1
|
Gamal A, Soliman M, Al-Anany MS, Eissa F. Optimization and validation of high throughput methods for the determination of 132 organic contaminants in green and roasted coffee using GC-QqQ-MS/MS and LC-QqQ-MS/MS. Food Chem 2024; 449:139223. [PMID: 38604032 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Recently some major safety concerns have been raised on organic contaminants in widely consumed plants such as coffee. Hence, this study aimed to develop specifically optimized methods for determining organic contaminants, such as pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in coffee using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. QuEChERS method was used as a base extraction method, and 27 experiments were studied using design of experiments with categorical variables (extraction buffers, cleanup sorbents, and coffee roasting degree) to find the optimum method for each matrix type. The optimum method for green coffee was acetate buffer and chitosan for clean-up, while no-buffer extraction and the PSA + C18 method were ideal for light and dark-roasted coffee. The optimized methods were validated in accordance with SANTE/11312/2021. Furthermore, ten real samples (4 green, and 6 roasted) from the markets were analysed; ortho-phenylphenol was found in all the roasted coffee samples, and carbendazim was found in one green coffee sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrhman Gamal
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Laboratory of residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Foods (QCAP), Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Giza 12311, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Soliman
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Laboratory of residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Foods (QCAP), Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Giza 12311, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Al-Anany
- Environment and Bio-agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr city, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fawzy Eissa
- Environment and Bio-agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr city, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harmoko H, Munawar H, Bahri S, Andarwulan N, Tjahjono DH, Kartasasmita RE, Fernández-Alba AR. Application of the QuEChERS method combined with UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS for the determination of isoprocarb and carbaryl pesticides in Indonesian coffee. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:4093-4103. [PMID: 38855904 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The performance of the QuEChERS method in this study, as indicated by a high percentage (>90%) of recovery observations falling within the range of 60-140% and a sample replicate deviation (% RSD) of <20%, for the routine analysis of isoprocarb and carbaryl pesticides, has been evaluated over a 14-month period for the export of Indonesian coffee. Following a seven-day observation of the stability of these pesticides in coffee extract, it was found that the added standard calibration solution remained stable and useable for seven days when stored at 4 °C and -20 °C. This validated method, with high sensitivity (a LOQ of 0.001 mg kg-1 for isoprocarb and carbaryl), has been employed to monitor residues in Indonesian coffee exports to comply with maximum residue limits (MRLs). The samples with higher contamination levels were predominantly from robusta coffee (57.76%), followed by arabica coffee (6.17%). The detection rates for residues decreased by more than 90% in the last two months of the method's application. In the observation of coffee processing, it was found that isoprocarb residues in contaminated samples could be transferred to the processed coffee (roasted and its infusion) to a limited extent, while residues from the carcinogenic carbaryl were not detected due to evaporation. Additionally, chronic dietary risk assessment showed that contaminated samples of robusta and arabica coffees should not be considered a significant public health concern (hazard index HI < 1). However, continuous monitoring of pesticide residues in Indonesian coffee is still recommended, not only to conform to the MRLs of importing countries but also to ensure food trade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harmoko Harmoko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Directorate of Standardization and Quality Control, Ministry of Trade, Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 26, Ciracas, Jakarta Timur 13740, Indonesia
| | - Hasim Munawar
- Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Gd. 452 Kawasan Puspiptek, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Syaiful Bahri
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Soemantri Brojonegoro No. 1 Gedung Meneng, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia
| | - Nuri Andarwulan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Daryono Hadi Tjahjono
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Rahmana Emran Kartasasmita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huertas-Pérez JF, Baslé Q, Dubois M, Theurillat X. Multi-residue pesticides determination in complex food matrices by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2024; 436:137687. [PMID: 37857199 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for determination of GC-amenable pesticides in complex matrices, was validated based on QuEChERS sample preparation and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Performance of the method was tested according to the EU SANTE guidelines for 172 pesticides belonging to different chemical classes, in three representative complex matrices. Three concentration levels were tested in order to establish the lowest limit of quantification possible. For some matrix/pesticide combination, careful selection of the quantification/confirmation transitions was key to avoid interferences. Accurate quantification was achieved by standard addition. The number of compounds fulfilling EU SANTE criteria at 10 µg/kg and 100 µg/kg were 93 and 148 for roasted coffee, 93 and 112 for green tea and 98 and 111 for curry respectively. The method was further evaluated in different matrices (chili, clove, cumin, paprika and rosemary) with 50-90 % of the compounds fulfilling the validation criteria depending on the matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Quentin Baslé
- Nestlé Quality Assurance Center (NQAC) Singapore, 29 Quality Rd., 618802, Singapore
| | - Mathieu Dubois
- Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
HPLC-MS/MS determination and the postmortem distribution or postmortem redistribution of paraquat and its metabolites in four fatal intoxication cases. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 345:111606. [PMID: 36857988 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
HPLC-MS/MS analysis and postmortem distribution or postmortem redistribution of paraquat and its two metabolites in poisoning death cases were reported. Paraquat, monoquat, and paraquat monopyridone were extracted from the sample with acetonitrile or methanol, respectively, detected by ZORBAX HILIC Plus (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm) chromatographic column, with 0.1 % formic acid aqueous solution - 0.1 % formic acid acetonitrile solution (v/v) as mobile phase. Paraquat, monoquat, and paraquat monopyridone had a good linear relationship within the range of 10-1000, 1-400, and 1-1000 ng/mL (or g), the correlation coefficient (r) were all ≥ 0.9996. Their detection limits were lower than 1 ng/mL (or g). The detection accuracy was 91.25∼113.44 %. The intra-day and inter-day precision were 1.51-3.99 % and 1.92-4.93 %, respectively. This method was used to detect and analyze four rare paraquat poisoning cases. The distribution of paraquat, monoquat, and paraquat monopyridone is uneven, which is relatively high in the heart, blood, lung, and kidney. Heart blood/Peripheral blood ratio of paraquat, monoquat, paraquat monopyridone concentration in two poisoned cases were 1.4, 2.0, 1.5 and 1.9, 1.3, 1.2, which showed a location dependent postmortem redistribution. This is the first time that HPLC-MS/MS and the postmortem distribution or postmortem redistribution of paraquat metabolites in poisoned death cases have been reported. This research provides scientific basis for forensic identification of paraquat poisoning cases and extraction of biological specimen.
