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Tripp M, Schwark L, Brocks JJ, Mayer P, Whiteside JH, Rickard W, Greenwood PF, Grice K. Rapid encapsulation of true ferns and arborane/fernane compounds fossilised in siderite concretions supports analytical distinction of plant fossils. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19851. [PMID: 37963973 PMCID: PMC10646143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fossilised true ferns (Pecopteris sp.) preserved in siderite concretions from the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte (Illinois) presented a unique opportunity to characterise the organic signatures of these late Carboniferous plants. Localised analyses of true fern fossils showed several highly abundant phytohopanoids and fernane/arborane derived aromatic products, which were present only negligibly within their siderite matrix, as well as from other types of fossilised plants. These terpenoids had been recognised in some extant ferns, but scarcely in sedimentary organic matter and their exact source remained ambiguous. The present fossil biomarker data confirms an ancient true fern origin. Furthermore, the excellent concretion preservation of a series of related terpenoid products provided a rare insight into their diagenetic formation. The benign properties of carbonate concretions could be exploited further for biomarker evidence of other fossilised organisms, with one important caveat being that biomarker signals attributed to isolated fossils be significantly distinct from background organic matter pervading the concretion matrix. For instance, hydrocarbon profiles of seed ferns (pteridosperms) and articulates (horsetails) also preserved in Mazon Creek concretions were indistinguishable from separate analysis of their concretion matrix, preventing biomarker recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Tripp
- Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Lorenz Schwark
- Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Institute of Geoscience, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen J Brocks
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Paul Mayer
- The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Jessica H Whiteside
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - William Rickard
- John de Laeter Centre, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Paul F Greenwood
- Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Kliti Grice
- Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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2
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Ogbesejana AB, Liu B, Gao S, Akinyemi SA, Bello OM, Song Y. Applying biomarkers as paleoenvironmental indicators to reveal the organic matter enrichment of shale during deep energy exploration: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25635-25659. [PMID: 37649572 PMCID: PMC10464518 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04435a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of biomarkers in geological materials such as shales is very crucial because they can provide useful information on the depositional conditions and environments, organic matter input, thermal maturity as well as the geological age of shales in some cases. The paleoenvironment, and its impact on organic matter enrichment of the shales, plays a vital role in the exploration and development of the resource. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction can be conducted using elemental, isotopic, maceral, and biomarker proxies. However, the literature on the biomarkers for paleoenvironment reconstruction to reveal the organic matter enrichment of shales in many petroleum systems throughout the world is still insufficient. Hence, this paper seeks to critically review the application of biomarkers during paleoenvironmental reconstruction in shales. The uses of biomarkers as indicators of modern and ancient marine and brackish/saline lacustrine depositional environments are considered. This review shows that biomarkers could be used to establish the sedimentary depositional environments, redox conditions, and organic matter enrichments of shales that are critical to deep energy exploitation. Nevertheless, despite the fact that biomarkers are significant indicators of depositional conditions, secondary processes such as source facies, thermal maturity, migration, and reservoir alteration can greatly influence their uses as paleoenvironmental condition indicators in source rocks and oils. Hence, for a reliable paleoenvironmental evaluation, there is a need to combine isotopic, elemental and maceral proxies with biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Busuyi Ogbesejana
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanism and Effective Development Beijing 100101 China
- Institute of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Federal University Dutsin-Ma P. M. B. 5001, Dutsin-Ma Katsina State Nigeria
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanism and Effective Development Beijing 100101 China
- Institute of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| | - Shuo Gao
- Institute of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| | - Segun Ajayi Akinyemi
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti P. M. B. 5363 Ado-Ekiti Ekiti State Nigeria
| | - Oluwasesan Michael Bello
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Federal University Dutsin-Ma P. M. B. 5001, Dutsin-Ma Katsina State Nigeria
| | - Yu Song
- Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education Wuhan 430074 China
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3
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Lima BD, Martins LL, Pereira VB, Franco DMM, Dos Santos IR, Santos JM, Vaz BG, Azevedo DA, da Cruz GF. Weathering impacts on petroleum biomarker, aromatic, and polar compounds in the spilled oil at the northeast coast of Brazil over time. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114744. [PMID: 36870139 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
