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Opekar F, Tůma P. A new coaxial flow-through probe for electromembrane extraction of methadone from clinical samples on-line coupled to capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1300:342461. [PMID: 38521571 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new design of a flow-through coaxial electromembrane extraction (EME) probe that can be on-line coupled with CE instrument is described and tested. The supporting base of the probe is a PDMS microchip with T-shaped channels into which two coaxially arranged capillaries for inlet and outlet solutions are inserted. The extraction part of the probe is a porous polypropylene hollow fiber, sealed at one end and modified with nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) extraction fluid. The internal volume of the extraction probe is 1.1 μL. RESULTS The EME probe was tested on laboratory samples and methadone was extracted into 3.0 M AcOH as acceptor. The concentration dependence was linear in the range of 0.1-1.0 μg mL-1 at EME 300 s/150 V and in the range of 0.5-10.0 μg mL-1 at EME 100 s/150 V. The enrichment factor was greater than 30 and the LOD was 0.21 μg mL-1. The EME of methadone in clinical samples showed a linear concentration dependence in human urine and a nonlinear concentration dependence in serum. The distribution of methadone in each phase of the extraction system and the effect of extraction membrane thickness on the enrichment factor were studied. The EME probe can be applied repeatedly. SIGNIFICANCE The supporting base of EME probe and flow gating interface (FGI) are realized by a microfluidic PDMS microchips cast in the laboratory without the use of lithography. A supporting PDMS chip with coaxially arranged capillaries and extraction membrane forms a compact analytical instrument. The entire EME/CE analysis process is performed on a laboratory-made instrument and automated by LabView.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Opekar
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 2030, 2, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Tůma
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene, Ruská 87, 10, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Xiong J, Tian L, Shen X, Huang C. Comparison of the applicability of electromembrane extraction and liquid-phase microextraction for extraction of non-polar basic drugs from different biological samples: Using clozapine as the model analyte. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300745. [PMID: 38356226 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding and comparing the applicability of electromembrane extraction (EME) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) is crucial for selecting an appropriate microextraction approach. In this work, EME and LPME based on supported liquid membranes were compared using biological samples, including whole blood, urine, saliva, and liver tissue. After optimization, efficient EME and LPME of clozapine from four biological samples were achieved. EME provided higher recovery and faster mass transfer for blood and liver tissue than LPME. These advantages were attributed to the electric field disrupting clozapine binding to interfering substances. For urine and saliva, EME demonstrated similar recoveries while achieving faster mass transfer rates. Finally, efficient EME and LPME were validated and evaluated combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The coefficient of determination of all methods was greater than 0.999, and all methods showed acceptable reproducibility (≤14%), accuracy (90%-110%), and matrix effect (85%-112%). For liver and blood with high viscosity and complex matrices, EME-LC-MS/MS provided better sensitivity than LPME-LC-MS/MS. The above results indicated that both EME and LPME could be used to isolate non-polar basic drugs from different biological samples, although EME demonstrated higher recovery rates for liver tissue and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Linxin Tian
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiantao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Skaalvik TG, Zhou C, Øiestad EL, Hegstad S, Trones R, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Conductive vial electromembrane extraction of opioids from oral fluid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5323-5335. [PMID: 37386201 PMCID: PMC10444644 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of oral fluid as sample matrix has gained significance in the analysis of drugs of abuse due to its non-invasive nature. In this study, the 13 opioids morphine, oxycodone, codeine, O-desmethyl tramadol, ethylmorphine, tramadol, pethidine, ketobemidone, buprenorphine, fentanyl, cyclopropylfentanyl, etonitazepyne, and methadone were extracted from oral fluid using electromembrane extraction based on conductive vials prior to analysis with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Oral fluid was collected using Quantisal collection kits. By applying voltage, target analytes were extracted from oral fluid samples diluted with 0.1% formic acid, across a liquid membrane and into a 300 μL 0.1% (v/v) formic acid solution. The liquid membrane comprised 8 μL membrane solvent immobilized in the pores of a flat porous polypropylene membrane. The membrane solvent was a mixture of 6-methylcoumarin, thymol, and 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether. The composition of the membrane solvent was found to be the most important parameter to achieve simultaneous extraction of all target opioids, which had predicted log P values in the range from 0.7 to 5.0. The method was validated in accordance to the guidelines by the European Medical Agency with satisfactory results. Intra- and inter-day precision and bias were within guideline limits of ± 15% for 12 of 13 compounds. Extraction recoveries ranged from 39 to 104% (CV ≤ 23%). Internal standard normalized matrix effects were in the range from 88 to 103% (CV ≤ 5%). Quantitative results of authentic oral fluid samples were in accordance with a routine screening method, and external quality control samples for both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds were within acceptable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Gottenberg Skaalvik