Collapse
|
5
|
Biondić Fučkar V, Božić A, Jukić A, Krivohlavek A, Jurak G, Tot A, Serdar S, Žuntar I, Režek Jambrak A. Coffee Silver Skin-Health Safety, Nutritional Value, and Microwave Extraction of Proteins. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030518. [PMID: 36766046 PMCID: PMC9914886 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the health safety (concentrations of pesticide residues and heavy metals) and nutritional parameters (macro- and microminerals and crude fibre) of coffee silver skin (CS), as well to isolate proteins from this by-product using an optimised microwave extraction method. The CS by-product samples showed the highest amount of potassium, followed by calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Iron was found in the highest quantity among the microminerals, followed by copper, manganese, zinc, and chromium. The CS sample showed a large amount of fibre and a moderate quantity of proteins obtained by the optimised microwave extraction method. Four heavy metals (nickel, lead, arsenic, and cadmium) were detected, and all were under the permitted levels. Among the 265 analysed pesticides, only three showed small quantity. The results for the proteins extracted by microwave showed that the total protein concentration values ranged from 0.52 ± 0.01 mg/L to 0.77 ± 0.07 mg/L. The highest value of the concentration of total proteins (0.77 ± 0.07 mg/L) was found in the sample treated for 9 min, using a power of 200 W. Based on these results, it can be concluded that CS is a healthy and nutritionally rich nutraceutical that could be used in the production of new products in the food industry and other industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Božić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Jukić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adela Krivohlavek
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Jurak
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Tot
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sonja Serdar
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Žuntar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (I.Ž.); (A.R.J.)
| | - Anet Režek Jambrak
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (I.Ž.); (A.R.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Merhi A, Kordahi R, Hassan HF. A review on the pesticides in coffee: Usage, health effects, detection, and mitigation. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1004570. [PMID: 36424972 PMCID: PMC9681499 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1004570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee is considered among the most popular beverages and is classified as the second most exported item worldwide. The presence of pesticides in this staple commodity is a challenge to import and export activities, in addition to the fact that pesticides are toxins of public health concern. Even if pesticides are applied properly and their residues are within the acceptable range, it is important to know the fate of these pesticides prior to their ingestion. A plethora of research has been done to optimize methods and thus to have valid procedures to test for the presence of pesticides in coffee. In this review, the analytical methods used in these articles to detect and quantify the pesticides in coffee beans, roasted coffee, and coffee infusion were identified. This review highlights as well the main factors that play a key role in having good separation, identification, and recovery of pesticide residues in the aforementioned items. In addition, the review explains the effect of pesticides on human health and the mitigation techniques for pesticide exposure.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin L, Xu X, Song S, Xu L, Zhu Y, Kuang H, Liu L, Xu C. Immunological quantitative detection of dicofol in medicinal materials. Analyst 2022; 147:3478-3485. [PMID: 35766970 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00462c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative immunochromatographic strip assay was developed for the rapid detection of dicofol in medicinal materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Song
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyue Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mekonen S, Ambelu A, Wondafrash M, Kolsteren P, Spanoghe P. Exposure of infants to organochlorine pesticides from breast milk consumption in southwestern Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22053. [PMID: 34764390 PMCID: PMC8585979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is often used as an environmental bioindicator since it serves as an important medium to accumulate organochlorine pesticides. The main aim of this study is to determine the level of organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk collected from three districts of southwestern Ethiopia (Asendabo, Deneba, and Serbo) at three times points baselines (1st month), midline ( six months), and end line (12 months) and risk of infants’ exposure. A longitudinal study was conducted to assess pesticide residues in human breast milk samples and evaluate the risk-exposure of infants to these pesticides from consumption of mother’s milk in Ethiopia. Breast milk samples were collected from 168 mothers at three time points and pesticides were extracted using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The level of pesticide residues in human milk samples and exposure of infants to the pesticides was evaluated by calculating the estimated daily intake and compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake of the pesticides under study. The results indicated that, from the eight organochlorine pesticides analyzed in 447 breast milk samples at three sampling times, DDT and its metabolites were detected. p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT were detected in all (100%) of the breast milk samples while, p,p-DDD, and o,p-DDT were detected in 53.9%, and 42.7%, respectively. The mean concentration of total DDT at three time points(baseline, midline and endline) were 2.25, 1.68 and 1.32 µg/g milk fat, respectively. The mean concentration of total DDT from the three districts was 1.85 µg/g milk fat which is above the maximum residue limit (MRL = 0.02 µg/g milk fat set by FAO/WHO). The mean ratio of DDT/DDE for the three areas was calculated less than five (< 5) indicates historical DDT use in the study area. The estimated daily intake of infants at the first month of breastfeeding was 11.24 µg/kg-BW/day, above the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) for total DDT set by FAO/WHO, which is 10 µg/kg body weight. An intake of OCPs is a big concern for infants' health in Ethiopia and countries with a similar condition, particularly at the first month of lactation. Strict regulations of the health-threatening pesticide by the regulatory body (Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission) at the country and regional levels is advocated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Heydebreck F. Monitoring of Paraquat in soya products intended for animal feed. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-021-00084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEven though paraquat is considered to be one of the most toxic herbicides, it is one of the most used ones. Paraquat-based preparations are heavily used across many important agricultural countries and for a lot of types of crops such as soya. As soya is used in large quantities in the feed production, paraquat residues in soya products are a potential threat to livestock. The aim of this study was to investigate whether soya products intended for animal feed contain residues of paraquat. Therefore, an optimized Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) Method was developed. In total, 174 samples were analyzed via LC-MS/MS using zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (ZIC-HILIC). The results showed that paraquat was detected in 66 % of the samples above 0.008 mg/kg. Residues were mainly present in soya bean meals that were imported from Brazil or the USA and cultivated using genetically modified soya. Around 5 % of the samples were not compliant with the European regulation on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed. The results of this study support the view that paraquat residues play a significant role in soya products intended for animal feed and, thus, need to be controlled on a regular basis. However, for enforcement actions reliable processing factors for paraquat in soya products or maximum residue levels for processed soya products are urgently required.
Collapse
|
10
|
Revel’skii IA, Chivarzin ME, Gerasimov MA, Frolova AV, Dolgonosov AM, Skalnyi AV, Revel’skii AI, Buryak AK. A New Approach to the Assessment of the Safety of Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, and Vegetable Oils, Based on the Rapid Screening of Samples for the Total Concentration of Fluorine-, Chlorine-, and Bromine-Containing Organic Compounds. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Constantinou M, Louca-Christodoulou D, Agapiou A. Method validation for the determination of 314 pesticide residues using tandem MS systems (GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS) in raisins: Focus on risk exposure assessment and respective processing factors in real samples (a pilot survey). Food Chem 2021; 360:129964. [PMID: 33993074 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A multi-residue method for the simultaneous analysis of a wide range of pesticides in raisins using liquid and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS) has been validated. Pesticides are extracted from raisins with ethyl acetate, followed by centrifugation. The validation study was in accordance with DG SANTE guidelines. Validation experiments have been performed in both analytical instruments. A total number of 314 pesticides were spiked in raisins of organic farming at two spiking levels for GC-MS/MS (0.025 and 0.1 mg/kg), and at three spiking levels for LC-MS/MS (0.005, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg) with 6 replicates at each concentration. The scope of validation included linearity, limits of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision, and matrix effects (%) for each pesticide. The validated method was then applied for the analysis of 37 commercial raisin samples purchased from the market. For the evaluation of the results, processing factors (PFs) have been applied to derive the amount of residue in raisins, from the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of grapes, and which in this paper will be referred as to the MRL expressed in raisins. In all conventional samples, pesticides were detected at concentrations above the LOQ. In total, 55 different pesticides were detected. All conventional samples contained multiple pesticides ranging from 2 to 24. On the other hand, samples from organic farming were found to be free of the analysed pesticides. The 13.5% of the examined samples were considered as violations. The exposure assessment for the acute risk of the violating samples indicated that no potential risk derives from the detected and approved in the EU pesticides, while the detection of not approved pesticides in the EU, and the lack of toxicological reference values for certain pesticides raise concerns for the human health, especially for children. The results of the survey study indicate the need to include processed samples, and in particular dry fruits with a high consumption rate such as raisins, in the official controls of pesticide residues in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Constantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; State General Laboratory, Pesticide Residues Laboratory, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Agapios Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sadat SAA, Ilbeigi V, Valadbeigi Y, Soleimani M. Determination of pesticides phosalone and diazinon in pistachio using ion mobility spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-020-00262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
13
|
Reichert B, Pereira Nunes MG, Pizzutti IR, Costabeber IH, Fontana MZ, Jänich BD, Panciera MP, Arbusti D, Cardoso CD, Chim JF. Pesticide residues determination in common bean using an optimized QuEChERS approach followed by solvent exchange and GC-MS/MS analysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2425-2434. [PMID: 31943212 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common bean is a staple food in Latin America and Africa; however, studies about contamination of common bean with pesticides are rarely reported. So, the goals of this study were to validate a multiresidue method and apply it in monitoring of pesticides in common beans. Extraction was performed applying the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) approach to ground samples. Octadecylsilane and primary-secondary amine were used for clean-up, and a solvent exchange step was performed before injection for gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Method validation was done analyzing blank samples spiked at 20, 30, 50, and 100 μg kg-1 (n = 5). Linearity and linear range were assessed by the analysis of standard solutions at concentrations of 5, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 μg L-1 . RESULTS The method was successfully validated for 91 (64.1%) of the 142 compounds studied (139 pesticides and three degradation products). Limits of quantification were equal to 20 μg kg-1 , 30 μg kg-1 , 50 μg kg-1 , and 100 μg kg-1 for 18 (12.7%), 17 (12.0%), 21 (14.8%) and 35 (24.6%) compounds respectively. Fifteen (10.6%) compounds were not detected at any level, and 36 (25.4%) did not fulfill the requirements for a quantitative method. Sixteen common bean samples of South of Brazil were analyzed. Two samples were positive: one for tebuconzole and a second for picoxystrobin, permethrin, and cyproconazole. Cyproconazole is not allowed for use in the common bean crop, its use being a violation. CONCLUSION As demonstrated, the validated approach is suitable for pesticide residues determination in common bean. Results of the sample analysis show that the control of pesticide residues in common bean is necessary to ensure food safety. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Reichert
