1
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Miyagawa A, Nohira T, Nagatomo S, Nakatani K. Diffusion behavior of rhodamine 6G in single octadecylsilyl-functionalized silica particle revealed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:1561-1567. [PMID: 38727929 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the diffusion behavior of rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) within single octadecylsilyl-functionalized (ODS) silica particle in an acetonitrile (ACN)/water system using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). FCS measurements were conducted at the center of the particle to exclusively determine the intraparticle diffusion coefficient (D). The obtained D values were analyzed based on a pore and surface diffusion model, the results of which indicate that surface diffusion primarily governs the intraparticle diffusion of Rh6G. Furthermore, an increase in the concentration of ACN (CACN) resulted in a corresponding increase in the surface diffusion coefficient (Ds), whereas the addition of NaCl did not significantly affect the Ds values. We attributed this dependence of Ds to the dielectric constant change in the interfacial liquid phase formed on the ODS layer. Specially, Ds values of (4.0 ± 0.5) × 10-7, (7.7 ± 1.1) × 10-7, (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10-6, and (1.1 ± 0.2) × 10-6 cm2 s-1 were obtained for CACN = 20, 30, 40, and 50 vol%, respectively. We anticipate that this approach will contribute to advancing research on intraparticle mass transfer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Miyagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Terumasa Nohira
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nagatomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyoharu Nakatani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
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2
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Yamada K, Miyagawa A, Honma R, Nagatomo S, Nakatani K. Effect of Organic Solvent on the Mass Transfer Mechanism of Coumarin 102 in a Single Octadecylsilyl Silica Gel/Organic Solvent-Water System by Laser Trapping and Fluorescence Microspectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:14303-14310. [PMID: 38958592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Understanding mass transfer kinetics within individual porous particles is crucial for theoretically explaining the retention and elution behaviors in chromatography and drug delivery. Using laser trapping and fluorescence microspectroscopy, we investigated the diffusion mechanism of coumarin 102 (C102) into single octadecylsilyl particle in acetonitrile (ACN)/water, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/water, and 1-butanol (BuOH)/water solutions. The intraparticle diffusion behavior of C102 was evaluated using the spherical diffusion equation, allowing us to determine the intraparticle diffusion coefficients (Dintra): (8-10) × 10-9 cm2 s-1 for ACN, (10-16) × 10-9 cm2 s-1 for DMF, and (4-6) × 10-9 cm2 s-1 for BuOH. The obtained Dintra values were further analyzed using a pore and surface diffusion model. Thus, we revealed that the diffusion mechanism of C102 differed depending on the organic solvent: surface diffusion for ACN and DMF and pore and surface diffusions for BuOH were observed. This difference is attributed to the formation of a concentrated liquid phase of ACN and DMF at the interface of the alkyl chain and the bulk solution in the pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Akihisa Miyagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ren Honma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nagatomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyoharu Nakatani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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3
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Tallarek U, Trebel N, Frerichs D, Steinhoff A, Höltzel A. Organic-solvent ditch overlap in reversed-phase liquid chromatography: A molecular dynamics simulation study in cylindrical 6-12 nm-diameter pores. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464960. [PMID: 38718695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Mass transport through the mesopore space of a reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) column depends on the properties of the chromatographic interface, particularly on the extent of the organic-solvent ditch that favors the analyte surface diffusivity. Through molecular dynamics simulations in cylindrical RPLC mesopore models with pore diameters between 6 and 12 nm we systematically trace the evolution of organic-solvent ditch overlap due to spatial confinement in the mesopore space of RPLC columns for small-molecule separations. Each pore model of a silica-based, endcapped, C18-stationary phase is equilibrated with two mobile phases of comparable elution strength, namely 70/30 (v/v) water/acetonitrile and 60/40 (v/v) water/methanol, to consider the influence of the mobile-phase composition on the onset of organic-solvent ditch overlap. The simulations show that, as the pore diameter decreases from 9 to 6 nm, the bonded-phase density extends and compacts towards the pore center, which leads to increased accumulation of organic-solvent excess and thus enhanced organic-solvent diffusivity in the ditch. Because the acetonitrile ditch is more pronounced than the methanol ditch, acetonitrile ditch overlap sets in at less severe spatial confinement than methanol ditch overlap. The pore-averaged methanol and acetonitrile diffusivities are considerably raised by ditch overlap in the 6 nm-diameter pore, but also benefit from the ditch (without overlap) in the 7 to 12 nm-diameter pores, whereby local and pore-averaged effects are generally larger for acetonitrile than methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany.
| | - Nicole Trebel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Daniel Frerichs
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Andreas Steinhoff
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
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4
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Compagnin G, De Luca C, Nosengo C, Catani M, Cavazzini A, Greco G, Krauke Y, Felletti S. Sustainable cannabinoids purification through twin-column recycling chromatography and green solvents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4091-4099. [PMID: 38748248 PMCID: PMC11249647 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, twin-column recycling chromatography has been employed for the purification of a Cannabis extract by using a green solvent, ethanol, as the mobile phase. In particular, the complete removal of the psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from a Cannabis extract rich in cannabidiol (CBD) was achieved under continuous conditions. The performance of the method, in terms of compound purity, recovery, productivity and solvent consumption, was compared to that of traditional batch operations showing the potential of the twin-column recycling approach. The employment of a theoretical model to predict the band profiles of the two compounds during the recycling process has facilitated method development, thus further contributing to process sustainability by avoiding trial and error attempts or at least decreasing the number of steps significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Compagnin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
- KNAUER Wissenschaftliche Geräte GmbH, Hegauer Weg 38, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Nosengo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, CREA, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Giorgia Greco
- KNAUER Wissenschaftliche Geräte GmbH, Hegauer Weg 38, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Yannick Krauke
- KNAUER Wissenschaftliche Geräte GmbH, Hegauer Weg 38, Berlin, 14163, Germany.