After the wide oil spill reached the northeast of Brazil, the resurgence of oil was recorded and to evaluate this oil in detail, two samples collected in the state of Pernambuco in 2019 and 2021 were submitted to multiple analytical techniques. For both, we have found similar saturated biomarkers and triaromatic steroid ratios, implying that they are from the same spilled source. The n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and cycloalkanes were almost completely degraded due to evaporation, photooxidation, and/or biodegradation processes. The preferential loss of less alkylated PAHs than the more alkylated ones suggests that biodegradation was the most active process. This hypothesis is reinforced by the formation of mono and dicarboxylic acids assessed by GC × GC-TOFMS and ESI(-) FT-ICR MS high-resolution techniques. Furthermore, based on the ESI(-) FT-ICR MS results, three new ratios were proposed to evaluate the progress of the biodegradation process over time: Ox>2/O, SOx/SO, and SOx/N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara D Lima
- Laboratório de Engenharia e Exploração de Petróleo (LENEP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 27910-970 Macaé, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Laercio L Martins
- Laboratório de Engenharia e Exploração de Petróleo (LENEP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 27910-970 Macaé, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius B Pereira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ignes R Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jandyson M Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Débora A Azevedo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Georgiana F da Cruz
- Laboratório de Engenharia e Exploração de Petróleo (LENEP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 27910-970 Macaé, RJ, Brazil.
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Nelson RK, Scarlett AG, Gagnon MM, Holman AI, Reddy CM, Sutton PA, Grice K. Characterizations and comparison of low sulfur fuel oils compliant with 2020 global sulfur cap regulation for international shipping. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113791. [PMID: 35665617 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The International Marine Organization 2020 Global Sulfur Cap requires ships to burn fuels with <0.50% S and some countries require <0.10% S in certain Sulfur Emission Control Areas but little is known about these new types of fuels. Using both traditional GC-MS and more advanced chromatographic and mass spectrometry techniques, plus stable isotopic, δ13C and δ2H, analyses of pristane, phytane and n-alkanes, the organic components of a suite of three 0.50% S and three 0.10% S compliant fuels were characterized. Two oils were found to be near identical but all of the remaining oils could be forensically distinguished by comparison of their molecular biomarkers and by the profiles of the heterocyclic parent and alkylated homologues. Oils could also be differentiated by their δ13C and δ2H of n-alkanes and isoprenoids. This study provides important forensic data that may prove invaluable in the event of future oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, MA 02543, USA
| | - Alan G Scarlett
- Western Australian Isotope and Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
| | | | - Alex I Holman
- Western Australian Isotope and Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, MA 02543, USA
| | - Paul A Sutton
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kliti Grice
- Western Australian Isotope and Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
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5
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Umamaheswaran R, Dutta S, Khan MA, Bera M, Bera S, Kumar S. Identification of Chitin in Pliocene Fungi Using Py-GC × GC-TOFMS: Potential Implications for the Study of the Evolution of the Fungal Clade in Deep Time. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1958-1964. [PMID: 35037459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dating estimates the origin of the fungal clade to the Pre-Cambrian. Yet, the oldest unambiguous fungal fossils date to the Ordovician and show remarkable diversity and organizational development. Recent studies have suggested that the dates for the emergence of fungi in the fossil record may be pushed back to the Proterozoic. However, the nonspecificity of the methods used in those studies necessitates the employment of a wider variety of analytical techniques that can independently verify the presence of chitin, a crucial prerequisite in the assignment of fungal affinity, particularly of putative fossils from the Pre-Cambrian. In this paper, we propose Py-GC × GC-TOFMS as an example of one such technique. We analyze fungal fossils from the Pliocene. We find that a suite of N-bearing compounds are present in the pyrolysis products of these fossils, from which we suggest that 3-acetamidopyrones and their methylated homologues can serve as specific pyrolytic markers for chitin. We discuss both how this technique can potentially be used to differentiate between biopolymers, including those similar to chitin such as peptidoglycan, and the potential implications of identifying such markers in fossils from deep time. We conclude that Py-GC × GC-TOFMS is a promising technique that can potentially be used alongside, or independent of, staining methods to detect the presence of chitin in fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Umamaheswaran
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suryendu Dutta
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Mahasin Ali Khan