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, Professor Brochs Gate 6, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4459 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solfrid Hegstad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, Professor Brochs Gate 6, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roger Trones
- Extraction Technologies Norway, Verkstedveien 29, 1424, Ski, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Almofti N, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S, Girela-López E. Analysis of conventional and nonconventional forensic specimens in drug-facilitated sexual assault by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 250:123713. [PMID: 35779361 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) has dramatically increased in the last decades. Forensic analytical scientists continuously seek new methods and specimens to prove the incidence of intoxication for the judiciary system. Factors influencing sample selection include the ease of obtaining the samples and the window of detection of the drugs, among others. Both conventional (blood, urine) and non-conventional specimens (hair, nails, fluids) have been proposed as suitable in DFSA cases. Reported sample treatments include a variety of liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction as well as dilute-and-shoot procedures and microextraction techniques. Regarding analysis, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as the preferred confirmatory technique, due to its sensitivity, selectivity, and wide-scope applicability. In this review, we critically discuss the most common specimens and sample treatments/analysis procedures (related to LC-MS/MS) that have been reported during the last ten years. As a final goal, we intend to provide a critical overview and suggest analytical recommendations for the establishment of suitable analytical strategies in DFSA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Almofti
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain; Section of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Department of Morphological and Sociosanitary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - S Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - E Girela-López
- Section of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Department of Morphological and Sociosanitary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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5
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Eie LV, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hansen FA. Electromembrane extraction of polar substances - Status and perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114407. [PMID: 34634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of polar substances (log P < 2) is reviewed. EME is an extraction technique based on electrokinetic migration of analyte ions from an aqueous sample, across an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an aqueous acceptor solution. Because extraction is based on voltage-assisted partitioning, EME is fundamentally suitable for extraction of polar and ionizable substances that are challenging in many other extraction techniques. The article provides an exhaustive overview of papers on EME of polar substances. From this, different strategies to improve the mass transfer of polar substances are reviewed and critically discussed. These strategies include different SLM chemistries, modification of supporting membranes, sorbent additives, aqueous solution chemistry, and voltage/current related strategies. Finally, the future applicability of EME for polar substances is discussed. We expect EME in the coming years to be developed towards both very selective targeted analysis, as well as untargeted analysis of polar substances in biomedical applications such as metabolomics and peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal Eie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Hong C, Dong Y, Zhu R, Yan Y, Shen X, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Huang C. Effect of sample matrices on supported liquid membrane: Efficient electromembrane extraction of cathinones from biological samples. Talanta 2021; 240:123175. [PMID: 34972062 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of sample matrix on electromembrane extraction (EME) was investigated for the first time using cathinones (log P < 1.0) as polar basic model analytes. Ten supported liquid membranes (SLMs) were tested for EME from spiked buffer solutions, urine, and whole blood samples, respectively. For buffer solutions, SLMs containing aromatic solvents provided higher EME recovery than non-aromatic solvents, which confirmed the significance of cation-π interactions for EME of basic substances. Interestingly, when applied to urine and whole blood samples, aromatic SLMs were less efficient, while non-aromatic SLMs containing abundant hydrogen-bond acidity/basicity were efficient. These observations were explained by SLM fouling, and the antifouling property of the SLM was clearly dependent on the nature of the SLM solvent. Accordingly, a binary SLM containing aromatic 1-ethyl-2-nitrobenzene (ENB) and non-aromatic 1-undecanol (1:1 v/v) was developed. This binary SLM was not prone to fouling, and provided high recoveries of cathinones from urine and whole blood. EME based on this SLM was optimized and evaluated in combination with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the linear ranges with R2 ≥ 0.9903 for cathinones in whole blood and urine were 5-200 ng/mL and 1-200 ng/mL, respectively. The LOD and LOQ of cathinones were ranged from 0.12 to 0.54 ng/mL and 0.38-1.78 ng/mL, respectively. The repeatability and accuracy bias at three levels were ≤11% and within 10%, respectively. In addition, the matrix effect ranged from 88% to 118% was also in compliance with guidelines for bioanalytical method validation provided by the European Medicines Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbao Hong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yibo Yan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiantao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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7