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
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5
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Adrover A, Venditti C, Desmet G. On the modelling of the effective longitudinal diffusion in bi-continuous chromatographic beds. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464817. [PMID: 38518515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
We report on the possibility to extend to bi-continuous packings the two models for the effective longitudinal diffusion Deff, or B-term band broadening, recently proposed for discontinuous chromatographic beds. In bi-continuous packings, like monolithic columns, solutes experience a connected end-to-end pathway in both the mobile and stationary zones, as opposed to discontinuous packings, wherein the stationary adsorptive zone is distributed over a set of isolated elements. Since it is unclear whether a densely packed bed of spherical particles should be treated as a continuous or a bi-continuous medium, this extension is also crucial to fully understand the behaviour of packed particle beds. The proposed models for the effective longitudinal diffusion Deff originate from the adoption of the Two Zone Moment Analysis (TZMA) method by which Deff can be expressed as a linear combination of two essential quantities γm and γs, referred to as effective zone-diffusion factors. In the present work we propose two analytical models for γm and γs that now cover both the discontinuous and the bi-continuous case. To validate the theory, several bi-continuous packings are investigated, including the tetrahedral skeleton model (TSM), six different Triple Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) monoliths and randomly packed beds of spheres. For all of these, the models provide highly accurate results for Deff over a wide range of porosities and zone retention factors k″. The comparison with literature experimental data for both monolithic silica columns and columns packed with fully porous and porous-shell particles is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Adrover
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
| | - Claudia Venditti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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De Luca C, Compagnin G, Nosengo C, Mazzoccanti G, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M, Felletti S. Novel insights into the dependence of adsorption-desorption kinetics on particle geometry in chiral chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1809-1820. [PMID: 38358532 PMCID: PMC10901921 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The existence of slow adsorption-desorption kinetics in chiral liquid chromatography is common knowledge. This may significantly contribute to worsening the efficiency and kinetic performance of a chromatographic run, especially when high flow rates are employed. Many attempts and protocols have been proposed to access this term, the so-called c ads , but they are based on different (theoretical) assumptions. As a consequence, no official method is available for the estimation of the adsorption-desorption kinetics term. In this work, a novel approach to access c ads is presented. This procedure combines experimental results obtained with kinetic and thermodynamic measurements. The investigations have been performed on two zwitterionic teicoplanin chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on 1.9 μ m fully porous and 2.0 μ m superficially porous particles (FPPs and SPPs), using Z-D,L-Methionine as probe molecule. Kinetic studies have been performed through the combination of both stop-flow and dynamic measurements, while adsorption isotherms have been calculated through Inverse Method. This study has confirmed that, on both particle formats, analyte diffusion on the surface of the particle is negligible, meaning that adsorption is localized, and it has been demonstrated that adsorption-desorption kinetics is strongly dependent on particle geometry and, in particular, on the loading of chiral selector. These findings are fundamental not only to unravel novel aspects of the complex enantiorecognition mechanism but also to optimize the employment of CSPs for ultra-fast and preparative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Greta Compagnin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Nosengo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, CREA, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
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7
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De Luca C, Felletti S, Franchina FA, Bozza D, Compagnin G, Nosengo C, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Recent developments in the high-throughput separation of biologically active chiral compounds via high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115794. [PMID: 37890321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), are often chiral molecules where stereoisomers have different biological and therapeutic activity. Nevertheless, the preparation of these molecules can lead to racemic or scalemic mixtures (it is not trivial to produce just the optically pure compound). The evaluation of the enantiomeric purity of bioactive compounds, and therefore quality, is indeed of fundamental importance for regulatory scopes. Chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the gold standard technique to separate and to purify enantiomers. This comes from the wide availability of commercial chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and operational modes, which makes the technique extremely versatile. In recent years, the most relevant trend in the field of chiral analytical HPLC has been the development of CSPs suitable for fast or even ultrafast separations, thus favoring the high throughput screening of biologically active chiral compounds. This process has somehow lagged behind compared to achiral HPLC, due to a series of practical and fundamental issues. The experience has shown how in chiral chromatography even very basic concepts, such as the supposed kinetic superiority of core-shell (pellicular) particles over fully porous ones to improve the chromatographic efficiency, cannot be taken for granted. In this review, the most relevant fundamental and practical features that must be taken into consideration to design successful high-throughput, fast enantioseparations will be discussed. Afterwards, the main classes of CSPs and the most relevant, recent (last five-year) high-throughput applications in the field of the separation of chiral bioactive compounds (for pharmaceutical, forensic, food, and omics applications) will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Greta Compagnin
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Nosengo
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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8
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Redón L, Subirats X, Chapel S, Januarius T, Broeckhoven K, Rosés M, Cabooter D, Desmet G. Comprehensive analysis of the effective and intra-particle diffusion of weakly retained compounds in silica hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464529. [PMID: 38029660 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A detailed analysis of intra-particle volumes and layer thicknesses and their effect on the diffusion of solutes in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was made. Pycnometric measurements and the retention volume of deuterated mobile phase constituents (water and acetonitrile) were used to estimate the void volume inside the column, including not only the volume of the mobile phase but also part of the enriched water solvent acting as the stationary phase in HILIC. The mobile phase (hold-up) volume accessible to non-retained components was estimated using a homologous series approach. The joint analysis of the different approaches indicated the formation of enriched water layers on the hydrophobic silica mesopore walls with a thickness varying significantly with mobile phase composition. The maximal thickness of the enriched water layers, which corresponded to the minimum void volume accessible to unretained solutes, marked a transition in the retention behavior of the studied analytes. Discrepancies between deuterated solvent measurements and pycnometry were explained by the existence of an irreplaceable water layer adsorbed on the silica surface. Regarding the diffusion behavior in HILIC, peak parking experiments were used to interpret the influence of the acetonitrile content on the effective diffusion coefficient Deff. A systematic decrease in Deff and molecular diffusion Dm was observed with decreasing acetonitrile concentration, primarily attributed to variations in mobile phase viscosity. Notably, Deff/Dm remained nearly unaffected by variations in mobile phase composition. Finally, the effective medium theory was used to make a comprehensive analysis of Dpart/Dm to study the contribution to band broadening when the solute resides in the mesopores. The obtained data unveiled a curvature with a minimum corresponding to conditions of maximum water-layer thickness and retention. For the weakly retained compounds (k' < 0.5) the Dpart/Dm-values were found to be relatively high (order of 0.35-0.5), which directly reflects the high γsDs/Dm-values that were observed (order 0.35-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Redón
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Subirats
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Soraya Chapel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Timothy Januarius
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Martí Rosés
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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9
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Felletti S, Spedicato M, Bozza D, De Luca C, Presini F, Giovannini PP, Carraro M, Macis M, Cavazzini A, Catani M, Ricci A, Cabri W. Dimethyl carbonate as a green alternative to acetonitrile in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Part I: Separation of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464477. [PMID: 37944433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, environmental problems are drawing the attention of governments and international organisations, which are therefore encouraging the transition to green industrial processes and approaches. In this context, chemists can help indicate a suitable direction. Beside the efforts focused on greening synthetic approaches, currently also analytical techniques and separations are under observation, especially those employing large volumes of organic solvents, such as reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Acetonitrile has always been considered the best performing organic modifier for RPLC applications, due to its chemical features (complete miscibility in water, UV transparency, low viscosity etc); nevertheless, it suffers of severe shortcomings, and most importantly, it does not fully comply with Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) requirements. For these reasons, alternative greener solvents are being investigated, especially easily available alcohols. In this work, chromatographic performance of the most common solvents used in reversed-phase chromatography, i.e., acetonitrile, ethanol and isopropanol, have been compared to a scarcely used solvent, dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The analytes of interest were two small molecules, caffeine and paracetamol, whose kinetics and retention behaviour obtained with the four solvents have been compared, and all contributions to band broadening have been assessed. Results about kinetic performance are very promising, indicating that a small amount (7 % v/v) of DMC is able to produce the same efficiency as a 2.5-times larger ACN volume (18 % v/v), and larger efficiency than alcohols. This paper reports, for the first time, fundamental studies concerning the mass transfer phenomena when DMC is used as an organic solvent in RPLC, and, together with the companion paper, represents the results of a research whose final aim was to discover whether DMC is suitable for chromatographic applications both in linear and preparative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Matteo Spedicato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Marco Carraro
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Marco Macis
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy.