- Department of Botany, Siddho-Kanho-Birsa University, Puruliya 723149, India
| | - Meghma Bera
- Department of Botany, Vidyanagar College, Vidyanagar 743503, India
| | - Subir Bera
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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6
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Simultaneous observation of concurrent two-dimensional carbon and chlorine/bromine isotope fractionations of halogenated organic compounds on gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1039:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lengger SK, Fromont J, Grice K. Tapping the archives: the sterol composition of marine sponge species, as determined non-invasively from museum-preserved specimens, reveals biogeographical features. GEOBIOLOGY 2017; 15:184-194. [PMID: 27686333 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over 8600 species are currently recorded in the phylum Porifera (sponges). They produce a large diversity of biochemical compounds including sterols, with more than 250 different sterols identified. Some of these sterols are of great interest, due to their use for fingerprinting in ecological and biomarker (molecular fossil) studies. As a large number of identified extant species from biodiversity surveys are housed in museum collections, preserved in ethanol, these present a potentially rich source of identified specimens for comparative lipid analyses. Here, we show that, in at least one species, sterol distributions obtained from the ethanol used to preserve specimens of sponges were representative, and comparable to the sterol distribution obtained from wet-frozen and from freeze-dried tissue from the same species. We employed both GC-MS and two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS), with an improved signal-to-noise ratio for even minor constituents. Analysis of two additional specimens of the same species, but of different provenance, resulted in detection of marked differences in sterol composition, which could be attributed to variations in geography, environmental conditions, microbial communities, diet or cryptic speciation. The possibility of using ethanol from identified, preserved museum sponges could drastically increase the number of available samples. This could enable the study of their sterol complements, and the detailed investigation of differences due to geographical and oceanographic, phylogenetic, and other factors in unprecedented detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Lengger
- Department of Chemistry, WA Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - J Fromont
- Western Australian Museum, Welshpool DC, WA, Australia
| | - K Grice
- Department of Chemistry, WA Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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8
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Naeher S, Lengger SK, Grice K. A new method for the rapid analysis of 1H-Pyrrole-2,5-diones (maleimides) in environmental samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1435:125-35. [PMID: 26850318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maleimides (1H-Pyrrole-2,5-diones) are monopyrrolic pigment derivatives with specific alkyl side chains that can be directly linked to their tetrapyrrole precursors, most notably chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. These compounds can be used as palaeoenvironmental indicators such as algal productivity and redox conditions in ancient and modern aquatic systems. Here, we present a new method using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ToF-MS), which enables the rapid analysis of maleimides in complex mixtures and different matrices (e.g. sediments and soils), therefore largely simplifying the previous intricate maleimide purification protocol. This method also reduces the potential for bias associated with partial losses due to low recovery and the high volatility of maleimides. The maleimide distributions and concentrations obtained by GC × GC-ToF-MS were reproducible and in agreement with the previously used purification procedure followed by analysis with traditional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The new method also resolved previously unrecognised, partial coelution of some maleimides with unknown compounds by quantification with the m/z 75 fragment ion. Furthermore, the higher sensitivity enabled the detection of previously unrecognised and preliminarily identified maleimides based on their relative retention times. The new, easier, rapid and more sensitive GC×GC-ToF-MS method greatly facilitates the analysis of maleimides in environmental samples to study tetrapyrrole degradation processes and will further the development of maleimides as biomarkers for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Naeher
- Curtin University, Western Australia Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre (WA-OIGC), Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Geoscience Research, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Sabine K Lengger
- Curtin University, Western Australia Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre (WA-OIGC), Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Geoscience Research, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Kliti Grice
- Curtin University, Western Australia Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre (WA-OIGC), Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Geoscience Research, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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Wang H, Zhang S, Weng N, Zhang B, Zhu G, Liu L. Discovery and identification of a series of alkyl decalin isomers in petroleum geological samples. Analyst 2015; 140:4694-701. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00815d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of pairwise alkyl-decahydronaphthalene isomers were identified in petroleum geological samples by GC × GC/TOFMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitong Wang
