spectra permitted confirming the identity of novel compounds. The above possibilities are illustrated with examples of honey aroma compounds, belonging to different chemical classes and containing different elements in their molecules. Examples of compounds whose structures could not be described are also provided. Overall, 84 compounds, from a total of 89 species, could be identified in 19 honey samples from 3 different geographic areas in the world. The suitability of responses measured for selected ions, corresponding to above species, for authentication purposes is assessed through principal components analysis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Cervera MI, Portolés T, López FJ, Beltrán J, Hernández F. Screening and quantification of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables making use of gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6843-55. [PMID: 24828980 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source has been used to enhance the potential of gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for screening and quantification purposes in pesticide residue analysis. A screening method developed in our laboratory for around 130 pesticides has been applied to fruit and vegetable samples, including strawberries, oranges, apples, carrots, lettuces, courgettes, red peppers, and tomatoes. Samples were analyzed together with quality control samples (at 0.05 mg/kg) for each matrix and for matrix-matched calibration standards. The screening strategy consisted in first rapid searching and detection, and then a refined identification step using the QTOF capabilities (MS(E) and accurate mass). Identification was based on the presence of one characteristic m/z ion (Q) obtained with the low collision energy function and at least one fragment ion (q) obtained with the high collision energy function, both with mass errors of less than 5 ppm, and an ion intensity ratio (q/Q) within the tolerances permitted. Following this strategy, 15 of 130 pesticides were identified in the samples. Afterwards, the quantitation capabilities were tested by performing a quantitative validation for those pesticides detected in the samples. To this aim, five matrices were selected (orange, apple, tomato, lettuce, and carrot) and spiked at two concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg), and quantification was done using matrix-matched calibration standards (relative responses versus triphenyl phosphate used as an internal standard). Acceptable average recoveries and relative standard deviations were obtained for many but not all pesticide-matrix combinations. These figures allowed us to perform a retrospective quantification of positives found in the screening without the need for additional analysis. Taking advantage of the accurate-mass full-spectrum data provided by QTOF MS, we searched for a higher number of compounds (up to 416 pesticides) in a second stage by performing extra data processing without any new sample injection. Several more pesticides were detected, confirmed, and/or tentatively identified when the reference standard was unavailable, illustrating in this way the potential of gas chromatography-QTOF MS to detect pesticides in addition to the ones targeted in quantitative analysis of pesticides in food matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Cervera
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Portolés T, Mol JGJ, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Use of electron ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry for screening and identification of organic pollutants in waters. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:145-53. [PMID: 24674644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new approach has been developed for multiclass screening of organic contaminants in water based on the use of gas chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (GC-(APCI)QTOF MS). The soft ionization promoted by the APCI source allows effective and wide-scope screening based on the investigation of the molecular ion and/or protonated molecule. This is in contrast to electron ionization (EI) where ionization typically results in extensive fragmentation, and diagnostic ions and/or spectra need to be known a priori to facilitate detection of the analytes in the raw data. Around 170 organic contaminants from different chemical families were initially investigated by both approaches, i.e. GC-(EI)TOF and GC-(APCI)QTOF, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and a notable number of pesticides and relevant metabolites. The new GC-(APCI)QTOF MS approach easily allowed widening the number of compounds investigated (85 additional compounds), with more pesticides, personal care products (UV filters, musks), polychloronaphthalenes (PCNs), antimicrobials, insect repellents, etc., most of them considered as emerging contaminants. Both GC-(EI)TOF and GC-(APCI)QTOF methodologies have been applied, evaluating their potential for a wide-scope screening in the environmental field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G J Mol