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Ultrasound-assisted electromembrane extraction of clonazepam from plasma and determination using capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122928. [PMID: 34536833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, ultrasound-assisted electromembrane extraction (UA-EME) coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and diode array detection (DAD) was developed for the determination of clonazepam from plasma samples. A comparative study was carried out between conventional EME and UA-EME methods to investigate the influence of the ultrasound waves on the extraction efficiency. The central composite design was used for the optimization of the variables affecting these methods to achieve the best extraction efficiency. Under optimal extraction conditions, the UA-EME provided better extraction recovery in a shorter time (58% in 13 min) than the EME method (42% in 30 min). Ultrasound reduces the extraction time and increased recovery by reducing the thickness of the barrier layer. In addition, this method provided a higher pre-concentration factor (203) and a lower limit of detection (3 ng mL-1) with good repeatability (RSDs were less than 10.11%).
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8
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Hansen FA, Tirandaz S, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of polar bases with different liquid membranes-Link to analyte properties. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2631-2641. [PMID: 33909952 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present fundamental study, selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of 50 polar basic substances (-6.7 < log P < +1.0) was systematically studied for ten different supported liquid membranes. For each model substance, 23 molecular descriptors were collected and these were investigated as potential parameters for understanding of extraction efficiency and selectivity by means of partial least squares regression. Overall, a highly aromatic deep eutectic solvent composed of coumarin and thymol with addition of 2% ionic carrier (di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate) provided the highest extraction efficiency with an average extraction yield of 69% from pure water samples, 55% from plasma, and 62% from urine. With this solvent system, ionic, cation-π, and π-π interactions between the supported liquid membrane and analytes were dominant. Supported liquid membranes without aromaticity, however, operated primarily based on hydrogen-bonding interactions. This is the first time the relationship between analyte properties, solvent composition, and extraction yield has systematically been studied for polar bases in electromembrane extraction. This new knowledge represents a first step toward enabling future development and optimization of electromembrane extraction systems for polar bases based on rational design, rather than trial-and-error approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shima Tirandaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ahmad SM, Gonçalves OC, Oliveira MN, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF. Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2168. [PMID: 33918766 PMCID: PMC8070059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir M. Ahmad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Oriana C. Gonçalves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Mariana N. Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Nuno R. Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M. F. Nogueira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Chen X, Wu X, Luan T, Jiang R, Ouyang G. Sample preparation and instrumental methods for illicit drugs in environmental and biological samples: A review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1640:461961. [PMID: 33582515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of illicit drugs in the environmental samples has been challenged as the consumption increases globally. Current review examines the recent developments and applications of sample preparation techniques for illicit drugs in solid, liquid, and gas samples. For solid samples, traditional sample preparation methods such as liquid-phase extraction, solid-phase extraction, and the ones with external energy including microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted, and pressurized liquid extraction were commonly used. The sample preparation methods mainly applied for liquid samples were microextraction techniques including solid-phase microextraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction, and so on. Capillary microextraction of volatiles and airborne particulate sampling were primarily utilized to extract illicit drugs from gas samples. Besides, the paper introduced recently developed instrumental techniques applied to detect illicit drugs. Liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry and gas chromatograph mass spectrometry were the most widely used methods for illicit drugs samples. In addition, the development of ambient mass spectrometry techniques, such as desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and paper spray mass spectrometry, created potential for rapid in-situ analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlv Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and safety, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Hansen FA, Santigosa-Murillo E, Ramos-Payán M, Muñoz M, Leere Øiestad E, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction using deep eutectic solvents as the liquid membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1143:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Restan MS, Ramsrud SB, Jensen H, Pedersen‐Bjergaard S. Influence of acid‐base dissociation equilibria during electromembrane extraction. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3120-3128. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen‐Bjergaard