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Post Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Postdoctoral Program, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria G Pereira Nunes
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ionara R Pizzutti
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ijoni H Costabeber
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Post Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Postdoctoral Program, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Marlos Z Fontana
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bárbara D Jänich
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Matheus P Panciera
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Dênia Arbusti
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Carmem D Cardoso
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Josiane F Chim
- Department of Food Science, Center of Chemical, Pharmaceuticals and Food Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huertas-Pérez JF, Ernest M, Badoud F. Quantification of folpet and phthalimide in tea and herbal infusions by LC- high-resolution MS and GC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:109-119. [PMID: 30601712 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1555379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two methods based on a modified QuEChERS sample preparation and either LC coupled to atmospheric pressure ionisation and high-resolution MS or GC coupled to electron ionisation and tripled quadrupole MS have been assessed for the quantification of folpet and phthalimide in tea and other dry herbal infusions. Both methods have been fully validated in green tea and further checked in black tea, verbena and rooibos, and they performed according to the SANTE/11813/2017 criteria at the target LOQ concentration level (50 µg/kg). These methods allow the accurate quantification of folpet in the selected matrices according to the new EU residue definition, which includes phthalimide. Phthalimide is the main metabolite and degradation product of folpet, although according to recent studies, it could be generated from different sources than folpet breakdown, such as food processing or analysis by GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Ernest
- a Nestlé Research Centre , Nestec Ltd , Vers-chez-les-Blanc , Switzerland
| | - Flavia Badoud
- a Nestlé Research Centre , Nestec Ltd , Vers-chez-les-Blanc , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Evaluation of 99 Pesticide Residues in Major Agricultural Products from the Western Highlands Zone of Cameroon Using QuEChERS Method Extraction and LC-MS/MS and GC-ECD Analyses. Foods 2018; 7:foods7110184. [PMID: 30405079 PMCID: PMC6262625 DOI: 10.3390/foods7110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no information available on pesticide residue levels in major food commodities harvested in Cameroon, especially from the western highlands region, the food basket of the country. Hence, this study evaluated the residues of 99 pesticides in 72 samples of 12 agricultural products collected in the region, using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method extraction, and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). This method was suitable for detecting the targeted compounds: For 81 pesticides by LC-MS/MS, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was between 0.0004 and 0.0537 mg/kg; and for 18 halogenated pesticides by GC-ECD, it ranged from 0.0012 to 0.2180 mg/kg. The residues of 62 pesticides, including 12 banned compounds, were found in the samples. Insecticides (39.7%) were the most prevalent group, with all the samples containing at least one pesticide. Twenty-one pesticides (34.4%) exceeded their European Union maximum residue limits (MRLs) and 22 pesticides (34.4%) were found in all 6 sampling locations. Malathion and p,p′-DDT were the most distributed pesticides, found in almost all the samples and sampling sites. Food items with the highest rates of positive results were chili pepper (23.2%), white pepper (20.2%), kidney beans (17.3%), and soybeans (17.2%). Samples with residues above their MRLs represented 38% of all the positive analyses; chili pepper (6.4%) and kidney beans (5.5%) were found to have the most residues above their MRLs. The most critical food commodities were kidney beans, soybeans, chili pepper, and maize. This data presents scientific evidence that investigation into continuous monitoring and good regulation of pesticide usage in Cameroon is needed, and paves the way for health risks analysis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Beltifa A, Belaid A, Lo Turco V, Machreki M, Ben Mansour H, Di Bella G. Preliminary evaluation of plasticizer and BPA in Tunisian cosmetics and investigation of hazards on human skin cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:491-501. [PMID: 30010399 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1489528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 18 plasticizer (phthalates, adipates, sebacates, and others) and BPA residues in some cosmetic samples collected from Tunisian market are evaluated by micro-matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with GC-MS. In parallel, the impact of these molecules and the cosmetics in the human epithelial cell lines is investigated. The cytotoxic activity of cosmetic extracts is evaluated in vitro against B16 and Hep-2 human skin cell lines using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. This study shows that the tested cosmetic products could constitute a hazard to the consumer health and wellness and that strict safety analysis on cosmetic products needs to be carried out before they are marketed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Beltifa
- a Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to Environmental -APAE UR17ES32 Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
- b Faculté des Sciences Mathématiques , Physiques et Naturelles Université Tunis ElManar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Afifa Belaid
- a Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to Environmental -APAE UR17ES32 Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Vincenzo Lo Turco
- c Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche , Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali of the University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Monia Machreki