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Almeida C, Strzelczyk R, Nogueira JMF. Improvements on bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) technique--application for the determination of insecticide repellents in environmental water matrices. Talanta 2013; 120:126-34. [PMID: 24468351 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bar adsorptive microextraction combined with micro-liquid desorption followed by large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in the selected-ion monitoring acquisition mode (BAµE-µLD/LVI-GC-MS(SIM)), is proposed for the determination of trace levels of three insecticide repellents (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), cis and trans permethrin (PERM)) in environmental water matrices. By comparing different sorbent coatings (five activated carbons and six polymers) through BAµE, an activated carbon (AC2) proved to be the best compromise between selectivity and efficiency, even against polydimethylsiloxane through stir bar sorptive extraction. The novel improvement proposed on the back-extraction stage performed in a single step, by reducing the desorption solvent volume at the microliter level, demonstrated remarkable performance turning possible to save time, making easier the practical manipulation and more environmentally friendly. Assays performed by BAµE(AC2)-µLD/LVI-GC-MS(SIM) on 25 mL of ultrapure water samples spiked at the 1.0 μg/L level, yielded recoveries ranging from 73.8±8.8% (trans-PERM) to 96.4±9.9% (DEET), under optimised experimental conditions. The analytical performance showed convenient detection limits (8-20 ng/L) and good linear dynamic ranges (0.04-4.0 µg/L) with suitable determination coefficients (r(2)>0.9963, DEET). Excellent repeatability were also achieved through intraday (RSD<14.9%) and interday (RSD<11.9%) experiments. The novel improvement on downsizing the BAµE device to half-size proved to be either a promising option in forthcoming to reduce still more the desorption solvent volume without losing microextraction efficiency. By using the standard addition methodology, the application of the present analytical approach on tap, ground, river, swimming-pool and estuary water samples revealed good sensitivity at trace level and absence of matrix effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Almeida
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rafał Strzelczyk
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J M F Nogueira
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Application of a developed method for the extraction of triazines in surface waters and storage prior to analysis to seawaters of Galicia (northwest Spain). ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:536369. [PMID: 24228007 PMCID: PMC3817644 DOI: 10.1155/2013/536369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method based on solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of nine triazine herbicides (ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, prometryn, propazine, simazine, simetryn, terbuthylazine, and terbutryn) in surface water samples was developed and validated. Under optimized conditions, 50 mL of water sample was pumped through the Oasis HLB cartridge, and triazines were eluted with 3 mL acetone. Finally the extract was concentrated to dryness, reconstituted with 1 mL methanol : water (1 : 1) and injected into the HPLC-DAD system. The stability of the herbicides on the cartridges at −18 and 4°C was also evaluated, and the recoveries obtained after three weeks of storage were satisfactory for all compounds. The analytical features of the proposed method were satisfactory: repeatability and intermediate precision were <10% and recoveries in spiked river water and seawater samples were higher than 93% for all compounds studied. Limits of quantification (varied from 0.46 to 0.98 µg L−1) were adequately allowing the determination of these compounds at the levels requested by the 2008/105/EC Directive. Finally, this method was applied to the analysis of 50 seawater samples from Galicia (northwest Spain).
Collapse
|
33
|
Masiá A, Moliner-Martinez Y, Muñoz-Ortuño M, Pico Y, Campíns-Falcó P. Multiresidue analysis of organic pollutants by in-tube solid phase microextraction coupled to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1306:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
34
|
Robles-Molina J, Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method for monitoring multiclass organic pollutants in Spanish sewage treatment plants effluents. Talanta 2013; 111:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
35
|
Abd Manan TS, Malakahmad A. Chemical procedures to detect carcinogenic compound in domestic wastewater. IOP CONFERENCE SERIES: EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013; 16:012090. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
36
|
Botero-Coy AM, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Improvements in the analytical methodology for the residue determination of the herbicide glyphosate in soils by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:132-41. [PMID: 23332301 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The determination of glyphosate (GLY) in soils is of great interest due to the widespread use of this herbicide and the need of assessing its impact on the soil/water environment. However, its residue determination is very problematic especially in soils with high organic matter content, where strong interferences are normally observed, and because of the particular physico-chemical characteristics of this polar/ionic herbicide. In the present work, we have improved previous LC-MS/MS analytical methodology reported for GLY and its main metabolite AMPA in order to be applied to "difficult" soils, like those commonly found in South-America, where this herbicide is extensively used in large areas devoted to soya or maize, among other crops. The