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
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10
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Gerstweiler L, Schad P, Trunzer T, Enghauser L, Mayr M, Billakanti J. Model based process optimization of an industrial chromatographic process for separation of lactoferrin from bovine milk. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464428. [PMID: 37797420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Model based process development using predictive mechanistic models is a powerful tool for in-silico downstream process development. It allows to obtain a thorough understanding of the process reducing experimental effort. While in pharma industry, mechanistic modeling becomes more common in the last years, it is rarely applied in food industry. This case study investigates risk ranking and possible optimization of the industrial process of purifying lactoferrin from bovine milk using SP Sepharose Big Beads with a resin particle diameter of 200 µm, based on a minimal number of lab-scale experiments combining traditional scale-down experiments with mechanistic modeling. Depending on the location and season, process water pH and the composition of raw milk can vary, posing a challenge for highly efficient process development. A predictive model based on the general rate model with steric mass action binding, extended for pH dependence, was calibrated to describe the elution behavior of lactoferrin and main impurities. The gained model was evaluated against changes in flow rate, step elution conditions, and higher loading and showed excellent agreement with the observed experimental data. The model was then used to investigate the critical process parameters, such as water pH, conductivity of elution steps, and flow rate, on process performance and purity. It was found that the elution behavior of lactoferrin is relatively consistent over the pH range of 5.5 to 7.6, while the elution behavior of the main impurities varies greatly with elution pH. As a result, a significant loss in lactoferrin is unavoidable to achieve desired purities at pH levels below pH 6.0. Optimal process parameters were identified to reduce water and salt consumption and increase purity, depending on water pH and raw milk composition. The optimal conductivity for impurity removal in a low conductivity elution step was found to be 43 mS/cm, while a conductivity of 95 mS/cm leads to the lowest overall salt usage during lactoferrin elution. Further increasing the conductivity during lactoferrin elution can only slightly lower the elution volume thus can also lead to higher total salt usage. Low flow rates during elution of 0.2 column volume per minute are beneficial compared to higher flow rates of 1 column volume per minute. The, on lab-scale, calibrated model allows predicting elution volume and impurity removal for large-scale experiments in a commercial plant processing over 106 liters of milk per day. The successful model extrapolation was possible without recalibration or detailed knowledge of the manufacturing plant. This study therefore provides a possible pathway for rapid process development of chromatographic purification in the food industries combining traditional scale-down experiments with mechanistic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gerstweiler
- The University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 5000 Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | - Tatjana Trunzer
- Global Life Sciences Solutions Germany GmbH, R&D, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lena Enghauser
- Global Life Sciences Solutions Germany GmbH, R&D, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Max Mayr
- Global Life Sciences Solutions Germany GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jagan Billakanti
- Global Life Sciences Solutions Australia Pty Ltd, Level 11, 32 Phillip St, Parramatta, NSW 2150
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11
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Gritti F. Resolution limits of size exclusion chromatography columns identified from flow reversal and overcome by recycling liquid chromatography to improve the characterization of manufactured monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464219. [PMID: 37499525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The flow reversal (FR) technique consists of reversing the flow direction along a chromatographic column. It is used to reveal the origin (such as poor column packing, active sites, or slow absorption/escape kinetics) for the resolution limit of 4.6 mm × 150 mm long columns packed with 1.7 μm 200 Å Bridge-Ethylene-Hybrid (BEHTM) Particles. These columns are used to separate manufactured monoclonal antibodies (mAb, ∼ 150 kDa) from their close impurities (or IdeS fragments, ∼ 100 kDa) by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). FR unambiguously demonstrates that the resolution limit of these SEC columns is primarily due to long-range flow velocity biases covering distances of at least 500 μm across the column diameter. This confirms the existence of center-to-wall flow heterogeneities which cause undesirable tailing for the mAb peak. Because the transverse dispersion coefficient (Dt=1.1 × 10-6 cm2/s) of mAbs across the column diameter is intrinsically low, the bandspreading of the mAb in a single flow direction is in part reversible upon reversing the flow direction. For the very same residence time in the column, the column efficiency is found to increase by +85% relative to that observed under conventional elution mode. The observed peak tailing of the mAb and its sub-units is not caused by active surface sites or by slow absorption/escape from the BEH Particles. Therefore, the most critical mAb impurities (hydrolytic degradation Fab/c and IdeS [Formula: see text] fragments) can only be successfully separated and quantified with acceptable accuracy by adopting alternate pumping recycling liquid chromatography (APRLC). APRLC enables the full baseline separation of the mAb and 100 kDa mAb fragments and partial separation of Fab/c and [Formula: see text] fragments after increasing the number of cycles to ten. It was made possible to accurately measure the relative abundances of the mAb (99.0 ± 0.1%), [Formula: see text] fragment (0.88 ± 0.03%), and Fab/c immunogenic fragment (0.13 ± 0.02%) in less than 45 min for a total mAb sample load of only 5 μg. Still, further improvements are needed to increase the sensitivity of the APRLC method and to reduce the solvent consumption by adopting narrow-bore 2.1 mm i.d. SEC columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, Milford, MA, 01757, USA.
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12
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Retention and mass transfer properties of the series of unbonded, amide-bonded, and alkylsulfobetaine-bonded ethylene bridged hybrid hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463828. [PMID: 36804802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the link between the retentivity and the stationary phase to mobile phase mass transfer resistance of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns packed with the same base ethylene-bridged hybrid particles (BEH). The retention volumes, the plate heights, and the volume of the adsorbed water layer were measured for the ACQUITYTM UPLCTM BEHTM 130 Å HILIC Column (unbonded BEH), ACQUITY UPLC BEH 130 Å Amide Column (amide group attached), and AtlantisTM Premier BEH 95 Å Z-HILIC (zwitterionic group attached) Column. The method of Guo (toluene retention volumes in pure acetonitrile and in the HILIC eluent) was validated from the UNIFAC group-contribution method and applied to measure accurately the water layer volumes in these columns. A strong correlation was found between the retention volumes of most neutral polar analytes and the volume of the water layer adsorbed in the HILIC column. The fraction of the pore volume occupied by the water layer increases significantly from the BEH HILIC Column to the BEH Amide Column, and to the BEH Z-HILIC Column. This is explained by the water solvation of the attached ligands in the pore volume of the BEH Particles and to the smaller average mesopore size of the BEH Z-HILIC Particles. A second and strong correlation is also observed between the water content in the HILIC particle and the stationary phase to mobile phase mass transfer resistance of the HILIC columns at high mobile phase linear velocities. The measured intra-particle diffusivity normalized to the bulk diffusion coefficient decreased from 0.33 (BEH HILIC Column) to 0.10 (BEH Amide Column) and to only 0.03 (BEH Z-HILIC Column) for comparable retention of cytosine. These results are fully consistent with the higher viscosity of the internal eluent (higher water content) and higher internal obstruction for diffusion (smaller mesopores and internal porosity) in the BEH Z-HILIC Particles. Still, in gradient elution mode, the peak capacity was found to be 18% higher for the BEH Z-HILIC Column than that on the BEH Amide Column because the retention factors at elution were smaller when maintaining the same analysis time and starting eluent composition.
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13
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Steinhoff A, Höltzel A, Trebel N, Tallarek U. Mobile-Phase Contributions to Organic-Solvent Excess Adsorption and Surface Diffusion in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10554-10568. [PMID: 36469753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fast transport of retained analytes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography occurs through surface diffusion in the organic-solvent (OS)-enriched interfacial "ditch" region between the hydrophobic stationary phase and the water (W)-OS mobile phase. Through molecular dynamics simulations that recover the OS excess adsorption isotherms of a typical C18-stationary phase for methanol and acetonitrile, we explore the relation between OS properties, OS excess adsorption, and surface diffusion. The emerging molecular-level picture attributes the mobile-phase contribution to surface diffusion to the hydrogen-bond capability and the eluting power of the OS. The higher affinity of methanol for the formation of W-OS hydrogen bonds at the soft, hydrophobic surface presented by the bonded-phase (C18) chains reduces the OS excess and the related viscosity drop in the ditch. The lower eluting power of methanol, however, translates to increased bonded-phase contacts for analytes, which can increase their mobility gain from surface diffusion above the gain observed with acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinhoff
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Trebel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032Marburg, Germany
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14
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Tortuosity of hierarchical porous materials: Diffusion experiments and random walk simulations. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Stejskal K, Jeff ODB, Matzinger M, Dürnberger G, Boychenko A, Jacobs P, Mechtler K. Deep Proteome Profiling with Reduced Carryover Using Superficially Porous Microfabricated nanoLC Columns. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15930-15938. [PMID: 36356180 PMCID: PMC9685595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
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In the field of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
(LC–MS)-based proteomics, increases in the sampling depth and
proteome coverage have mainly been accomplished by rapid advances
in mass spectrometer technology. The comprehensiveness and quality
of the data that can be generated do, however, also depend on the
performance provided by nano-liquid chromatography (nanoLC) separations.