- a Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to Environmental -APAE UR17ES32 Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- a Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to Environmental -APAE UR17ES32 Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- c Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche , Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali of the University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang X, Park SG, Ko J, Xiao X, Giannini V, Maier SA, Kim DH, Choo J. Sensitive and Reproducible Immunoassay of Multiple Mycotoxins Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Mapping on 3D Plasmonic Nanopillar Arrays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801623. [PMID: 30062764 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based mapping technique is reported for the highly sensitive and reproducible analysis of multiple mycotoxins. Raman images of three mycotoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B (FUMB), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are obtained by rapidly scanning the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotags-anchoring mycotoxins captured on a nanopillar plasmonic substrate. In this system, the decreased gap distance between nanopillars by their leaning effects as well as the multiple hot spots between SERS nanotags and nanopillars greatly enhances the coupling of local plasmonic fields. This strong enhancement effect makes it possible to perform a highly sensitive detection of multiple mycotoxins. In addition, the high uniformity of the densely packed nanopillar substrate minimizes the spot-to-spot fluctuations of the Raman peak intensity in the scanned area when Raman mapping is performed. Consequently, this makes it possible to gain a highly reproducible quantitative analysis of mycotoxins. The limit of detections (LODs) are determined to be 5.09, 5.11, and 6.07 pg mL-1 for OTA, FUMB, and AFB1, and these values are approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive than those determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. It is believed that this SERS-based mapping technique provides a facile tool for the sensitive and reproducible quantification of various biotarget molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Wang
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Sung-Gyu Park
- Advanced Nano-Surface Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, South Korea
| | - Juhui Ko
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Xiaofei Xiao
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vincenzo Giannini
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Stefan A Maier
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, 80539, Germany
| | - Dong-Ho Kim
- Advanced Nano-Surface Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, South Korea
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Quantification of folpet and phthalimide in food by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry: Overcoming potential analytical artefacts. Food Chem 2018; 260:213-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Badoud F, Ernest M, Hammel YA, Huertas-Pérez JF. Artifact-controlled quantification of folpet and phthalimide in food by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
20
|
Reichert B, de Kok A, Pizzutti IR, Scholten J, Cardoso CD, Spanjer M. Simultaneous determination of 117 pesticides and 30 mycotoxins in raw coffee, without clean-up, by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1004:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
21
|
Pesticide analysis in coffee leaves using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe approach and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Optimization of the clean-up step. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1512:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Fang J, Wu Q, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Xu S, Cai Z. Comparison of different mass spectrometric approaches coupled to gas chromatography for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in serum samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1040:180-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
Zhou Q, Li F, Chen L, Jiang D. Quantitative Analysis of 10 Mycotoxins in Wheat Flour by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with a Modified QuEChERS Strategy. J Food Sci 2016; 81:T2886-T2890. [PMID: 27732757 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive analytical method for quantitative analysis of 10 mycotoxins was developed and validated by a combination of modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Sample preparation involved QuEChERS with dispersive solid phase extraction for clean-up, and analysis was performed by reversed-phase UHPLC-MS/MS using electrospray negative ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. Under optimized conditions, the calibration curves displayed good linear relationships with all coefficients of determinations (r2 ) higher than 0.998. The limits of quantification for all target mycotoxins were lower than 7 μg/kg. Trueness and precision for the analytes were 70% to 116% average recoveries and 2% to 13% relative standard deviations (RSDs). The validated method was used to analyze 46 wheat flour samples for the targeted mycotoxins. The method can be used as a rapid and robust tool for screening mycotoxin in cereal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Zhou
- Inst. of Agro-Food Science & Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 250100, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Inst. of Agro-Food Science & Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 250100, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Dept. of Chemistry and Physics, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Inst. of Agro-Food Science & Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 250100, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dafeng Jiang
- Inst. of Agro-Food Science & Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 250100, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Dept. of Chemistry and Physics, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Determination of paraquat and diquat: LC-MS method optimization and validation. Food Chem 2016; 209:248-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
25
|
Tienstra M, Portolés T, Hernández F, Mol JGJ. Fast gas chromatographic residue analysis in animal feed using split injection and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1422:289-298. [PMID: 26601712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Significant speed improvement for instrumental runtime would make GC–MS much more attractive for determination of pesticides and contaminants and as complementary technique to LC–MS. This was the trigger to develop a fast method (time between injections less than 10 min) for the determination of pesticides and PCBs that are not (or less) amenable to LC–MS. A key factor in achieving shorter analysis time was the use of split injection (1:10) which allowed the use of a much higher initial GC oven temperature. A shorter column (15 m), higher temperature ramp, and higher carrier gas flow rate (6 mL/min) further contributed to analysis-time reduction. Chromatographic resolution was slightly compromised but still well fit-for-purpose. Due to the high sensitivity of the technique used (GC–APCI-triple quadrupole MS/MS), quantification and identification were still possible down to the 10 μg/kg level, which was demonstrated by successful validation of the method for complex feed matrices according to EU guidelines. Other advantages of the method included a better compatibility of acetonitrile extracts (e.g. QuEChERS) with GC, and a reduced transfer of co-extractants into the GC column and mass spectrometer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tienstra