method is based on derivatization with FMOC followed by LC-MS/MS analysis, using triple quadrupole. After extraction with potassium hydroxide, a combination of extract dilution, adjustment to appropriate pH, and solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up was applied to minimize the strong interferences observed. Despite the clean-up performed, the use of isotope labelled glyphosate as internal standard (ILIS) was necessary for the correction of matrix effects and to compensate for any error occurring during sample processing. The analytical methodology was satisfactorily validated in four soils from Colombia and Argentina fortified at 0.5 and 5mg/kg. In contrast to most LC-MS/MS methods, where the acquisition of two transitions is recommended, monitoring all available transitions was required for confirmation of positive samples, as some of them were interfered by unknown soil components. This was observed not only for GLY and AMPA but also for the ILIS. Analysis by QTOF MS was useful to confirm the presence of interferent compounds that shared the same nominal mass of analytes as well as some of their main product ions. Therefore, the selection of specific transitions was crucial to avoid interferences. The methodology developed was applied to the analysis of 26 soils from different areas of Colombia and Argentina, and the method robustness was demonstrated by analysis of quality control samples along 4 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Botero-Coy
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellon 12071, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jernberg J, Pellinen J, Rantalainen AL. Identification of organic xenobiotics in urban aquatic environments using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 450-451:1-6. [PMID: 23454570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative non-target and post-target analysis methods using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry were applied for analysing neutral and acidic organic xenobiotics in urban and suburban water samples. Ten water samples representing wastewater, stormwater and surface water matrices were collected and concentrated using solid phase extraction. Compound identification was performed using a spectral deconvolution program, accurate mass measurements and comparisons with library spectra. The non-target and post-target analyses identified 36 and 18 compounds, respectively. The identification of 10 compounds was afterwards confirmed with standard compounds. Organophosphate esters were the most abundant compound group detected. The combination of non-target and post-target analyses proved a useful tool in the tentative identification of xenobiotics in water samples. Post-target analysis can complement non-target analysis results at low analyte concentrations. Results showed that several organic xenobiotics originate in urban areas and accumulate in the environment. The wastewater sample produced the highest number of identified compounds, but most of these compounds were also found in stormwater samples from the city centre. Nearly all the compounds present in wastewater were additionally detected in the surface water sample taken 3 km downstream from the wastewater effluent discharge point. Only a few xenobiotics were otherwise detected in the surface water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Jernberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Diaz R, Ibáñez M, Sancho J, Hernández F. Qualitative validation of a liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry screening method for organic pollutants in waters. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1276:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
39
|
Jernberg J, Pellinen J, Rantalainen AL. Qualitative nontarget analysis of landfill leachate using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
40
|
Bakas I, Oujji NB, Moczko E, Istamboulie G, Piletsky S, Piletska E, Ait-Addi E, Ait-Ichou I, Noguer T, Rouillon R. Computational and experimental investigation of molecular imprinted polymers for selective extraction of dimethoate and its metabolite omethoate from olive oil. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1274:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
41
|
Zhang F, Yu C, Wang W, Fan R, Zhang Z, Guo Y. Rapid simultaneous screening and identification of multiple pesticide residues in vegetables. Anal Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
42
|
Hernández F, Portolés T, Ibáñez M, Bustos-López MC, Díaz R, Botero-Coy AM, Fuentes CL, Peñuela G. Use of time-of-flight mass spectrometry for large screening of organic pollutants in surface waters and soils from a rice production area in Colombia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 439:249-259. [PMID: 23085466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The irrigate district of Usosaldaña, an important agricultural area in Colombia mainly devoted to rice crop production, is subjected to an intensive use of pesticides. Monitoring these compounds is necessary to know the impact of phytosanitary products in the different environmental compartments. In this work, surface water and soil samples from different sites of this area have been analyzed by applying an analytical methodology for large screening based on the use of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) hyphenated to liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC). Several pesticides were detected and unequivocally