Proper selection of reversed-phase separation columns can be important
to provide the MS instrument with peptides at the highest possible
concentration and separated at the highest possible resolution. In
the current contribution, we evaluate the use of the prototype generation
2 μPAC nanoLC columns, which use C18-functionalized superficially
porous micropillars as a stationary phase. When compared to traditionally
used fully porous silica stationary phases, more precursors could
be characterized when performing single shot data-dependent LC–MS/MS
analyses of a human cell line tryptic digest. Up to 30% more protein
groups and 60% more unique peptides were identified for short gradients
(10 min) and limited sample amounts (10–100 ng of cell lysate
digest). With LC–MS gradient times of 10, 60, 120, and 180
min, respectively, we identified 2252, 6513, 7382, and 8174 protein
groups with 25, 500, 1000, and 2000 ng of the sample loaded on the
column. Reduction of sample carryover to the next run (up to 2 to
3%) and decreased levels of methionine oxidation (up to 3-fold) were
identified as additional figures of merit. When analyzing a disuccinimidyl
dibutyric urea-crosslinked synthetic library, 29 to 59 more unique
crosslinked peptides could be identified at an experimentally validated
false discovery rate of 1–2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Stejskal
- IMBA─Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Op de Beeck Jeff
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Manuel Matzinger
- IMP─Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Dürnberger
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Paul Jacobs
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Karl Mechtler
- IMP─Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- IMBA─Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Rakotondravao HM, Takahashi R, Takai T, Sakoda Y, Horiuchi JI, Kumada Y. Control of Accessible Surface Areas and Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate using Grafted Dextran during Anion-Exchange Chromatography of Therapeutic Proteins. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.22we035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jun-Ichi Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Yoichi Kumada
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology
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17
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Ismail OH, Catani M, Mazzoccanti G, Felletti S, Manetto S, De Luca C, Ye M, Cavazzini A, Gasparrini F. Boosting the enantioresolution of zwitterionic-teicoplanin chiral stationary phases by moving to wide-pore core-shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463190. [PMID: 35704958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel zwitterionic-teicoplanin chiral stationary phase (CSP), based on superficially porous particles (SPPs) of 2.7 µm particle diameter and 160 Å pore size, has been prepared and evaluated towards the enantioseparation of important classes of compounds, including chiral drugs, pesticides, and N-derivatized amino acids. The comparison with two analogous CSPs prepared on SPPs with 2.7 and 2.0 µm particle diameter and 90 Å pore size has revealed that the use of large-pore particles allows to dramatically improve both the enantioselectivity and the resolution-per-analysis-time, at the point that the column prepared with the new CSP outperformed the one packed with the finest particles. On the novel wide-pore CSP, the separation of fifteen racemates of pratical importance was significantly improved in terms of both enantioselectivity and resolution-per-analysis time-compared to the CSPs based on SPPs with smaller pores (90 Å). Such a CSP would be suitable for very fast enantioseparations allowing the saving of solvent for greener high-efficiency/high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar H Ismail
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simone Manetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Michael Ye
- MilliporeSigma, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, PA 16823, United States
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy.
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18
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An Experimental and Modeling Combined Approach in Preparative Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatography is a technique widely used in the purification of biopharmaceuticals, and generally consists of several chromatographic steps. In this work, Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) is investigated as a polishing step for the purification of therapeutic proteins. Adsorption mechanisms in hydrophobic interaction chromatography are still not completely clear and a limited amount of published data is available. In addition to new data on adsorption isotherms for some proteins (obtained both by high-throughput and frontal analysis method), and a comparison of different models proposed in the literature, two different approaches are compared in this work to investigate HIC. The predictive approach exploits an in-house code that simulates the behavior of the component in the column using the model parameters found from the fitting of experimental data. The estimation approach, on the other hand, exploits commercial software in which the model parameters are found by the fitting of a few experimental chromatograms. The two approaches are validated on some bind-elute runs: the predictive approach is very informative, but the experimental effort needed is high; the estimation approach is more effective, but the knowledge gained is lower. The second approach is also applied to an in-development industrial purification process and successfully resulted in predicting the behavior of the system, allowing for optimization with a reduction in the time and amount of sample needed.
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19
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Gritti F, David M, Brothy P, Lewis MR. Model of retention time and density of gradient peak capacity for improved LC-MS method optimization: Application to metabolomics. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1197:339492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Mostafa ME, Grinias JP, Edwards JL. Evaluation of Nanospray Capillary LC-MS Performance for Metabolomic Analysis in Complex Biological Matrices. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Miyabe K. Simplification of Moment Analysis Procedure for Kinetic Study of Chromatographic Behavior of Core-shell Particles. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1553-1557. [PMID: 33952866 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The moment analysis method for chromatographic behavior in core-shell columns was simplified. Mass-transfer phenomena other than intra-stationary phase diffusion are analyzed while considering that the packing materials are spherical particles. The manner of intra-stationary phase diffusion is analyzed while assuming a hypothetical flat plate. For most core-shell particles commercially available, the geometry of a spherical thin layer can be supposed as a hypothetical flat plate with a relative error of less than ca. 2% because the thickness of the shell layer is sufficiently smaller than the diameter of whole particle. This supposition makes moment analysis easier because the moment equations for flat plates are simpler than those strictly developed for core-shell particles. Some chromatographic data measured using a core-shell column were analyzed by the simple moment analysis method to confirm its usefulness. It was demonstrated that the method is effective for a preliminary study of mass-transfer kinetics in core-shell columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Miyabe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
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22
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Rakotondravao HM, Ishizuka N, Sakakibara K, Wada R, Ichihashi E, Takahashi R, Takai T, Horiuchi JI, Kumada Y. Characterization of a macroporous epoxy-polymer based resin for the ion-exchange chromatography of therapeutic proteins. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462503. [PMID: 34520891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the adsorption capacity and mass transfer properties of a novel macroporous epoxy-polymer-based anion-exchanger, MPR Q, for the efficient separation of therapeutic proteins. MPR Q resin was prepared by phase separation based on spinodal decomposition followed by dextran grafting and ligand conjugation. Under static conditions, MPR Q exhibited a binding capacity of 49.8 mg-IgG/cm3-resin at pH 10, whereas the fastest adsorption was observed among the anion-exchanger resins tested. Inverse size-exclusion chromatography (iSEC) experiments revealed that the apparent pore diameter of MPR Q was approximately 90 nm, which was sufficiently large for the penetration of human IgG and bovine IgM. Moreover, the reduced height equivalent to a theoretical plate, h, of human IgG, determined using the linear gradient elution method was 65.8 and was not significantly changed in the range of linear velocities from 20.37 to 50.93 cm/min. The dynamic binding capacity at 10% breakthrough of MPR Q, determined by frontal analysis, exhibited a capacity of 43.8 mg/cm3 at 5.09 cm/min and 58% of DBC10% was maintained even though the linear velocity was increased to 50.93 cm/min. Furthermore, a resolution for separation of IgG and BSA by MPR Q was 1.06 at 5.09 cm/min, while it was higher than that for the conventional resin at all linear velocities from 5.09 cm/min to 50.93 cm/min. Thus, it was suggested that the MPR Q developed in this study is a promising resin that can efficiently separate large biomacromolecules such as human IgG at higher velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norio Ishizuka
- Emaus Kyoto, Inc., 26 Saiinnishida-Cho, Ukyo, Kyoto 615-0055, Japan
| | - Keita Sakakibara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Ryota Wada
- Kyoto Research Laboratories, YMC Co., Ltd., 59 Yonnotsubo-Cho Iwakuraminami, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0033, Japan
| | - Emi Ichihashi
- Kyoto Research Laboratories, YMC Co., Ltd., 59 Yonnotsubo-Cho Iwakuraminami, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0033, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Kyoto Research Laboratories, YMC Co., Ltd., 59 Yonnotsubo-Cho Iwakuraminami, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0033, Japan
| | - Takatomo Takai
- Kyoto Research Laboratories, YMC Co., Ltd., 59 Yonnotsubo-Cho Iwakuraminami, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0033, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Horiuchi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashigami-Cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Other, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kumada
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashigami-Cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Other, 606-8585, Japan.