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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13
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Restan MS, Skottvoll FS, Jensen H, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of sodium dodecyl sulfate from highly concentrated solutions. Analyst 2020; 145:4957-4963. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This fundamental work investigated the removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from highly concentrated samples by electromembrane extraction (EME).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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14
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Pourahadi A, Farahani A, Hosseiny Davarani SS, Nojavan S, Tashakori C. Developing a miniaturized setup for in-tube simultaneous determination of three alkaloids using electromembrane extraction in combination with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3126-3133. [PMID: 31347772 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, electromembrane extraction was combined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry using a customized manifold for preconcentration and simultaneous determination of morphine, codeine, and papaverine in water and human urine samples. Absorption spectra of the extracts were recorded inside the lumen of the hollow fiber using two fiber optics connected to a miniature spectrophotometer. Partial least squares regression was applied to resolve the overlapped spectra of the analytes. Performance of the model was validated by an independent test set. Central composite design was applied to optimize the extraction parameters. The optimized extraction conditions are as follows; supporting liquid membrane: 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether containing 15% v/v bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, applied voltage: 80 V, donor pH: 3.0, acceptor pH: 1.0, extraction time: 20 min. Finally, the optimized extraction method was validated for determination of the mentioned alkaloids in human urine samples. The method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.995) for all of the mentioned alkaloids. The limits of detection for morphine, codeine, and papaverine in diluted human urine were found to be 0.6, 1.1, and 0.6 ng/mL, respectively with acceptable relative standard deviations. Enrichment factors of 104, 108, and 102 were achieved for morphine, codeine, and papaverine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Pourahadi
- Department of Analytical and Pollutants Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Farahani
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical and Pollutants Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Camellia Tashakori
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Recent advances in microextraction procedures for determination of amphetamines in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:437-460. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine and its related derivatives have stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Illegal use of these drugs is an increasing global problem resulting in significant public health and legal problems. Deaths have been reported after intake of these drugs due to overdose. It is important to determine the type and concentration of illicit drugs in biological samples. These compounds are found in complex matrices at low concentration levels. The microextraction techniques are dominant sample preparation procedure and they are widely accepted as the most labor-intensive part of the bioanalytical process. For this purpose, a survey of recent published advances in microextraction procedures for quantification of amphetamines in biological samples found in the different databases from 2008 to date will be conducted.
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16
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A review of the application of hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction in bioanalytical methods – A systematic approach with focus on forensic toxicology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1108:32-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Abstract
The sample preparation is the most critical step involved in the bioanalytical process. When dealing with green analytical chemistry, sample preparation can be even more challenging. To fit the green analytical chemistry principles, efforts should be made toward the elimination or reduction of the use of toxic reagents and solvents, minimization of energy consumption and increased operator safety. The simplest sample preparations are more appropriate for liquid biological matrices with little interfering compounds such as urine, plasma and oral fluid. The same does not usually occur with complex matrices that require more laborious procedures. The present review discusses green analytical approaches for the analyses of drugs of abuse in complex biological matrices, such as whole blood, breast milk, meconium and hair.