- RIKILT-Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Portolés
- RIKILT-Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J G J Mol
- RIKILT-Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Mekonen S, Ambelu A, Spanoghe P. Effect of Household Coffee Processing on Pesticide Residues as a Means of Ensuring Consumers' Safety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8568-8573. [PMID: 26344013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coffee is a highly consumed and popular beverage all over the world; however, coffee beans used for daily consumption may contain pesticide residues that may cause adverse health effects to consumers. In this monitoring study, the effect of household coffee processing on pesticide residues in coffee beans was investigated. Twelve pesticides, including metabolites and isomers (endosulfan α, endosulfan β, cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos ethyl, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, p'p-DDE, p'p-DDD, o'p-DDT, and p'p-DDT) were spiked in coffee beans collected from a local market in southwestern Ethiopia. The subsequent household coffee processing conditions (washing, roasting, and brewing) were established as closely as possible to the traditional household coffee processing in Ethiopia. Washing of coffee beans showed 14.63-57.69 percent reduction, while the roasting process reduced up to 99.8 percent. Chlorpyrifos ethyl, permethrin, cypermethrin, endosulfan α and β in roasting and all of the 12 pesticides in the coffee brewing processes were not detected. Kruskal-Wallis analysis indicated that the reduction of pesticide residues by washing is significantly different from roasting and brewing (P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between coffee roasting and brewing (P > 0.05). The processing factor (PF) was less than one (PF < 1), which indicates reduction of pesticides under study during processing of the coffee beans. The cumulative effect of the three processing methods has a paramount importance in evaluating the risks associated with ingestion of pesticide residues, particularly in coffee beans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University , Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University , Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Si W, Yang W, Guo D, Wu J, Zhang J, Qiu S, Yao C, Cui Y, Wu W. Selective ion monitoring of quinochalcone C-glycoside markers for the simultaneous identification of Carthamus tinctorius L. in eleven Chinese patent medicines by UHPLC/QTOF MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 117:510-21. [PMID: 26476296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Current China Pharmacopoeia standards for the Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) that contain one or several the same drug(s) employ case-dependent TLC or HPLC approaches to achieve qualitative identification. A qualitative "monomethod-heterotrait matrix" (MHM) strategy is thus proposed, by selective monitoring of multi-biomarkers, to achieve the identification of different CPMs. Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower) is a reputable gynecological herbal medicine containing characteristic quinochalcone C-glycosides (QCGs) as the major bioactive components. Qualitative identification of safflower in diverse CPMs by selective monitoring of QCG markers was performed by use of the MHM strategy. Initially, 27 QCG analogs (involving 16 potentially new ones) were selectively characterized by product ion filtering (m/z 119.05) and integrated analysis of the negative mode MS(E) and Fast DDA data obtained on a UHPLC/QTOF mass spectrometer. Subsequently, by fingerprint analysis of 20 batches of safflower samples followed by a thermostable test, six QCGs (hydroxysafflor yellow A and its two isomers, anhydrosafflor yellow B, safflomin C, and isosafflomin C) were selected as the biomarkers for safflower. Then, a highly specific selective ion monitoring (SIM) method by recording centroided data was developed and applied to selectively profile six QCG biomarkers from 28 batches of CPM samples collected from versatile vendors. By reference to a standard SIM spectrum established using a home-made safflower reference extract, simultaneous identification of safflower in eleven different CPMs was accomplished with the unified sample preparation and a single UHPLC/QTOF-SIM method. The qualitative MHM strategy represents the novel methodology that facilitates the quality control of CPMs more efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Si
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cailun Road 1200, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dean Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changliang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yajun Cui
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cailun Road 1200, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nie J, Miao S, Lehotay SJ, Li WT, Zhou H, Mao XH, Lu JW, Lan L, Ji S. Multi-residue analysis of pesticides in traditional Chinese medicines using gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1287-300. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1055340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
30
|
Validation and application of micro flow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of pesticide residues in fruit jams. Talanta 2015; 134:415-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
31
|
Rejczak T, Tuzimski T. A review of recent developments and trends in the QuEChERS sample preparation approach. OPEN CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2015-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA comprehensive review is presented on the recent developments and trends in the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation approach. This technique involves liquid-liquid partitioning using acetonitrile and purifying the extract using dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Originally, the QuEChERS was introduced for pesticides residues analysis in high moisture fruits and vegetables, but more recently it is gaining significant popularity in the analysis of broad spectrum of analytes in huge variety of samples. The wide range of the technique applications is possible due to introducing various modifications based on the use of different extraction solvent and salt formulation and buffer additions for salting-out partitioning step and the application of various d-SPE sorbents for clean-up step. Therefore, the QuEChERS approach is useful for analysis of, among others pesticides, veterinary drugs and other pharmaceuticals, mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dyes, acrylamide, synthetic musks and UV filters, bisphenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other flame retardants, endocrine disruptors, and other chemical compounds. Thanks to the QuEChERS approach, high-throughput multiresidue methods operate in a routine contaminant control of food products, feedstuff, and environmental samples.