identified, such as the herbicides atrazine, diuron or clomazone. Some of their main metabolites and/or transformation products (TPs) like deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and 3,4-dichloroaniline were also identified in the samples. Among fungicides, carbendazim, azoxystrobin, propiconazole and epoxiconazole were the most frequently detected. Insecticides such as thiacloprid, or p,p'-DDT metabolites (p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE) were also found. Thanks to the accurate-mass full-spectrum acquisition in TOF MS it was feasible to widen the number of compounds to be investigated to other families of contaminants. This allowed the detection of emerging contaminants, such as the antioxidant 3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxy-toluene (BHT), its metabolite 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), or the solar filter benzophenone, among others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Almeida C, Nogueira JMF. Comparison of the selectivity of different sorbent phases for bar adsorptive microextraction--application to trace level analysis of fungicides in real matrices. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:7-16. [PMID: 23084822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bar adsorptive micro-extraction combined with liquid desorption followed by large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in the selected-ion monitoring acquisition mode (BAμE-LD/LVI-GC-MS(SIM)) was developed for the determination of trace levels of ten fungicides (azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, metalaxyl-M, myclobutanil, penconazole, tebuconazole, flusilazole, cyprodinil, procymidone and benalaxyl) in aqueous matrices. By comparing different sorbent coatings (two activated carbons, two styrene-divinylbenzene and one modified pyrrolidone polymers) through BAμE, the latter phase showed much higher selectivity and capacity offering multiple mechanisms of interaction, even against polydimethylsiloxane by stir bar sorptive extraction. Assays performed on 25 mL of water samples spiked at the 0.8 μg/L level, yielded recoveries ranging from 100.0 to 107.8%, under optimized experimental conditions; BAμE(modified pyrrolidone) - equilibrium time: 4h (1000 rpm), pH 5.5; LD - solvent:methanol/acetonitrile (1/1), 15 min with sonification. The analytical performance showed convenient detection limits (4.0-30.0 ng/L) and excellent linear dynamic ranges (0.04-1.60 μg/L) with remarkable correlation coefficients (r(2)>0.9980). Excellent repeatability was also achieved through intraday (RSD<13.7%) and interday (RSD<9.9%) assays. By using the standard addition methodology, the application of the present analytical approach on tap and ground water, as well as, wine samples revealed good sensitivity and absence of matrix effects. The proposed method operating under floating sampling technology proved to be a suitable sorption-based static microextraction alternative to monitor fungicides in real matrices, showing to be easy to implement, reliable, sensitive, requiring low sample volume and the possibility to choose the most selective sorbent coating according to the targets of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Almeida
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department and Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cavaliere B, Monteleone M, Naccarato A, Sindona G, Tagarelli A. A solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic approach combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the assay of carbamate pesticides in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
45
|
Serrano R, Portolés T, Blanes MA, Hernández F, Navarro JC, Varó I, Amat F. Characterization of the organic contamination pattern of a hyper-saline ecosystem by rapid screening using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:161-8. [PMID: 22789816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF MS) has been applied to evaluate organic pollution in a hyper-saline aquatic environment. Firstly, a target screening was made for a list of 150 GC-amenable organic micro-contaminants, including PAHs, octyl/nonyl phenols, PCBs, PBDEs, and a notable number of pesticides, such us insecticides (organochlorines, organophosphorus, carbamates and pyrethroids), herbicides (triazines and chloroacetanilides), fungicides and several transformation products. This methodology was applied to brine samples, with a salt content from 112 g/L to saturation, and to samples from Artemia populations (crustacean Anostraca) collected during 1 year from three sampling stations in saltworks bodies sited in the Ebro river delta. Around 50 target contaminants, belong to chemical families included in the list of priority substances within the framework on European water policy. Additionally, a non-target analysis was performed in both types of samples with the objective of investigating the presence of other non-selected organic compounds taking advantage of the potential of GC-TOF MS (high sensitivity in full-spectrum acquisition mode, accurate mass measurements) for searching unknowns. Organophosphorus pesticides were the contaminants more frequently detected in brine samples. Other compounds usually present in urban and industrial wastewaters, like caffeine, methylparaben, butylated-hydroxytoluene and N-butylbenzenesulfonamide were also detected in brines. The herbicide simazine and the insecticide chlorpyrifos were among the contaminants detected in Artemia samples. Results of this work reveal a potential threat to vulnerable populations inhabiting the hyper-saline ecosystem. The valuable contribution of GC-TOF MS in environmental analysis, allowing the rapid screening of a large number of organic contaminants, is also demonstrated in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roque Serrano
