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Qandeel NA, El-Masry AA, El-Shaheny R, Eid M, Moustafa MA. Utility and greenness appraisal of nuclear magnetic resonance for sustainable simultaneous determination of three 1,4-benzodiazepines and their main impurity 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21121. [PMID: 38036558 PMCID: PMC10689731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust, stability-indicating, and eco-friendly proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-qNMR) method was developed for the concurrent determination of three 1,4-benzodiazepines (BDZs), namely diazepam (DZP), alprazolam (ALP), and chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and their common impurity, synthesis precursor, and degradation product; 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone (ACB). In the present method, a novel approach was developed for composing a green and cost-efficient solvent system as an alternative to the common NMR organic solvents utilizing 0.3 M sodium dodecyl sulfate prepared in deuterated water. The conducted method is characterized by simplicity with no need for sample pretreatment or labeling. Phloroglucinol was used as an internal standard. The chosen signals for the determinations of ALP, CDP, DZP and ACB were at 2.35 ppm (singlet), 2.84 ppm (singlet), 3.11 ppm (singlet), and 6.90 ppm (doublet of doublet), respectively. The proposed method possessed linearity over the concentration range of 0.25-15.0 mg ml-1 for DZP, ALP, CDP and of 0.5-25.0 mg ml-1 for ACB with LOD values of 0.06, 0.03, 0.07 and 0.16 mg ml-1 respectively, and LOQ values of 0.18, 0.09, 0.21 and 0.49 mg ml-1, respectively. Accuracy of the method was evidenced by excellent recovery% (99.57-99.90%) and small standard deviation (≥ 1.10) for the three analyzed drugs. Intra- and inter-day precision were determined with coefficient of variation ranging from 0.12 to 1.14 and from 0.72 to 1.67, respectively. For the studied compounds, appraisal of the method greenness was achieved via four approaches: Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical greenness metric (AGREE), and RGB Additive Color Model. The results proved that the proposed method has the privilege of being a green analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen A Qandeel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Amal A El-Masry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Rania El-Shaheny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Manal Eid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Moustafa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Caballero-Casero N, Beza GN, Rubio S. Supramolecular solvent-based sample treatment workflow for determination of multi-class drugs of abuse in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ferreira C, Paulino C, Quintas A. Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2367-2381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreira
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cathy Paulino
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Lendor S, Garnysz M, Zawadzki M, Kościelniak P. Human bone marrow as a tissue in post-mortem identification and determination of psychoactive Substances—Screening methodology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:459-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chagas AGDR, Spinelli E, Fiaux SB, Barreto ADS, Rodrigues SV. Particle-size distribution (PSD) of pulverized hair: A quantitative approach of milling efficiency and its correlation with drug extraction efficiency. Forensic Sci Int 2017. [PMID: 28651177 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Different types of hair were submitted to different milling procedures and their resulting powders were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser diffraction (LD). SEM results were qualitative whereas LD results were quantitative and accurately characterized the hair powders through their particle size distribution (PSD). Different types of hair were submitted to an optimized milling conditions and their PSD was quite similar. A good correlation was obtained between PSD results and ketamine concentration in a hair sample analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Hair samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen for 5min and pulverized at 25Hz for 10min, resulting in 61% of particles <104μm and 39% from 104 to 1000μm. Doing so, a 359% increment on ketamine concentration was obtained for an authentic sample extracted after pulverization comparing with the same sample cut in 1mm fragments. When milling time was extended to 25min, >90% of particles were <60μm and an additional increment of 52.4% in ketamine content was obtained. PSD is a key feature on analysis of pulverized hair as it can affect the method recovery and reproducibility. In addition, PSD is an important issue on sample retesting and quality control procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Garcia da Rosa Chagas
- School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Mario Viana 523, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24241-000, Brazil
| | - Eliani Spinelli
- School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Mario Viana 523, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24241-000, Brazil.
| | - Sorele Batista Fiaux
- School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Mario Viana 523, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24241-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana da Silva Barreto
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-150, Brazil
| | - Silvana Vianna Rodrigues
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-150, Brazil
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Ciechomska M, Woźniakiewicz M, Nowak J, Świadek K, Bazylewicz B, Kościelniak P. Development of a microwave-assisted extraction of atropine and scopolamine from Solanaceae family plants followed by a QuEChERS cleanup procedure. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1196215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ciechomska
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Nowak
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Świadek
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Bazylewicz
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Persona K, Madej K, Knihnicki P, Piekoszewski W. Analytical methodologies for the determination of benzodiazepines in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:239-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Woźniakiewicz A, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Woźniakiewicz M, Bryczek E, Kościelniak P. A quick method for determination of psychoactive agents in serum and hair by using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 111:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Woźniakiewicz A, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Woźniakiewicz M, Nowak J, Kościelniak P. Development of the MAE/UHPLC-MS-TOF method for determination of benzodiazepines in human bio-fluids for toxicological analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 108:97-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vogliardi S, Tucci M, Stocchero G, Ferrara SD, Favretto D. Sample preparation methods for determination of drugs of abuse in hair samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 857:1-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Baciu T, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Recent trends in analytical methods and separation techniques for drugs of abuse in hair. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 856:1-26. [PMID: 25542354 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hair analysis of drugs of abuse has been a subject of growing interest from a clinical, social and forensic perspective for years because of the broad time detection window after intake in comparison to urine and blood analysis. Over the last few years, hair analysis has gained increasing attention and recognition for the retrospective investigation of drug abuse in a wide variety of contexts, shown by the large number of applications developed. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art and the latest trends used in the literature from 2005 to the present in the analysis of drugs of abuse in hair, with a special focus on separation analytical techniques and their hyphenation with mass spectrometry detection. The most recently introduced sample preparation techniques are also addressed in this paper. The main strengths and weaknesses of all of these approaches are critically discussed by means of relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Baciu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - F Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - C Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - M Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Chang YJ, Chao MR, Chen SC, Chen CH, Chang YZ. A high-throughput method based on microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous analysis of amphetamines, ketamine, opiates, and their metabolites in hair. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2445-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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