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18
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Nojavan S, Shaghaghi H, Rahmani T, Shokri A, Nasiri-Aghdam M. Combination of electromembrane extraction and electro-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction: A tandem sample preparation method. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1563:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Drouin N, Rudaz S, Schappler J. New supported liquid membrane for electromembrane extraction of polar basic endogenous metabolites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:53-59. [PMID: 29980019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of polar endogenous compounds remains an important issue in bioanalysis although different techniques have been evaluated. Among them, electromembrane extraction (EME) is a relevant approach but supported liquid membranes (SLMs) dedicated to polar molecules are still lacking. In this study 22 organic solvents were evaluated as SLMs on a set of 45 polar basic metabolites (log P from -5.7 to 1.5) from various biochemical families. To investigate a large variety of organic solvents, a parallel electromembrane extraction device was used and a constant current approach was applied to circumvent the heterogeneous conductivities of the different SLMs. Among the tested organic solvents, 2-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (NPPE) appeared the most efficient SLM with the extraction of a large variety of polar cationic metabolites, high extraction yields, and low extraction variabilities. The applied current and the composition of the acceptor and donor solutions were also evaluated and 300 μA per well and acetic acid 1% (v/v), both as acceptor and donor compartments, were the most efficient conditions. The new SLM and the optimized experimental parameters were successfully applied to the extraction of precipitated plasma samples. Although the extraction recovery decreased for most compounds in the biological matrix, process efficiency (PE) up to 90% and low extraction variability (RSD between 2 and 18%) were obtained for several very polar compounds such as choline or acetylcholine, emphasizing the potential of EME for polar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Drouin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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20
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Suh JH, Han SB, Wang Y. Development of an improved sample preparation platform for acidic endogenous hormones in plant tissues using electromembrane extraction. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1535:1-8. [PMID: 29306633 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite their importance in pivotal signaling pathways due to trace quantities and complex matrices, the analysis of plant hormones is a challenge. Here, to improve this issue, we present an electromembrane extraction technology combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of acidic plant hormones including jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, gibberellic acid and gibberellin A4 in plant tissues. Factors influencing extraction efficiency, such as voltage, extraction time and stirring rate were optimized using a design of experiments. Analytical performance was evaluated in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, recovery and repeatability. The results showed good linearity (r2 > 0.995), precision and acceptable accuracy. The limit of quantification ranged from 0.1 to 10 ng mL-1, and the recoveries were 34.6-50.3%. The developed method was applied in citrus leaf samples, showing better clean-up efficiency, as well as higher sensitivity compared to a previous method using liquid-liquid extraction. Organic solvent consumption was minimized during the process, making it an appealing method. More noteworthy, electromembrane extraction has been scarcely applied to plant tissues, and this is the first time that major plant hormones were extracted using this technology, with high sensitivity and selectivity. Taken together, this work gives not only a novel sample preparation platform using an electric field for plant hormones, but also a good example of extracting complex plant tissues in a simple and effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.
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21
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Drouin N, Mandscheff JF, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Development of a New Extraction Device Based on Parallel-Electromembrane Extraction. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6346-6350. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Drouin
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Serge Rudaz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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22
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Complexation-mediated electromembrane extraction of highly polar basic drugs—a fundamental study with catecholamines in urine as model system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4215-4223. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Gonçalves LM, Valente IM, Rodrigues JA. Recent Advances in Membrane-Aided Extraction and Separation for Analytical Purposes. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2016.1235050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Maria Valente
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José António Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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24
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Oedit A, Ramautar R, Hankemeier T, Lindenburg PW. Electroextraction and electromembrane extraction: Advances in hyphenation to analytical techniques. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1170-86. [PMID: 26864699 PMCID: PMC5071742 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electroextraction (EE) and electromembrane extraction (EME) are sample preparation techniques that both require an electric field that is applied over a liquid-liquid system, which enables the migration of charged analytes. Furthermore, both techniques are often used to pre-concentrate analytes prior to analysis. In this review an overview is provided of the body of literature spanning April 2012-November 2015 concerning EE and EME, focused on hyphenation to analytical techniques. First, the theoretical aspects of concentration enhancement in EE and EME are discussed to explain extraction recovery and enrichment factor. Next, overviews are provided of the techniques based on their hyphenation to LC, GC, CE, and direct detection. These overviews cover the compounds and matrices, experimental aspects (i.e. donor volume, acceptor volume, extraction time, extraction voltage, and separation time) and the analytical aspects (i.e. limit of detection, enrichment factor, and extraction recovery). Techniques that were either hyphenated online to analytical techniques or show high potential with respect to online hyphenation are highlighted. Finally, the potential future directions of EE and EME are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Oedit
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Petrus W Lindenburg
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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25
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Huang X, Liu Q, Fu J, Nie Z, Gao K, Jiang G. Screening of Toxic Chemicals in a Single Drop of Human Whole Blood Using Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as a Mass Spectrometry Probe. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4107-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Huang
- State Key
Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key
Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key
Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhou Nie
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ke Gao
- State Key
Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key
Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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26
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Abstract
Sample preparation is a vital and inseparable part of an analytical procedure. This issue has motivated the analytical research community around the world to develop new, fast and cost-effective extraction methods which can eliminate interfering substances, provide high preconcentration factors and increase the determination sensitivity. Electrical field induced extraction technique is a topic that has received major attention in recent years. This fact can be attributed to the considerable advantages provided by imposition of an electrical driving force especially control of different properties of an extraction system such as selectivity, cleanup, rate and efficiency. In this review, focus is centered on the electrical field induced liquid phase extraction techniques and their potential for bioanalysis.
