1
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Alabbas A, Desai UR. Enzyme immobilization offers a robust tool to scale up the production of longer, diverse, natural glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2020; 30:768-773. [PMID: 32193533 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although structurally diverse, longer glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides are critical to understand human biology, few are available. The major bottleneck has been the predominant production of oligosaccharides, primarily disaccharides, upon enzymatic depolymerization of GAGs. In this work, we employ enzyme immobilization to prepare hexasaccharide and longer sequences of chondroitin sulfate in good yields with reasonable homogeneity. Immobilized chondroitinase ABC displayed good efficiency, robust operational pH range, broad thermal stability, high recycle ability and excellent distribution of products in comparison to the free enzyme. Diverse sequences could be chromatographically resolved into well-defined peaks and characterized using LC-MS. Enzyme immobilization technology could enable easier access to diverse longer GAG sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhumaidi Alabbas
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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3
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Sadowski R, Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Buszewski B. Qualitative analysis of enzymatic and chemical depolymerized low molecular weight heparins by UHPLC coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3036-3044. [PMID: 32388896 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Complete heparin digestion with heparin lyase I and II results in a mixture of hexasaccharides and tetrasaccharides with 3-O-sulfo group-containing glucosamine residues at their reducing ends. Because these tetrasaccharides are derived from antithrombin III-binding sites of heparin, we examined whether this method could be applied to estimate the anticoagulant activity of heparin. Therefore, this paper presents a new low molecular weight heparin sample preparation method-chemical depolymerization. Qualitative analysis of the studied compounds and a comparison of their composition are an important contribution to the structural analysis of low molecular weight heparins, which has not been fully conducted so far. Qualitative on-line liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of these resistant oligosaccharides is also described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Sadowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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4
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Manual annotation combined with untargeted metabolomics for chemical characterization and discrimination of two major crataegus species based on liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1612:460628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Heparanase as an Additional Tool for Detecting Structural Peculiarities of Heparin Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234403. [PMID: 31810297 PMCID: PMC6930493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the biological properties of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), continuous advances in elucidation of their microheterogeneous structure and discovery of novel structural peculiarities are crucial. Effective strategies for monitoring manufacturing processes and assessment of more restrictive specifications, as imposed by the current regulatory agencies, need to be developed. Hereby, we apply an efficient heparanase-based strategy to assert the structure of two major isomeric octasaccharides of dalteparin and investigate the tetrasaccharides arising from antithrombin binding region (ATBR) of bovine mucosal heparin. Heparanase, especially when combined with other sample preparation methods (e.g., size exclusion, affinity chromatography, heparinase depolymerization), was shown to be a powerful tool providing relevant information about heparin structural peculiarities. The applied approach provided direct evidence that oligomers bearing glucuronic acid–glucosamine-3-O-sulfate at their nonreducing end represent an important structural signature of dalteparin. When extended to ATBR-related tetramers of bovine heparin, the heparanase-based approach allowed for elucidation of the structure of minor sequences that have not been reported yet. The obtained results are of high importance in the view of the growing interest of regulatory agencies and manufacturers in the development of low-molecular-weight heparin generics as well as bovine heparin as alternative source.