Collapse
|
32
|
Bresin B, Piol M, Fabbro D, Mancini MA, Casetta B, Del Bianco C. Analysis of organo-chlorine pesticides residue in raw coffee with a modified “quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe” extraction/clean up procedure for reducing the impact of caffeine on the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry measurement. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1376:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
33
|
Development, optimization and validation of a multimethod for the determination of 36 mycotoxins in wines by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 129:352-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Lo Turco V, Di Bella G, Potortì AG, Fede MR, Dugo G. Determination of plasticizer residues in tea by solid phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Mekonen S, Ambelu A, Spanoghe P. Pesticide residue evaluation in major staple food items of Ethiopia using the QuEChERS method: a case study from the Jimma Zone. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1294-302. [PMID: 24648104 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Samples of maize, teff, red pepper, and coffee (green bean and coffee bean with pulp) were collected from a local market in the Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Samples were analyzed for the occurrence of cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos ethyl, DTT and its metabolites, and endosulfan (α, β). In the analytical procedure, the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction methodology with dispersive solid phase extraction clean up (d-SPE) technique was applied. Validation of the QuEChERS method was satisfactory. Recovery percentages of most pesticides were in the range of 70% to 120%, with good repeatability (%relative standard deviation < 20). The limit of detection and limit of quantification varied between 0.001 µg/g and 0.092 µg/g and between 0.002 µg/g and 0.307 µg/g, respectively. The main pesticides detected were DDT, endosulfan, cypermethrin, and permethrin. All of the pesticides analyzed were detected in red pepper and green coffee bean. Residues of DDT in coffee pulp significantly differed (p < 0.01) from other food items except for red pepper. The concentration of pesticides in the food items varied from 0.011 mg/kg to 1.115 mg/kg. All food items contained 1 or more pesticides. Two-thirds of the samples had residues below corresponding maximum residue limits, and the remaining one-third of samples were above the maximum residue limits. These results indicate the need for a good pesticide monitoring program to evaluate consumer risk for the Ethiopian people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
High-throughput method based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe followed by liquid chromatography-multi-wavelength detection for the quantification of multiclass polyphenols in wines. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1342:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
37
|
Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coffee and Coffee Substitutes using Dispersive SPE and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
38
|
Zuo HG, Zhu JX, Zhan CR, Tang GY, Guo P, Wei YL, Zeng HL, Yang H. A method developed for determination of heptachlor and its metabolites from pork. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2399-2412. [PMID: 24337977 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new method has been developed to determine heptachlor and its metabolites heptachlor-exo-epoxide and heptachlor-endo-epoxide in pork. The pork samples were extracted with acetone-n-hexane (2:8, V:V) and cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography and florisil solid-phase extraction cartridge. The extract was then determined by gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD), followed by validation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with negative chemical ionization. Linearity of calibration curves ranged from 0.01 to 0.5 mg L(-1), with correlation coefficients of more than 0.9980 for GC-ECD and GC-MS, respectively. At spiked concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg kg(-1), the average recovery and relative standard deviation values were 87.1-102.2 and 4.0-11.3%, respectively. The limit of quantification for each analyte was 0.01 mg kg(-1), which satisfied the current maximum residue limit permitted in pork. Our results showed that the method developed was successfully used to determine heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide residues in real pork samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Gen Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jiang JQ, Zhao S. Acrylic superabsorbents: a meticulous investigation on copolymer composition and modification. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-014-0230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
40
|
Uclés S, Belmonte N, Mezcua M, Martínez AB, Martinez-Bueno MJ, Gamón M, Fernández-Alba AR. Validation of a multiclass multiresidue method and monitoring results for 210 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:557-68. [PMID: 24901959 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.911566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, accurate and reliable multiresidue method for the identification and quantification of 210 relevant pesticides in four representative fruit and vegetable commodities (tomato, potato, spring onion and orange) has been developed and validated by gas chromatography in tandem with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The method has been fully validated and applied to 292 samples from different countries. Prior to instrumental analysis, an extraction procedure based on a sample extraction of multiclass analytes, using the ethyl acetate method was employed. Mass spectrometric conditions were individually optimized for each compound in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode to achieve maximum sensitivity. The pesticides were separated in less than 25 min. This was followed by an exhaustive control of the retention times. The Retention Time Locking Method was applied, working at a constant pressure throughout the analysis. System maintenance was reduced by using a purged capillary flow device that provided backflush capabilities by reversing column flow immediately after elution of the last compound of interest. Istotopically labelled internal standards were employed to improve the quality of the analytical results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Uclés