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23
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Gritti F, Wahab F. Extraction of intrinsic column peak profiles of narrow-bore and microbore columns by peak deconvolution methods. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1180:338851. [PMID: 34538318 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic peak profiles (free from the delay and dispersion caused by state-of-the art UHPLC systems) generated by narrow-bore and microbore chromatographic columns used in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomic analyses are extracted from two different deconvolution methods. The first method is based on the classical discrete Fourier transform (DFT) while the second method refers to the Taylor expansion of the continuous Fourier transform (FT). The two numerical methods are compared regarding the accurate determination of the intrinsic peak profiles of the non-retained compound (toluene) expected on a narrow-bore 2.1 mm × 100 mm column packed with 1.6 μm CORTECS-C18 superficially porous particles and installed on three different LC systems (ACQUITY i-class UPLC, ACQUITY H-class UPLC, and Arc LC systems). The DFT-based method is most relevant when the low-frequency band of the chromatographic peak does not overlap with the high-frequency bands related to the experimental baseline noise (pump/detector). The Taylor expansion-based method is successful for the extraction of the intrinsic peak profiles of narrow-bore 2.1 mm i.d. columns packed with sub-2 μm particles installed on standard UHPLC systems. When the LC system dispersion significantly exceeds that of the column, the DFT-based method is preferred over the Taylor expansion-based method and is successfully applied to extract the intrinsic peak profiles generated by a microbore 1.0 mm × 100 mm column packed with 1.8 μm HSS-C18 fully porous particles (volume variance ∼ 0.15 μL2 for the non-retained compound toluene) run on the low-dispersion ACQUITY i-class UPLC system (∼ 1 μL2 volume variance). This result opens up promising avenues for the development, quality control, and LC-MS analyses of microbore 1 mm i.d. columns using the state-of-the-art UHPLC instruments at flow rates larger than 0.1 mL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA.
| | - Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, USA.
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24
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Pawlak K, Wojciechowski K. Precursor ion approach for simultaneous determination of nonethoxylated and ethoxylated alkylsulfate surfactants. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462421. [PMID: 34343783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate homologues in the range of alkyl chain length C12-C16 with 0-5 ethoxy groups. The method is based on scanning the precursor ions fragmenting to m/z 80 and 97 (Precursor Ion Scanning mode), which makes it specific for species with easily cleavable sulfate groups. By monitoring fragmentation of thus discovered quasi-molecular ions we were able to unequivocally identify all sulfate species present in complex mixtures of alkyl and alkyl-ether sulfates with molecular weight ranging from 200 to 600 m/z. Because of the intrinsic sulfate-sensitivity, the presented method can be also applied to non-sodium salts of alkyl- and alkyl-ether sulfates (e.g. ammonium, mono- or triethanolamine, etc.), which are often used by cosmetic manufacturers to justify the misleading SLS- and SLES-free claims (where SLS and SLES refer to sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate, respectively). The use of reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) column with C4 instead of C18 shortened significantly the overall analysis time and allowed us to use a semiquantitative method (based on single standard for Quantitative Analysis of Multi-component System, QAMS) to determine several SLS and SLES homologues in one run with the limit of quantification (LOQ) = 0.4 µg/mL and of detection (LOD) in the range 0.12-0.97 µg/mL. The method was successfully applied to 17 commercially available cosmetic/household products allowing verification of their manufacturers' declarations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pawlak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland.
| | - Kamil Wojciechowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland; SaponLabs Ltd, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland.
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Hara T, Baron GV, Hata K, Izumi Y, Bamba T, Desmet G. Performance of functionalized monolithic silica capillary columns with different mesopore sizes using radical polymerization of octadecyl methacrylate. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462282. [PMID: 34144397 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on the possibility to enhance the phase ratio and retention factor in silica monoliths. According to pioneering work done by Núñez et al. [1], this enhancement is pursued by applying a stationary phase layer via radical polymerization with octadecyl methacrylate (ODM) as an alternative to the customary octadecylsilylation (C18-derivatization). The difference in band broadening, retention factor and separation selectivity between both approaches was compared. Different hydrothermal treatment temperatures for the column preparation were applied to produce monolithic silica structures with three different mesopore sizes (resp. 10, 13, and 16 nm, as determined by argon physisorption) while maintaining similar domain size (sum of through-pore and skeleton size). It has been found that the columns with the poly(octadecyl methacrylate)-phase (ODM columns) provided a 60 to 80% higher retention factor in methanol-water mixture compared to the octadecylsilylated (ODS) columns produced by starting from similar silica backbone structures. In acetonitrile-water mixture, the enhancement is smaller (15 to 30% times higher), yet significant. By adjusting the fabrication conditions (for both the preparation of the monolithic backbones and the surface functionalization), the achieved retention factors (up k = 4.89 for pentylbenzene in 80:20% (v/v) methanol/water) are obviously higher than obtained in the pioneering study on ODM monoliths of Núñez et al. [1], and column clogging could be completely avoided. In addition, also separation efficiencies were significantly higher than shown in Ref. [1], with plate heights as low as 5.8 μm. These plate heights are however inferior to those observed on the ODS-modified sister columns. The difference can be explained by the slower intra-skeleton diffusion displayed by the ODM-modified columns, in turn caused by the larger obstruction to diffusion originating from the thicker stationary phase layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | - Gino V Baron
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Kosuke Hata
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium.