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6
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Sadowski R, Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Buszewski B. Recent Developments in the Separation of Low Molecular Weight Heparin Anticoagulants. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:166-176. [PMID: 28982317 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171005114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The general function of anticoagulants is to prevent blood clotting and growing of the existing clots in blood vessels. In recent years, there has been a significant improvement in developing methods of prevention as well as pharmacologic and surgical treatment of thrombosis. For over the last two decades, low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) have found their application in the antithrombotic diseases treatment. These types of drugs are widely used in clinical therapy. Despite the biological and medical importance of LMWHs, they have not been completely characterized in terms of their chemical structure. Due to both, the structural complexity of these anticoagulants and the presence of impurities, their structural characterization requires the employment of advanced analytical techniques. Since separation techniques play the key role in these endeavors, this review will focus on the presentation of recent developments in the separation of LMWH anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Sadowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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7
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of 2, 5-anhydro-d-mannitol in low molecular weight heparins with high performance anion exchange chromatography hyphenated quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:160-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Gupta R, Ponnusamy MP. Analysis of sulfates on low molecular weight heparin using mass spectrometry: structural characterization of enoxaparin. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:503-513. [PMID: 29782806 PMCID: PMC10134193 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1480110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Structural characterization of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is critical to meet biosimilarity standards. In this context, the review focuses on structural analysis of labile sulfates attached to the side-groups of LMWH using mass spectrometry. A comprehensive review of this topic will help readers to identify key strategies for tackling the problem related to sulfate loss. At the same time, various mass spectrometry techniques are presented to facilitate compositional analysis of LMWH, mainly enoxaparin. Areas covered: This review summarizes findings on mass spectrometry application for LMWH, including modulation of sulfates, using enzymology and sample preparation approaches. Furthermore, popular open-source software packages for automated spectral data interpretation are also discussed. Successful use of LC/MS can decipher structural composition for LMWH and help evaluate their sameness or biosimilarity with the innovator molecule. Overall, the literature has been searched using PubMed by typing various search queries such as 'enoxaparin', 'mass spectrometry', 'low molecular weight heparin', 'structural characterization', etc. Expert commentary: This section highlights clinically relevant areas that need improvement to achieve satisfactory commercialization of LMWHs. It also primarily emphasizes the advancements in instrumentation related to mass spectrometry, and discusses building automated software for data interpretation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitesh Gupta
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA.,b Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
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9
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Gardini C, Urso E, Guerrini M, van Herpen R, de Wit P, Naggi A. Characterization of Danaparoid Complex Extractive Drug by an Orthogonal Analytical Approach. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071116. [PMID: 28678201 PMCID: PMC6152146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Danaparoid sodium salt, is the active component of ORGARAN, an anticoagulant and antithrombotic drug constituted of three glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) obtained from porcine intestinal mucosa extracts. Heparan sulfate is the major component, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate being the minor ones. Currently dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are quantified by UV detection of their unsaturated disaccharides obtained by enzymatic depolymerization. Due to the complexity of danaparoid biopolymers and the presence of shared components, an orthogonal approach has been applied using more advanced tools and methods. To integrate the analytical profile, 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy was applied and found effective to identify and quantify GAG component signals as well as those of some process signatures of danaparoid active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) batches. Analyses of components of both API samples and size separated fractions proceeded through the determination and distribution of the molecular weight (Mw) by high performance size exclusion chromatographic triple detector array (HP-SEC-TDA), chain mapping by LC/MS, and mono- (1H and 13C) and bi-dimensional (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. Finally, large scale chromatographic isolation and depolymerization of each GAG followed by LC/MS and 2D-NMR analysis, allowed the sequences to be defined and components to be evaluated of each GAG including oxidized residues of hexosamines and uronic acids at the reducing ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gardini
- Centro Alta Tecnologia Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - René van Herpen
- Aspen Oss B.V., Kloosterstraat 6, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline de Wit
- Aspen Oss B.V., Kloosterstraat 6, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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10