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27
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Nojavan S, Bidarmanesh T, Mohammadi A, Yaripour S. Electromembrane extraction of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists from plasma and wastewater samples. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:826-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Tina Bidarmanesh
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Saeid Yaripour
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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28
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A glass capillary based microfluidic electromembrane extraction of basic degradation products of nitrogen mustard and VX from water. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1426:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Suh JH, Lee HY, Kim U, Eom HY, Kim J, Cho HD, Han SB. Simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene metabolites in human urine using electromembrane extraction combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:4276-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Unyong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Han Young Eom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun-Deok Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
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30
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Electromembrane extraction as a rapid and selective miniaturized sample preparation technique for biological fluids. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2203-9. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This special report discusses the sample preparation method electromembrane extraction, which was introduced in 2006 as a rapid and selective miniaturized extraction method. The extraction principle is based on isolation of charged analytes extracted from an aqueous sample, across a thin film of organic solvent, and into an aqueous receiver solution. The extraction is promoted by application of an electrical field, causing electrokinetic migration of the charged analytes. The method has shown to perform excellent clean-up and selectivity from complicated aqueous matrices like biological fluids. Technical aspects of electromembrane extraction, important extraction parameters as well as a handful of examples of applications from different biological samples and bioanalytical areas are discussed in the paper.
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31
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Huang C, Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis – Quo vadis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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32
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Zeng J, Chen J, Li M, Subhan F, Chong F, Wen C, Yu J, Cui B, Chen X. Determination of amphetamines in biological samples using electro enhanced solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1000:169-75. [PMID: 26245360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC)/Nafion coated fiber for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was prepared and used as the working electrode for electro-enhanced SPME (EE-SPME) of amphetamines. The EE-SPME strategy is primarily based on the electro-migration and complementary charge interaction between fiber coating and ionic compounds. Compared with traditional SPME, EE-SPME exhibited excellent extraction efficiency for amphetamine (AP) and methamphetamine (MA) with an enhancement factor of 7.8 and 12.1, respectively. The present strategy exhibited good linearity for the determination of AP and MA in urine samples in the range of 10-1000ngmL(-1) and 20-1000ngmL(-1), respectively. The detection limits were found to be 1.2ngmL(-1) for AP and 4.8ngmL(-1) for MA. The relative standard deviations were calculated to be 6.2% and 8.5% for AP and MA, respectively. Moreover, the practical application of the proposed method was demonstrated by analyzing the amphetamines in urine and serum samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of heavy oil processing and College of Science, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of heavy oil processing and College of Science, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of heavy oil processing and College of Science, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Fazle Subhan
- State Key Laboratory of heavy oil processing and College of Science, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao 266555, China; Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan K.P.K, Pakistan
| | - Fayun Chong
- Qingdao Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Chongying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of heavy oil processing and College of Science, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Jianfeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of heavy oil processing and College of Science, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Bingwen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of heavy oil processing and College of Science, China University of Petroleum East China, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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33
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Nakamura Y, Maeda S, Nishiyama H, Ohira SI, Dasgupta PK, Toda K. Micro Ion Extractor for Single Drop Whole Blood Analysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6483-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihide Nakamura
- Department
of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shiori Maeda
- Department
of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroka Nishiyama
- Department
of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ohira
- Department
of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Kei Toda
- Department
of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Abstract
Modern requirements in the field of bioanalysis often involve miniaturized, high-throughput sample preparation techniques that consume low amounts of both sample and potentially hazardous organic solvents. Electromembrane extraction is one technique that meets several of these requirements. In this principle analytes are selectively extracted from a biological matrix, through a supported liquid membrane and into an aqueous acceptor solution. The whole extraction process is facilitated by an electric field across the supported liquid membrane, which greatly reduces the extraction time. This review will give a thorough overview of recent advances in bioanalytical applications involving electromembrane extraction, and discuss both possibilities and challenges of the technique in a bioanalytical setting.