- a Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables , University of Almeria , Almería , Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Soliman LC, Donkor KK. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography method development for simultaneous determination of thiabendazole, carbendazim, and fuberidazole. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:153-158. [PMID: 24380615 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.857963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thiabendazole (TBz), carbendazim (CBz), and fuberidazole (FBz) are systemic benzimidazole-type fungicides used for pre- and post-harvest treatment to control various types of fungal diseases on a variety of crops. Significant levels of these fungicides could alter the composition or flavour of crops, and being possible carcinogens, they could also pose risks for humans and the environment. A mode of capillary electrophoresis called micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was investigated for the determination of these three benzimidazole fungicides. The study involved two kinds of surfactants in which several experimental conditions were optimized, i.e., buffer concentration, pH, micelle concentration, and percent organic modifier (methanol). Using the optimum experimental conditions, the fungicides were successfully separated by MEKC. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.6-0.7 and 2.1-2.5 mg L(-1), respectively, and the calibration curves were linear over the range of 5-60 mg L(-1) for the three fungicides. The potential of the proposed MEKC method was demonstrated by analyzing water samples which were fortified with the fungicides. The proposed method enabled simultaneous determination of the three benzimidazole fungicides and method validation with spiked water samples yielded satisfactory quantitative recoveries for all the three fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laiel C Soliman
- a Department of Physical Sciences , Thompson Rivers University , Kamloops , British Columbia , Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Walorczyk S. Validation and use of a QuEChERS-based gas chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for multiresidue pesticide analysis in blackcurrants including studies of matrix effects and estimation of measurement uncertainty. Talanta 2013; 120:106-13. [PMID: 24468349 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A triple quadrupole GC-QqQ-MS/MS method was optimized for multiresidue analysis of over 180 pesticides in blackcurrants. The samples were prepared by using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) analytical protocol. To reduce matrix co-extractives in the final extract, the supernatant was cleaned up by dispersive-solid phase extraction (dispersive-SPE) with a mixture of sorbents: primary secondary amine (PSA), octadecyl (C18) and graphitized carbon black (GCB). The validation results demonstrated fitness for purpose of the streamlined method. The overall recoveries at the three spiking levels of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) spanned between 70% and 116% (102% on average) with relative standard deviation (RSD) values between 3% and 19% except for chlorothalonil (23%). Response linearity was studied in the range between 0.005 and 0.5 mg kg(-1). The matrix effect for each individual compound was evaluated through the study of ratios of the slopes obtained in solvent and blackcurrant matrix. The optimized method provided small matrix effect (<10%) for 77% of the compounds, whereas only for 14%, 5% and 4% compounds, the matrix effect was 10-20%, 20-30% and >30%, respectively. Following the application of "top-down" approach, the expanded measurement uncertainty was estimated as being 21% on average (coverage factor k=2, confidence level 95%). If compared with samples of other crops, the analyses of blackcurrants revealed a high percentage of exceedance of the legislative maximum residue levels (MRLs), as well as some instances of the detection of pesticides unapproved on this crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Walorczyk
- Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dias CM, Oliveira FA, Madureira FD, Silva G, Souza WR, Cardeal ZL. Multi-residue method for the analysis of pesticides in Arabica coffee using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1308-15. [PMID: 23800168 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.801088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is a major tropical agricultural commodity and represents a significant fraction of the economy of many countries. However, certain plant and animal species can damage coffee crops, affecting trade. A solution to this issue is the use of pesticides, some of which are harmful to human health and the environment. This work consisted of the development of a multi-residue method for the analysis of pesticides in coffee by using LC-MS/MS. The QuEChERS extraction procedure was used. The following analytical parameters were optimised: selectivity, analytical range, linearity, LOD, LOQ, precision (RSD%) and recovery of the method. The results showed that the method is selective, as they were linear in the range of 10.0-100.0 µg kg(-1). The sensitivity, recovery and precision were adequate for the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in coffee. The method was applied to the analyses of 15 Brazilian coffee samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Dias
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
A sensitive and selective method for the determination of selected pesticides in fruit by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1264:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|