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Bisio A, Urso E, Guerrini M, de Wit P, Torri G, Naggi A. Structural Characterization of the Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Dalteparin by Combining Different Analytical Strategies. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071051. [PMID: 28672818 PMCID: PMC6152074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) products are available for clinical use and although all share a similar mechanism of action, they are classified as distinct drugs because of the different depolymerisation processes of the native heparin resulting in substantial pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics differences. While enoxaparin has been extensively investigated, little information is available regarding the LMWH dalteparin. The present study is focused on the detailed structural characterization of Fragmin® by LC-MS and NMR applied both to the whole drug and to its enzymatic products. For a more in-depth approach, size homogeneous octasaccharide and decasaccharide components together with their fractions endowed with high or no affinity toward antithrombin were also isolated and their structural profiles characterized. The combination of different analytical strategies here described represents a useful tool for the assessment of batch-to-batch structural variability and for comparative evaluation of structural features of biosimilar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Pauline de Wit
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Cell and Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Comparative analysis of INLIGHT™-labeled enzymatically depolymerized heparin by reverse-phase chromatography and high-performance mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:499-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Efficient recovery of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1257-1269. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Alekseeva A, Mazzini G, Giannini G, Naggi A. Structural features of heparanase-inhibiting non-anticoagulant heparin derivative Roneparstat. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 156:470-480. [PMID: 27842848 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties, non-anticoagulant glycol-split (gs) heparins, obtained by periodate oxidation/borohydride reduction, are of growing interest. The present study was focused on the structural characterization of N-acetylated gs-heparin Roneparstat, a promising anti-cancer heparanase-inhibiting drug currently being investigated in clinical trials. The major and minor structural features of structurally complex Roneparstat have been characterized for the first time using conductimetric titration, size-exclusion chromatography with triple detector array, NMR and LC/MS. It has been shown that gs-uronic acids are mainly interspersed by unmodified disaccharide building blocks, but can also be present within sequences with consequent gs-residues. Peculiar gs-sequences, such as those derived from antithrombin binding regions and those containing I2S-ANS3S6S, as well as a variety of unnatural terminal groups, markers of preparation processes, have also been identified in Roneparstat. Structural features of Roneparstat that may play an important role in interactions with proteins have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alekseeva
- Centro Alta Tecnologia Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, srl, via G. Colombo, 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulia Mazzini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G.Ronzoni, via G. Colombo, 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A, Via Pontina, Km. 30,400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Centro Alta Tecnologia Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, srl, via G. Colombo, 81, 20133 Milan, Italy; Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G.Ronzoni, via G. Colombo, 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
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14
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Fasciano JM, Danielson ND. Ion chromatography for the separation of heparin and structurally related glycoaminoglycans: A review. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1118-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil D. Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University; Oxford OH USA
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15
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Li H, Wickramasekara S, Nemes P. One-Hour Screening of Adulterated Heparin by Simplified Peroxide Digestion and Fast RPIP-LC-MS2. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8424-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)/CDRH/OSEL/DBCMS, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)/CDRH/OSEL/DBCMS, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Peter Nemes
- US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)/CDRH/OSEL/DBCMS, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052, United States
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16
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Boothello RS, Sarkar A, Tran VM, Nguyen TKN, Sankaranarayanan NV, Mehta AY, Alabbas A, Brown S, Rossi A, Joice AC, Mencio CP, Quintero MV, Kuberan B, Desai UR. Chemoenzymatically prepared heparan sulfate containing rare 2-O-sulfonated glucuronic acid residues. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1485-94. [PMID: 25742429 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The structural diversity of natural sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) presents major promise for discovery of chemical biology tools or therapeutic agents. Yet, few GAGs have been identified so far to exhibit this promise. We reasoned that a simple approach to identify such GAGs is to explore sequences containing rare residues, for example, 2-O-sulfonated glucuronic acid (GlcAp2S). Genetic algorithm-based computational docking and filtering suggested that GlcAp2S containing heparan sulfate (HS) may exhibit highly selective recognition of antithrombin, a key plasma clot regulator. HS containing only GlcAp2S and 2-N-sulfonated glucosamine residues, labeled as HS2S2S, was chemoenzymatically synthesized in just two steps and was found to preferentially bind antithrombin over heparin cofactor II, a closely related serpin. Likewise, HS2S2S directly inhibited thrombin but not factor Xa, a closely related protease. The results show that a HS containing rare GlcAp2S residues exhibits the unusual property of selective antithrombin activation and direct thrombin inhibition. More importantly, HS2S2S is also the first molecule to activate antithrombin nearly as well as the heparin pentasaccharide although being completely devoid of the critical 3-O-sulfonate group. Thus, this work shows that novel functions and mechanisms may be uncovered by studying rare GAG residues/sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio S. Boothello
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Aurijit Sarkar
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | | | | | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Akul Y. Mehta
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - AlHumaidi Alabbas