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development
- Beijing 100083
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery
- RIPED
| | - Shuichang Zhang
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development
- Beijing 100083
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery
- RIPED
| | - Na Weng
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Bin Zhang
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development
- Beijing 100083
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery
- RIPED
| | - Guangyou Zhu
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development
- Beijing 100083
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery
- RIPED
| | - Lingyan Liu
- School of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutics
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- China
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Aeppli C, Nelson RK, Radović JR, Carmichael CA, Valentine DL, Reddy CM. Recalcitrance and degradation of petroleum biomarkers upon abiotic and biotic natural weathering of Deepwater Horizon oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6726-6734. [PMID: 24831878 DOI: 10.1021/es500825q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum biomarkers such as hopanoids, steranes, and triaromatic steroids (TAS) are commonly used to investigate the source and fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment based on the premise that these compounds are resistant to biotic and abiotic degradation. To test the validity of this premise in the context of the Deepwater Horizon disaster, we investigated changes to these biomarkers as induced by natural weathering of crude oil discharged from the Macondo Well (MW). For surface slicks collected from May to June in 2010, and other oiled samples collected on beaches in the northern Gulf of Mexico from July 2010 until August 2012, hopanoids with up to 31 carbons as well as steranes and diasteranes were not systematically affected by weathering processes. In contrast, TAS and C32- to C35-homohopanes were depleted in all samples relative to 17α(H),21β(H)-hopane (C30-hopane). Compared to MW oil, C35-homohopanes and TAS were depleted by 18 ± 10% and 36 ± 20%, respectively, in surface slicks collected from May to June 2010, and by 37 ± 9% and 67 ± 10%, respectively, in samples collected along beaches from April 2011 through August 2012. Based on patterns of relative losses of individual compounds, we hypothesize biodegradation and photooxidation as main degradation processes for homohopanes and TAS, respectively. This study highlights that (i) TAS and homohopanes can be degraded within several years following an oil spill, (ii) the use of homohopanes and TAS for oil spill forensics must account for degradation, and (iii) these compounds provide a window to parse biodegradation and photooxidation during advanced stages of oil weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Aeppli
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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11
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Seeley JV, Seeley SK. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography: Fundamental Advances and New Applications. Anal Chem 2012; 85:557-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303195u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John V. Seeley
- Oakland University, Department of Chemistry, Rochester, Michigan, 48309
| | - Stacy K. Seeley
- Kettering University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1700 University Avenue,
Flint, Michigan, 48504
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12
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Li S, Hu S, Cao J, Wu M, Zhang D. Diamondoid characterization in condensate by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry: The Junggar Basin of Northwest China. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11399-11410. [PMID: 23109861 PMCID: PMC3472753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamondoids in crude oil are useful for assessing the maturity of oil in high maturation. However, they are very difficult to separate and accurately quantify by conventional geochemical methods due to their low abundance in oil. In this paper, we use comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) to study the compounds in condensates from the Junggar Basin of northwest China and address their geological and geochemical applications. GC×GC-TOFMS improves the resolution and separation efficiency of the compounds. It not only separates the compounds that coelute in conventional GC-MS (e.g., 4, 8-dimethyl-diamantane and trimethyl-diamantane) but also allows the identification of compounds that were not previously detected (e.g., trimethyl-diamantane (15A)). A reversed-phase column system improves the separation capabilities over the normal phase column system. The diamondoid indexes indicate that a representative condensate from Well DX 10 is highly mature with equivalent Ro being approximately 1.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuifu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; E-Mails: (S.H.); (D.Z.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-189-8613-0262; Fax: +86-027-6784-8580
| | - Shouzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; E-Mails: (S.H.); (D.Z.)
| | - Jian Cao
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; E-Mail: (J.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Ming Wu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; E-Mail: (J.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; E-Mails: (S.H.); (D.Z.)
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