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A cuboid chromatography device having short bed-height gives better protein separation at a significantly lower pressure drop than a taller column having the same bed-volume. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462167. [PMID: 33962076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneously reducing the bed-height and increasing the area of cross-section, while keeping the bed-volume the same, would substantially reduce the pressure drop across a process chromatography column. This would minimize problems such as resin compaction and non-uniformity in column packing, which are commonly faced when using soft chromatographic media. However, the increase in macroscale convective dispersion due to the increase in column diameter, and the resultant loss in resolution would far outweigh any potential benefit. Cuboid-packed bed devices have lower macroscale convective dispersion compared to their equivalent cylindrical columns. In this paper, we discuss how and why a flat cuboid chromatography device having a short bed-height gives better protein separation, at a significantly lower pressure drop, than a taller column having the same bed-volume. First, we explored this option based on computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. Depending on the flow rate, the pressure drop across the flat cuboid device was lower than that in the tall column by a factor of 6.35 to 6.4 (i.e. less than 1/6th the pressure). The CFD results also confirmed that the macroscale convective dispersion within the flat cuboid device was significantly lower. Head-to-head separation experiments using a 1 mL flat cuboid device having a bed-height of 10 mm, and a 1 mL tall column having a bed-height of 25.8 mm, both packed with the same chromatographic media, were carried out. The number of theoretical plates per unit bed-height was on an average, around 2.5 time times greater with the flat cuboid device, while the total number of theoretical plates in the two devices were comparable. At any given superficial velocity, the height equivalent of a theoretical plate in the tall column was on an average, higher by a factor 2.5. Binary protein separation experiments showed that at any given flow rate, the resolution obtained using the flat cuboid device was significantly higher than that obtained with the tall column. This work opens up the possibility of designing and developing short bed-height chromatography devices for carrying out high-resolution biopharmaceutical purifications, at very low pressures.
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Miyabe K. Simple Moment Analysis for a Kinetic Study of the Chromatographic Behavior of Spherical Particles and Silica Monoliths. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:593-598. [PMID: 33041310 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple procedure of moment analysis was proposed for a kinetic study of the rate processes in the columns packed with full-porous spherical particles and silica monoliths. Previous chromatographic data measured in reversed-phase HPLC systems using Mightysil and Chromolith columns were analyzed by a simple moment analysis. The surface of the packing materials is chemically modified with octadecyl alkyl ligands. A mixture of methanol and water (80/20, v/v) and alkylbenzene homologous series (C6H5CnH2n+1, n = 0 - 7) were used as the mobile-phase solvent and sample probes, respectively. More detailed information about the experimental conditions is provided in Supporting Information. The values of the intra-stationary phase diffusivity (De) and the surface diffusion coefficient (Ds), derived by the simple moment analysis, were almost the same as those by the conventional moment analysis. The simple moment analysis is effective for quantitative studies of mass transfer in chromatographic systems. The previous chromatographic data were also analyzed by assuming external porosity (εe) as typical values, i.e., 0.40 for spherical particles and 0.70 for silica monoliths. The resulting values of De and Ds were of the same order of magnitude as those derived by using εe experimentally measured. Even if εe is assumed to be typical values, the simple moment analysis is effective for preliminary studies of the mass-transfer kinetics in the columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Miyabe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
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28
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Nguyen JM, Liu X, DeLoffi M, Murisier A, Fekete S, Guillarme D, Lauber MA. Aptamer-based immunoaffinity LC-MS using an ultra-short column for rapid attomole level quantitation of intact mAbs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122694. [PMID: 33866109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of proteins in biofluids has largely involved either traditional ligand binding assays or "bottom-up" mass spectrometry. Recently, top-down mass spectrometry using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) paired with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has emerged as a promising technique, due to the potential of better identification of post-translational modifications (PTMs), lack of downstream interferences, and less time-consuming sample preparation and analysis times. However, it can be difficult with this approach to robustly obtain high-fidelity MS data, especially when pushing for low limits of detection. To address these issues, we developed a chromatographic device with an optimized form factor and stationary phase to improve protein recovery, while reducing run times. We have observed that by using this device, it is possible to achieve attomole quantitation of mAbs without the addition of carrier proteins and with over three-fold higher throughput than columns employed in previous studies. Moreover, we have devised a novel affinity capture method, based on repurposing a unique aptamer ligand that can give 93% recovery of mAb using only a 2 h incubation. When hyphenated together, these two technologies greatly improve the ability to analyze proteins in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Nguyen
- School of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States.
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States
| | - Maureen DeLoffi
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States
| | - Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Matthew A Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States
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Gritti F, Hlushkou D, Tallarek U. Multiple-open-tubular column enabling transverse diffusion. Part 2: Channel size distribution and structure optimization. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462033. [PMID: 33714774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple-open-tubular columns enabling transverse diffusion (MOTTD) are made of straight, parallel, and cylindrical flow channels separated by a mesoporous stationary phase. In Part 1, a model of band broadening along MOTTD columns accounting for longitudinal diffusion, the trans-channel velocity bias, and mass transfer resistance in the stationary phase was proposed and validated. In this Part 2, the model is completed by considering the impact of short-range inter-channel velocity biases on the MOTTD plate number. These velocity biases are caused by the wide distribution of the channel diameters. Different ratios, ρ, of the average inner diameter, 2<rc>, of the flow channels to their closest center-to-center distance d (d= 5 μm, ρ= 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) increasing from 0 to 50% are considered. The zone retention factor k1 was increased from 1 to 25. The complete model of band broadening is validated after adjustment to dispersion data obtained by 1) the lattice-Boltzmann method for modeling fluid flow, 2) a random-walk particle-tracking (RWPT) technique to address advective-diffusive transport, and 3) by considering two distinct populations of flow channels (inner radii rc,1=<rc>(1-RSD) and rc,2=<rc>(1+RSD)) arranged at the nodes of a hexagonal compact array. The completed model of band broadening in MOTTD columns reveals that the RSD of the channel diameters has only a moderate impact on the optimum plate number of MOTTD columns: the relative increase of the minimum plate height do not exceed 30% even for the largest RSDs. However, when the mass transfer of the analyte is governed by its slow rate of transverse diffusion across the MOTTD column, the plate height can be increased by up to 100% at high average velocities. Regarding the best trade-off between analysis speed and column performance at a fixed pressure drop of 400 bar, irrespective of the zone retention factor and RSD of the distribution of the channel diameters, the fastest analyses are recommended for MOTTD columns having a small structural parameter ρ. In contrast, for the longest analysis times, the largest values of ρ are required to maximize the performance of MOTTD columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA.