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology & Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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17
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Long Q, Zhao J, Yin B, Li H, Zhang Y, Yao S. A novel label-free upconversion fluorescence resonance energy transfer-nanosensor for ultrasensitive detection of protamine and heparin. Anal Biochem 2015; 477:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Fragment profiling of low molecular weight heparins using reversed phase ion pair liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 2015; 407:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Wei Z, Pan Y, Li L, Huang Y, Qi X, Luo M, Zu Y, Fu Y. Simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds inEquisetum palustreL. by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry combined with matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3045-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuofu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R.China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R. China
| | - Youzhi Pan
- Jiangsu Kanion Parmaceutical Co. Ltd; Lianyungang P.R. China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R.China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R. China
| | - Yuyang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R.China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R.China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R. China
| | - Meng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R.China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R. China
| | - Yuangang Zu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R.China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R. China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R.China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation; Ministry of Education; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R. China
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Wang Z, Li D, Sun X, Bai X, Jin L, Chi L. Liquid chromatography–diode array detection–mass spectrometry for compositional analysis of low molecular weight heparins. Anal Biochem 2014; 451:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kailemia MJ, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB, Amster IJ. Oligosaccharide analysis by mass spectrometry: a review of recent developments. Anal Chem 2014; 86:196-212. [PMID: 24313268 PMCID: PMC3924431 DOI: 10.1021/ac403969n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Shastri MD, Peterson GM, Stewart N, Sohal SS, Patel RP. Non-anticoagulant derivatives of heparin for the management of asthma: distant dream or close reality? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:357-73. [PMID: 24387080 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.866092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 300 million people worldwide are currently affected by asthma. Improvements in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in such inflammatory airway disorders has led to the recognition of new therapeutic approaches. Heparin, a widely used anticoagulant, has been shown to be beneficial in the management of asthma. It belongs to the family of highly sulphated polysaccharides referred to as glycosaminoglycans, containing a heterogeneous mixture of both anticoagulant and non-anticoagulant polysaccharides. Experimental findings have suggested that heparin has potential anti-asthmatic properties owing to the ability of its non-anticoagulant oligosaccharides to bind and modulate the activity of a wide range of biological molecules involved in the inflammatory process. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the potential mechanisms of action and clinical application of heparin as an anti-inflammatory agent for the management of asthma. EXPERT OPINION Heparin may play a significant role in the management of asthma. However, these properties are often hindered by the presence of anticoagulant oligosaccharides, which possess a significant risk of bleeding. Therefore, its therapeutic potential must be explored using well-designed clinical studies that focus on identifying and isolating the anti-inflammatory oligosaccharides of heparin and further elucidating the structure and mechanisms of actions of these non-anticoagulant oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur D Shastri
- University of Tasmania, School of Pharmacy , Private Bag 26, Hobart, Tasmania , Australia +61 3 6226 1079 ; +61 3 6226 2870 ;
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Li D, Chi L, Jin L, Xu X, Du X, Ji S, Chi L. Mapping of low molecular weight heparins using reversed phase ion pair liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:339-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Structural features of glycol-split low-molecular-weight heparins and their heparin lyase generated fragments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:249-65. [PMID: 24253408 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction converts the well-known antithrombotics heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) into their "glycol-split" (gs) derivatives of the "reduced oxyheparin" (RO) type, some of which are currently being developed as potential anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. Whereas the structure of gs-heparins has been recently studied, details of the more complex and more bioavailable gs-LMWHs have not been yet reported. We obtained RO derivatives of the three most common LMWHs (tinzaparin, enoxaparin, and dalteparin) and studied their structures by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was extended to their heparinase-generated oligosaccharides. The combined NMR/LC-MS analysis of RO-LMWHs provided evidence for glycol-splitting-induced transformations mainly involving internal nonsulfated glucuronic and iduronic acid residues (including partial hydrolysis with formation of "remnants") and for the hydrolysis of the gs uronic acid residues when formed at the non-reducing ends (mainly, in RO-dalteparin). Evidence for minor modifications, such as ring contraction of some dalteparin internal aminosugar residues, was also obtained. Unexpectedly, the N-sulfated 1,6-anhydromannosamine residues at the enoxaparin reducing end were found to be susceptible to the periodate oxidation. In addition, in tinzaparin and enoxaparin, the borohydride reduction converts the hemiacetalic aminosugars at the reducing end to alditols. Typical LC-MS signatures of RO-derivatives of individual LMWH both before and after digestion with heparinases included oligosaccharides generated from the original antithrombin-binding and "linkage" regions.
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