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA). Avda Sos Baynat, s/n. University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Domeño C, Canellas E, Alfaro P, Rodriguez-Lafuente A, Nerin C. Atmospheric pressure gas chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry for simultaneous detection and quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Application of gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry for target and non-target analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1244:168-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
49
|
Ibáñez M, Portolés T, Rúbies A, Muñoz E, Muñoz G, Pineda L, Serrahima E, Sancho JV, Centrich F, Hernández F. The power of hyphenated chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry in public health laboratories. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5311-5323. [PMID: 22578112 DOI: 10.1021/jf300796d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Laboratories devoted to the public health field have to face the analysis of a large number of organic contaminants/residues in many different types of samples. Analytical techniques applied in this field are normally focused on quantification of a limited number of analytes. At present, most of these techniques are based on gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Using these techniques only analyte-specific information is acquired, and many other compounds that might be present in the samples would be ignored. In this paper, we explore the potential of time-of-flight (TOF) MS hyphenated to GC or LC to provide additional information, highly useful in this field. Thus, all positives reported by standard reference targeted LC-MS/MS methods were unequivocally confirmed by LC-QTOF MS. Only 61% of positives reported by targeted GC-MS/MS could be confirmed by GC-TOF MS, which was due to its lower sensitivity as nonconfirmations corresponded to analytes that were present at very low concentrations. In addition, the use of TOF MS allowed searching for additional compounds in large-scope screening methodologies. In this way, different contaminants/residues not included in either LC or GC tandem MS analyses were detected. This was the case of the insecticide thiacloprid, the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol, the fungicide prochloraz, or the UV filter benzophenone, among others. Finally, elucidation of unknowns was another of the possibilities offered by TOF MS thanks to the accurate-mass full-acquisition data available when using this technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gómez MJ, Herrera S, Solé D, García-Calvo E, Fernández-Alba AR. Spatio-temporal evaluation of organic contaminants and their transformation products along a river basin affected by urban, agricultural and industrial pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 420:134-145. [PMID: 22326139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the occurrence, fate and temporal and spatial distribution of anthropogenic contaminants in a river subjected to different pressures (industrial, agricultural, wastewater discharges). For this purpose, the Henares River basin (central Spain) can be considered a representative basin within a continental Mediterranean climate. As the studied river runs through several residential, industrial and agricultural areas, it would be expected that the chemical water quality is modified along its course. Thereby the selection of sampling points and timing of sample collection are critical factors in the monitoring of a river basin. In this study, six different monitoring campaigns were performed in 2010 and contaminants were measured at the effluent point of the main wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the river basin and at five different points upstream and downstream from the WWTP emission point. The target compounds evaluated were personal care products (PCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides. Results show that the river is clearly influenced by wastewater discharges and also by its proximity to agricultural areas. The contaminants detected at higher concentrations were the PCPs. The spatial distribution of the contaminants indicates that the studied contaminants persist along the river. In the time period studied no great seasonal variations of PCPs at the river collection points were observed. In contrast, a temporal trend of pesticides and PAHs was observed. Besides the target compounds, other new contaminants were identified and evaluated in the water samples, some of them being investigated for the first time in the aquatic environment. The behaviour of three important transformation products was also evaluated: 9,10-anthracenodione, galaxolide-lactone and 4-amino-musk xylene. These were found at higher concentrations than their parent compounds, indicating the significance of including the study of transformation products in the monitoring programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Gómez
- IMDEA-Water (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - Water), Punto Net, Edificio ZYE 2º, Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|