| | - Dzmitry Hlushkou
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
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30
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Luo C, DeStefano JJ, Langlois TJ, Boyes BE, Schuster SA, Godinho JM. Fundamental to achieving fast separations with high efficiency: A review of chromatography with superficially porous particles. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5087. [PMID: 33566360 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Types of particles have been fundamental to LC separation technology for many years. Originally, LC columns were packed with large-diameter (>100 μm) calcium carbonate, silica gel, or alumina particles that prohibited fast mobile-phase speeds because of the slow diffusion of sample molecules inside deep pores. During the birth of HPLC in the 1960s, superficially porous particles (SPP, ≥30 μm) were developed as the first high-speed stationary-phase support structures commercialized, which permitted faster mobile-phase flowrates due to the fast movement of sample molecules in/out of the thin shells. These initial SPPs were displaced by smaller totally porous particles (TPP) in the mid-1970s. But SPP history repeated when UHPLC emerged in the 2000s. Stationary-phase support structures made from sub-3-μm SPPs were introduced to chromatographers in 2006. The initial purpose of this modern SPP was to enable chromatographers to achieve fast separations with high efficiency using conventional HPLCs. Later, the introduction of sub-2-μm SPPs with UHPLC instruments pushed the separation speed and efficiency to a very fast zone. This review aims at providing readers a comprehensive and up-to-date view on the advantages of SPP materials over TPPs historically and theoretically from the material science angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuping Luo
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | | | | - Barry E Boyes
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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31
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Nguyen KL, Wernert V, Denoyel R. Effect of the polydispersity on the dispersion of polymers through silicas having different morphologies (fully porous and core-shell particles and monoliths). J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461985. [PMID: 33611113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the polydispersity of polystyrenes on the dispersion through silicas having different morphologies (fully porous, core-shell particles and monoliths) was investigated. The heights equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) of those columns were measured for a small molecule (toluene) and a series of polystyrenes of different sizes in non-adsorbing conditions. The different contributions to the total HETP including polydispersity were determined experimentally. The longitudinal diffusion and the mass transfer resistance term were obtained from peak parking experiments. The eddy dispersion was obtained from models and experiments. The effect of polydispersity on the HETP values (Hpoly) can thus be calculated from the total HETP by substraction of the other contributions. The results were compared to the Knox model which surestimates the Hpoly values for porous and core-shell particles which is usually explained by an overestimation of the polydispersity index (PDI) given by the manufacturer. The PDI of two polymers (P02, Mw= 690 g.mol-1 and P03, Mw=1380 g.mol-1) was verified by liquid chromatography by separating each fraction of the polymer on the silica columns by using adsorbing conditions which are obtained with a mixture of heptane and THF. The PDI obtained are comparable to the PDI given by the manufacturer meaning that the assumptions made by Knox are not entirely valid. A direct method is proposed in this paper in order to determine Hpoly. In this method the excess of spreading as compared with a polymer with only one size corresponding to the average size is studied assuming the polymer size distribution is gaussian. The Hpoly values obtained by the direct method are comparable to the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khac-Long Nguyen
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, MADIREL, UMR 7246, Centre Saint-Jérôme, F-13397 Marseille cedex 20, France; Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, 18 Vien Street, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Véronique Wernert
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, MADIREL, UMR 7246, Centre Saint-Jérôme, F-13397 Marseille cedex 20, France.
| | - Renaud Denoyel
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, MADIREL, UMR 7246, Centre Saint-Jérôme, F-13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
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Felletti S, Catani M, Mazzoccanti G, De Luca C, Lievore G, Buratti A, Pasti L, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A. Mass transfer kinetics on modern Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phases made on fully- and superficially-porous particles. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461854. [PMID: 33387912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a detailed study of mass transfer properties of trans-stilbene oxide (TSO) enantiomers on two Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phases (CSPs) has been performed. The CSPs were prepared by using both fully-porous silica particles of 2.5 μm particle diameter and superficially-porous ones of 2.6 μm particle diameter as base materials. By combining stop-flow and dynamic measurements in normal-phase conditions, the different contributions to mass transfer have been estimated. The study of intraparticle diffusion has revealed that the adsorption of both enantiomers is localized (i.e., characterized by absence of surface diffusion). The determination of thermodynamic binding constants (measured through adsorption isotherms) supports this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Dept. of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Universita di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Buratti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dept. of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Universita di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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33
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Xiao R, Gao D, Xie W, Fu Q, Wang L, Zhang K, Zeng J. Nonlinear behavior in preparative liquid chromatography: A method-development case study for hydroxytyrosol purification. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:973-980. [PMID: 33351272 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Preparative liquid chromatography has become an important purification method owing to its advantages of high separation efficiency, good reproducibility, and low solvent consumption. Because overloading in preparative liquid chromatography must be performed to increase the throughput in a cycle, nonlinear chromatographic behavior is observed. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully study nonlinear chromatography for the purification of a given product, which facilitates the efficient optimization of the purification parameters. In this work, a method for the development of a purification method using preparative liquid chromatography based on nonlinear chromatography is proposed. Hydroxytyrosol was selected as the subject for method demonstration. Using methanol and ethanol as organic modifiers, the optimum flow rate was determined on three commercial columns entitled C8 TDE, C18 ME, and C18 TDE, respectively. The curves were fitted with the van Deemter equation, with thorough analysis of the A, B, and C terms. Adsorption isotherms were subsequently studied to explore the distribution of solutes between the stationary and mobile phases at equilibrium. C18 TDE, 5 vol% ethanol-water, and 0.2 mL/min were selected as the optimal separation material, elution solvent, and flow rate, respectively. Purification of hydroxytyrosol was tentatively confirmed on a C18 TDE column with 1.6% sample loading, 90.98% recovery, and 98.01% purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruting Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Die Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qifeng Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lujun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kailian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P. R. China
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34
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Klimova YA, Asnin LD. Enantioselective adsorption dynamics of leucyl-leucine in a Chirobiotic R column. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461771. [PMID: 33302135 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of adsorption of the Leu-Leu stereoisomers in a chromatographic column packed with the Chirobiotic R chiral stationary phase bearing grafted antibiotic ristocetin A was studied by means of measurement and analysis of van Deemter plots. Similar measurements were carried out with weakly retained Gly-Gly for the sake of comparison. The bulk diffusion coefficients of the investigated dipeptides were also determined. It is found that the van Deemter plots of both the Leu-Leu stereoisomers and Gly-Gly have an uncommon convex-upward shape. Besides, the van Deemter B coefficients for the Leu-Leu stereoisomers, but not for Gly-Gly, have unusually high values. It is suggested that a high transcolumn contribution to eddy dispersion, which turned out to be enantioselective, accounts for these findings. Adsorption kinetics of all the dipeptides considered is relatively slow, the adsorption rate constant (kads) being of order of magnitude 20-60 s-1. kads does not depend on the configuration of Leu-Leu stereoisomers, although their affinity toward the chiral selector depends on this factor. This supports the above hypothesis that eddy dispersion is mainly responsible for the observed peculiarities in the dynamic behavior of dipeptides, and adsorption kinetics has secondary importance in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana A Klimova
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al., Perm 614990, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid D Asnin
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al., Perm 614990, Russian Federation.
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35
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Godinho JM, Naese JA, Toler AE, Boyes BE, Henry RA, DeStefano JJ, Grinias JP. Importance of Particle Pore Size in Determining Retention and Selectivity in Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461678. [PMID: 33221655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Column selection often centers on the identification of a stationary phase that increases resolution for a certain class of compounds. While gains in resolution are most affected by selectivity of the stationary phase or modifications of the mobile phase, enhancements can still be made with an intentional selection of the packing material's microstructure. Unrestricted mass transfer into the particle's porous structure minimizes band broadening associated with hindered access to stationary phase. Increased efficiency, especially when operating above the optimal flow rates, can be gained if the pore size is significantly larger than the solvated analyte. Less studied are the effects of reduced access to pores due to physical hindrance and its impact on retention. This article explores the relationship between pore size and reversed phase retention, and specifically looks at a series of particle architectures with reversed phase and size exclusion modes to study retention associated with access to stationary phase surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Road, Wilmington, DE, 19810, USA.