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35
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Hasheminasab KS, Fakhari AR. Application of nonionic surfactant as a new method for the enhancement of electromembrane extraction performance for determination of basic drugs in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1378:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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36
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Moazami HR, Nojavan S, Zahedi P, Davarani SSH. Electronic simulation of the supported liquid membrane in electromembrane extraction systems: Improvement of the extraction by precise periodical reversing of the field polarity. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 841:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Yamini Y, Seidi S, Feizbakhsh R, Baheri T, Rezazadeh M. Liquid-phase microextraction based on two immiscible organic solvents followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry as an efficient method for the preconcentration and determination of cocaine, ketamine, and lidocaine in human urine samples. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2364-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; K.N. Toosi University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | | | | | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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38
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Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction--three-phase electrophoresis for future preparative applications. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2421-8. [PMID: 24810105 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to discuss the principle and the future potential for electromembrane extraction (EME). EME was presented in 2006 as a totally new sample preparation technique for ionized target analytes, based on electrokinetic migration across a supported liquid membrane under the influence of an external electrical field. The principle of EME is presented, and typical performance data for EME are discussed. Most work with EME up to date has been performed with low-molecular weight pharmaceutical substances as model analytes, but the principles of EME should be developed in other directions in the future to fully explore the potential. Recent research in new directions is critically reviewed, with focus on extraction of different types of chemical and biochemical substances, new separation possibilities, new approaches, and challenges related to mass transfer and background current. The intention of this critical review is to give a flavor of EME and to stimulate into more research in the area of EME. Unlike other review articles, the current one is less comprehensive, but put more emphasis on new directions for EME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Gjelstad
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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39
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P, Boček P. Effects of selected operational parameters on efficacy and selectivity of electromembrane extraction. Chlorophenols as model analytes. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2429-37. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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40
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Salt effects in electromembrane extraction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1347:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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41
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Spietelun A, Marcinkowski Ł, de la Guardia M, Namieśnik J. Green aspects, developments and perspectives of liquid phase microextraction techniques. Talanta 2014; 119:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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42
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Li X, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Liu Y, Guan F, Aurand CR, Bell DS, You Y, Chen J, Maylin GA. Sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for rapid detection, quantification and confirmation of cathinone-derived designer drugs for doping control in equine plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:217-229. [PMID: 24338970 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cathinone derivatives are new amphetamine-like stimulants that can evade detection when presently available methods are used for doping control. To prevent misuse of these banned substances in racehorses, development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method became the impetus for undertaking this study. METHODS Analytes were recovered via liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether. Analyte separation was achieved on a hydrophilic interaction column using liquid chromatography and mass analysis was performed on a QTRAP mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Analyte identification was carried out by screening for a specified MRM transition. Quantification was conducted using an internal standard. Confirmation was performed by establishing a match in retention time and ion intensity ratios comparison. RESULTS The method was linear over the range 0.2-50 ng/mL. The specificity was evaluated by analysis of six different batches of blank plasma and those spiked with each analyte (0.2 ng/mL). The recovery of analytes from plasma at three different concentrations was >70%. The limits of detection, quantification and confirmation were 0.02-0.05, 0.2-1.0 and 0.2-10 ng/mL, respectively. The matrix effect was insignificant. The intra-day and inter-day precision were 1.94-12.08 and 2.58-13.32%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The method is routinely employed in screening for the eleven analytes in post-competition samples collected from racehorses in Pennsylvania to enforce the ban on the use of these performance-enhancing agents in racehorses. The method is sensitive, fast, effective and reliably reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
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43
