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Abstract
This Review explores the class of plant-derived macrocyclic peptides called cyclotides. We include an account of their discovery, characterization, and distribution in the plant kingdom as well as a detailed analysis of their sequences and structures, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis, biological functions, and applications. These macrocyclic peptides are around 30 amino acids in size and are characterized by their head-to-tail cyclic backbone and cystine knot motif, which render them to be exceptionally stable, with resistance to thermal or enzymatic degradation. Routes to their chemical synthesis have been developed over the past two decades, and this capability has facilitated a wide range of mutagenesis and structure-activity relationship studies. In turn, these studies have both led to an increased understanding of their mechanisms of action as well as facilitated a range of applications in agriculture and medicine, as ecofriendly crop protection agents, and as drug leads or scaffolds for pharmaceutical design. Our overall objective in this Review is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of cyclotides that we hope will stimulate further work on this fascinating family of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Meng-Wei Kan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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Uddin SJ, Muhammad T, Shafiullah M, Slazak B, Rouf R, Göransson U. Single-step purification of cyclotides using affinity chromatography. Biopolymers 2018; 108. [PMID: 28009046 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotides are considered promising scaffolds for drug development owing to their inherent host defence activities and highly stable structure, defined by the cyclic cystine knot. These proteins are expressed as complex mixtures in plants. Although several methods have been developed for their isolation and analysis, purification of cyclotides is still a lengthy process. Here, we describe the use of affinity chromatography for the purification of cyclotides using polyclonal IgG antibodies raised in rabbits against cycloviolacin O2 and immobilized on NHS-activated Sepharose columns. Cycloviolacin O2 was used as a model substance to evaluate the chromatographic principle, first as a pure compound and then in combination with other cyclotides, that is, bracelet cyclotide cycloviolacin O19 and Möbius cyclotide kalata B1, and in a plant extract. We demonstrate that single-step purification of cyclotides by affinity chromatography is possible but cross reactivity may occur between homologue cyclotides of the bracelet subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, SE, 75123, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, Uppsala, SE, 75123, Sweden.,Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Taj Muhammad
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, SE, 75123, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, Uppsala, SE, 75123, Sweden
| | - Md Shafiullah
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, SE, 75123, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, Uppsala, SE, 75123, Sweden
| | - Blazej Slazak
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science, Cracow, 31-512, Poland
| | - Razina Rouf
- Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, SE, 75123, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, Uppsala, SE, 75123, Sweden
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Narayani M, Chadha A, Srivastava S. Cyclotides from the Indian Medicinal Plant Viola odorata (Banafsha): Identification and Characterization. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1972-1980. [PMID: 28621949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are cyclic cystine knotted macrocyclic plant peptides that have several promising applications. This study was undertaken to detect and identify known and new cyclotides in Viola odorata, a commercially important medicinal plant, from three geographical locations in India. The number of cyclotides in the plant varied with the tissue (leaves, petioles, flowers, runners, and roots) and with geographical locations in India. Using liquid chromatography coupled to Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), 166 cyclotide-like masses were observed to display cyclotide-diagnostic mass shifts following reduction, alkylation, and digestion, and 71 of these were positively identified based on automated spectrum matching. Of the remaining 95 putative cyclotides observed, de novo peptide sequencing of three new cyclotides, namely, vodo I1 (1), vodo I2 (2), and vodo I3 (3), was carried out with tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Narayani
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
| | - Anju Chadha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
| | - Smita Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
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Melander E, Eriksson C, Jansson B, Göransson U, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Improved method for quantitative analysis of the cyclotide kalata B1 in plasma and brain homogenate. Biopolymers 2017; 106:910-916. [PMID: 27603276 PMCID: PMC5132104 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a new method for quantifying the cyclotide kalata B1 in both plasma and brain homogenate. Cyclotides are ultra-stable peptides with three disulfide bonds that are interesting from a drug development perspective as they can be used as scaffolds. In this study we describe a new validated LC-MS/MS method with high sensitivity and specificity for kalata B1. The limit of quantification was 2 ng/mL in plasma and 5 ng/gmL in brain homogenate. The method was linear in the range 2-10,000 ng/mL for plasma and 5-2000 ng/g for brain. Liquid Chromatographic separation was performed on a HyPurity C18 column, 50 × 4.6 mm, 3 µm particle size. The method had inter- and intra-day precision and accuracy levels <15% and 12% respectively. Applying the method to in vivo plasma samples and brain homogenate samples from equilibrium dialysis yielded satisfying results and was able to describe the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain tissue binding of kalata B1. The described method is quick, reproducible and well suited to quantifying kalata B1 in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Melander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Eriksson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Britt Jansson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Matsuura HN, Poth AG, Yendo ACA, Fett-Neto AG, Craik DJ. Isolation and Characterization of Cyclotides from Brazilian Psychotria: Significance in Plant Defense and Co-occurrence with Antioxidant Alkaloids. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:3006-3013. [PMID: 28006906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants from the genus Psychotria include species bearing cyclotides and/or alkaloids. The elucidation of factors affecting the metabolism of these molecules as well as their activities may help to understand their ecological function. In the present study, high concentrations of antioxidant indole alkaloids were found to co-occur with cyclotides in Psychotria leiocarpa and P. brachyceras. The concentrations of the major cyclotides and alkaloids in P. leiocarpa and P. brachyceras were monitored following herbivore- and pathogen-associated challenges, revealing a constitutive, phytoanticipin-like accumulation pattern. Psyleio A, the most abundant cyclotide found in the leaves of P. leiocarpa, and also found in P. brachyceras leaves, exhibited insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera larvae. Addition of ethanol in the vehicle for peptide solubilization in larval feeding trials proved deleterious to insecticidal activity and resulted in increased rates of larval survival in treatments containing indole alkaloids. This suggests that plant alkaloids ingested by larvae might contribute to herbivore oxidative stress detoxification, corroborating, in a heterologous system with artificial oxidative stress stimulation, the antioxidant efficiency of Psychotria alkaloids previously observed in planta. Overall, the present study reports data for eight novel cyclotides, the identification of P. leiocarpa as a cyclotide-bearing species, and the absence of these peptides in P. umbellata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio N Matsuura
- Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aaron G Poth
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna C A Yendo
- Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Arthur G Fett-Neto
- Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Demartini DR, Pasquali G, Carlini CR. An overview of proteomics approaches applied to biopharmaceuticals and cyclotides research. J Proteomics 2013; 93:224-33. [PMID: 23777896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The evolution in proteomics approaches is notable, including quantitative proteomics and strategies for elucidation of post-translational modifications. Faster and more accurate mass spectrometers as well as cleverer bioinformatics tolls are making the difference in such advancement. Among the wide range of research in plant proteomics, biopharmaceutical production using plants as "biofactories" and the screening of new activities of new molecules, in this case, peptides, are quite important regarding translational proteomics. The present review is focused on "recombinant proteins and bioactive peptides", with biopharmaceuticals and cyclotides chosen as examples. Their application and challenges are focused on a "translational proteomics" point of view, in order to exemplify some new areas of research based on proteomics strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translational Plant Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Ribeiro Demartini
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul., Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43431, Sala 214, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil.
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Stejskal K, Potěšil D, Zdráhal Z. Suppression of Peptide Sample Losses in Autosampler Vials. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3057-62. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400183v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Stejskal
- Research
Group Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology and ‡National Centre
for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - David Potěšil
- Research
Group Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology and ‡National Centre
for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Research
Group Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology and ‡National Centre
for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
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Poth AG, Mylne JS, Grassl J, Lyons RE, Millar AH, Colgrave ML, Craik DJ. Cyclotides associate with leaf vasculature and are the products of a novel precursor in petunia (Solanaceae). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27033-46. [PMID: 22700981 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.370841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclotides are a large family of plant peptides that are structurally defined by their cyclic backbone and a trifecta of disulfide bonds, collectively known as the cyclic cystine knot (CCK) motif. Structurally similar cyclotides have been isolated from plants within the Rubiaceae, Violaceae, and Fabaceae families and share the CCK motif with trypsin-inhibitory knottins from a plant in the Cucurbitaceae family. Cyclotides have previously been reported to be encoded by dedicated genes or as a domain within a knottin-encoding PA1-albumin-like gene. Here we report the discovery of cyclotides and related non-cyclic peptides we called "acyclotides" from petunia of the agronomically important Solanaceae plant family. Transcripts for petunia cyclotides and acyclotides encode the shortest known cyclotide precursors. Despite having a different precursor structure, their sequences suggest that petunia cyclotides mature via the same biosynthetic route as other cyclotides. We assessed the spatial distribution of cyclotides within a petunia leaf section by MALDI imaging and observed that the major cyclotide component Phyb A was non-uniformly distributed. Dissected leaf midvein extracts contained significantly higher concentrations of this cyclotide compared with the lamina and outer margins of leaves. This is the third distinct type of cyclotide precursor, and Solanaceae is the fourth phylogenetically disparate plant family to produce these structurally conserved cyclopeptides, suggesting either convergent evolution upon the CCK structure or movement of cyclotide-encoding sequences within the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Poth
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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