| | - Joseph A Naese
- Rowan University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Alexander E Toler
- Rowan University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Barry E Boyes
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Road, Wilmington, DE, 19810, USA
| | - Richard A Henry
- Independent Consultant, 983 Greenbriar Dr., State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Joseph J DeStefano
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Road, Wilmington, DE, 19810, USA
| | - James P Grinias
- Rowan University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
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36
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Fang W, Zhang B, Han FY, Qin ZN, Feng YQ, Hu JM, Shen AG. On-Site and Quantitative Detection of Trace Methamphetamine in Urine/Serum Samples with a Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Active Microcavity and Rapid Pretreatment Device. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13539-13549. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Microwave and Vacuum Technology, Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan 528000, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Yuan Han
- Electric Power Research Institute, Guangxi Power Grid Company, Ltd., Nanning 530023, P. R. China
| | - Zhang-Na Qin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Ming Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Guo Shen
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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37
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Lievore G, Chenet T, Chankvetadze B, Farkas T, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Shedding light on mechanisms leading to convex-upward van Deemter curves on a cellulose tris(4-chloro-3-methylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461532. [PMID: 32950816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An unusual convex-upward van Deemter curve was observed for the more retained enantiomer of a chiral sulfoxide (2-(benzylsulfinyl)benzamide) on a cellulose tris(4-chloro-3-methylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase (CSP), prepared on silica particles of 1000 Å pore size. In contrast, the firstly eluted enantiomer of the same molecule exhibited the traditional convex-downward van Deemter curve. A detailed kinetic and thermodynamic investigation has revealed that this unusual phenomenon, which however has already been observed in chiral chromatography, originates when the adsorption of the compound is very strong and the solid-phase diffusion negligible. Experimentally, the intraparticle diffusion of the more retained enantiomer of the sulfoxide was found to be one order of magnitude smaller than that of the first eluted one. Overall, this translates into very little longitudinal diffusion (b-term of van Deemter curve) accompanied by high solid-liquid mass transfer resistance (c-term). Finally the comparison with another, differently-substituted chiral sulfoxide (whose enantiomers both exhibit traditional van Deemter curve behavior) has allowed to correlate these findings to the specific characteristics of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tivadar Farkas
- Phenomenex Inc., 411 Madrid Ave., Torrance, CA 90501, United States
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Gritti F, Hlushkou D, Tallarek U. Multiple-open-tubular column enabling transverse diffusion. Part 1: Band broadening model for accurate mass transfer predictions. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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39
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Compartment Model of Mixing in a Bubble Trap and Its Impact on Chromatographic Separations. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatography equipment includes hold-up volumes that are external to the packed bed and usually not considered in the development of chromatography models. These volumes can substantially contribute to band-broadening in the system and deteriorate the predicted performance. We selected a bubble trap of a pilot scale chromatography system as an example for a hold-up volume with a non-standard mixing behavior. In a worst-case scenario, the bubble trap is not properly flushed before elution, thus causing the significant band-broadening of the elution peak. We showed that the mixing of buffers with different densities in the bubble trap device can be accurately modeled using a simple compartment model. The model was calibrated at a wide range of flow rates and salt concentrations. The simulations were performed using the open-source software CADET, and all scripts and data are published with this manuscript. The results illustrate the importance of including external holdup volumes in chromatography modeling. The band-broadening effect of tubing, pumps, valves, detectors, frits, or any other zones with non-standard mixing behavior can be considered in very similar ways.
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40
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Gritti F, Hochstrasser J, Svidrytski A, Hlushkou D, Tallarek U. Morphology-transport relationships in liquid chromatography: Application to method development in size exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1620:460991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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41
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Morrin GT, Kienle DF, Weltz JS, Traeger JC, Schwartz DK. Polyelectrolyte Surface Diffusion in a Nanoslit Geometry. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T. Morrin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel F. Kienle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - James S. Weltz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jeremiah C. Traeger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel K. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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42
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Wang X, Procházka K, Limpouchová Z. Partitioning of polymers between bulk and porous media: Monte Carlo study of the effect of pore size distribution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 567:103-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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43
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44
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Lievore G, Pasti L, Chenet T, Mazzoccanti G, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Investigation of mass transfer properties and kinetic performance of high‐efficiency columns packed with C
18
sub‐2 μm fully and superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1737-1745. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology“Sapienza” University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology“Sapienza” University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
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45
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Simulation and experimental study of the transport of protein bands through cuboid packed-bed devices during chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1615:460764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Schultze-Jena A, Boon MA, Vroon RC, Bussmann PJT, Janssen AEM, van der Padt A. Elevated viscosities in a simulated moving bed for γ-aminobutyric acid recovery. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1256-1264. [PMID: 32012437 PMCID: PMC7187226 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Process streams of agro‐food industries are often large and viscous. In order to fractionate such a stream the viscosity can be reduced by either a high temperature or dilution, the former is not an option in case of temperature sensitive components. Such streams are diluted prior to chromatographic fractionation, resulting in even larger volumes and high energy costs for sub‐sequential water removal. The influence of feed viscosity on the performance of simulated moving bed chromatography has been investigated in a case study of the recovery of a γ‐aminobutyric acid rich fraction from tomato serum. This work addresses the chromatographic system design, evaluates results from a pilot scale operation, and uses these to calculate the productivity and water use at elevated feed concentration. At the two higher feed viscosities (2.5 and 4 mPa·s) water use is lower and productivity higher, compared to the lowest feed viscosity (1 mPa·s). The behavior of the sugars for different feed viscosities can be described well by the model using the ratio of feed to eluent as dilution factor. The behavior of γ‐aminobutyric acid is highly concentration dependent and the recovery could not be accurately predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schultze-Jena
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M A Boon
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R C Vroon
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P J Th Bussmann
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A E M Janssen
- Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A van der Padt
- Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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47
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Schultze-Jena A, Boon M, de Winter D, Bussmann P, Janssen A, van der Padt A. Predicting intraparticle diffusivity as function of stationary phase characteristics in preparative chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1613:460688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Garkushina I, Polyakova I, PisarEv O. Effect of gel diffusion on the frontal sorption and desorption of erythromycin by molecularly imprinted polymeric monoliths. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1577452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Garkushina
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Polyakova
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg PisarEv
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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49
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Lippold S, Nicolardi S, Wuhrer M, Falck D. Proteoform-Resolved FcɤRIIIa Binding Assay for Fab Glycosylated Monoclonal Antibodies Achieved by Affinity Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of Fc Moieties. Front Chem 2019; 7:698. [PMID: 31709228 PMCID: PMC6822288 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fcɤ receptors (FcɤR) mediate key functions in immunological responses. For instance, FcɤRIIIa is involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). FcɤRIIIa interacts with the fragment crystallizable (Fc) of immunoglobulin G (IgG). This interaction is known to be highly dependent on IgG Fc glycosylation. Thus, the impact of glycosylation features on this interaction has been investigated in several studies by numerous analytical and biochemical techniques. FcɤRIIIa affinity chromatography (AC) hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool to address co-occurring Fc glycosylation heterogeneity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, MS analysis of mAbs at the intact level may provide limited proteoform resolution, for example, when additional heterogeneity is present, such as antigen-binding fragment (Fab) glycosylation. Therefore, we investigated middle-up approaches to remove the Fab and performed AC-MS on the IgG Fc to evaluate its utility for FcɤRIIIa affinity assessment compared to intact IgG analysis. We found the protease Kgp to be particularly suitable for a middle-up FcɤRIIIa AC-MS workflow as demonstrated for the Fab glycosylated cetuximab. The complexity of the mass spectra of Kgp digested cetuximab was significantly reduced compared to the intact level while affinity was fully retained. This enabled a reliable assignment and relative quantitation of Fc glycoforms in FcɤRIIIa AC-MS. In conclusion, our workflow allows a functional separation of differentially glycosylated IgG Fc. Consequently, applicability of FcɤRIIIa AC-MS is extended to Fab glycosylated IgG, i.e., cetuximab, by significantly reducing ambiguities in glycoform assignment vs. intact analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lippold
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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50
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Geibel C, Dittrich K, Woiwode U, Kohout M, Zhang T, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Evaluation of superficially porous particle based zwitterionic chiral ion exchangers against fully porous particle benchmarks for enantioselective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:130-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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