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Yamini Y, Seidi S, Rezazadeh M. Electrical field-induced extraction and separation techniques: promising trends in analytical chemistry--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 814:1-22. [PMID: 24528839 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry, and is often a bottleneck in chemical analysis. So, the major incentive for the recent research has been to attain faster, simpler, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. The use of auxiliary energies, such as heat, ultrasound, and microwave, is one of the strategies that have been employed in sample preparation to reach the above purposes. Application of electrical driving force is the current state-of-the-art, which presents new possibilities for simplifying and shortening the sample preparation process as well as enhancing its selectivity. The electrical driving force has scarcely been utilized in comparison with other auxiliary energies. In this review, the different roles of electrical driving force (as a powerful auxiliary energy) in various extraction techniques, including liquid-, solid-, and membrane-based methods, have been taken into consideration. Also, the references have been made available, relevant to the developments in separation techniques and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. All aspects of electrical driving force in extraction and separation methods are too specific to be treated in this contribution. However, the main aim of this review is to provide a brief knowledge about the different fields of analytical chemistry, with an emphasis on the latest efforts put into the electrically assisted membrane-based sample preparation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches as well as the new achievements in these areas have been discussed, which might be helpful for further progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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44
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Stability and efficiency of supported liquid membranes in electromembrane extraction—a link to solvent properties. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:2151-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction from aqueous samples containing polar organic solvents. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1308:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Raterink RJ, Lindenburg PW, Vreeken RJ, Hankemeier T. Three-Phase Electroextraction: A New (Online) Sample Purification and Enrichment Method for Bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7762-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4010716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert-Jan Raterink
- Division
of Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, and Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University,
Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter W. Lindenburg
- Division
of Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, and Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University,
Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J. Vreeken
- Division
of Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, and Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University,
Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division
of Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, and Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University,
Leiden, the Netherlands
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47
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Tan TY, Basheer C, Yan Ang MJ, Lee HK. Electroenhanced solid-phase microextraction of methamphetamine with commercial fibers. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:12-6. [PMID: 23726072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electroenhanced solid-phase microextraction (EE-SPME) method with gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis was investigated for the determination of methamphetamine in urine sample with commercial fibers. In this approach, commercial SPME fibers were used in direct immersion mode with an applied potential to extract methamphetamine. EE-SPME was more effective in the extraction compared to conventional SPME (i.e. application of potential). The method was simple to use, and avoided the need for alkalization and derivatization of methamphetamine. Experimental conditions were optimized to achieve better extraction performance. Various conditions including applied potential, sample pH, extraction and desorption time were investigated. Based on the optimized conditions, EE-SPME achieved a higher enrichment factor of 159-fold than conventional SPME. The calibration plot under the best selected parameters was linear in the range of 0.5-15ng/mL (r=0.9948). The feasibility of EE-SPME was demonstrated by applying it to the analysis of human urine samples. The limit of detection of methamphetamine was 0.25ng/mL with a satisfactory relative standard deviation of 6.12% (n=3) in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsze Yin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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48
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Krishna Marothu V, Gorrepati M, Vusa R. Electromembrane extraction--a novel extraction technique for pharmaceutical, chemical, clinical and environmental analysis. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:619-31. [PMID: 23595685 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a novel sample preparation technique in pharmaceutical, chemical, clinical and environmental analysis. This technique uses electromigration across artificial liquid membranes for selective extraction of analytes and sample enrichment from complex matrices. This review focuses on the setup, general procedure and parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of EME. An overview of innovations in EME (on-chip EME, low voltage EME, drop-to-drop EME, pulsed EME and EME followed by low-density solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction) is also presented in this article and attention is focused on the use of EME for pharmaceutical, chemical, clinical and environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Krishna Marothu
- Alliance Institute of Advanced Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500038, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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49
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New challenges and innovation in forensic toxicology: Focus on the “New Psychoactive Substances”. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1287:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Seip KF, Jensen H, Sønsteby MH, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction: Distribution or electrophoresis? Electrophoresis 2013; 34:792-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
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