1
|
Influence of ion-pairing reagents on the separation of intact glycoproteins using hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463721. [PMID: 36565654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) of intact proteins offers high-resolution separations of glycoforms of glycoproteins differing in the number of (neutral) glycans. However, to obtain efficient separations it is essential that the positively charged sites of the proteins are shielded by acidic (negative) ion-pair reagents (IPRs), so as to enhance the contribution of the hydroxyl groups of the (neutral) sugars in the glycoprotein. Here, we studied the influence of various IPRs that differ in physico-chemical properties, such as hydrophobicity and acidity, on the capillary-scale HILIC separation of intact (glyco)proteins. We evaluated the use of fluoroacetic acid (MFA), difluoroacetic acid (DFA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) as diluents for sample preparation, as solvents for sample loading on a reversed-phase trap prior to the HILIC separation, and as mobile-phase components for HILIC and HILIC-MS. To reduce the contribution of ion-exchange interaction with the (silica-based) stationary phase, we used an acrylamide-based monolithic column. We studied the influence of the different IPRs on each step of the separation of a mixture of proteins of different size and hydrophilicity and on the separation of the five glycoforms of ribonuclease B. The content of IPR in the sample was shown not to affect the separation and the MS detection. However, a low content of TFA and DFA in the mobile phase is favourable, as it reduces adduct formation and leads to higher signal intensity. The optimized HILIC conditions successfully resolved nine major glycoforms groups of a ∼40 kDa glycoprotein horseradish peroxidase (HRP), as an example of a complex glycoprotein.
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Y. A Survey of Polar Stationary Phases for Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography and Recent Progress in Understanding Retention and Selectivity. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5332. [PMID: 35001408 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Various polar stationary phases have become available for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and help drive continuous applications in biomedical, environmental and pharmaceutical areas in the past decade. Although the stationary phases for HILIC have been reviewed previously, it is an appropriate time to take another look at the progresses during the past five years. The current review provides an overview of the polar stationary phases commercially available for HILIC applications in an effort to assist scientists in selecting suitable columns. New types of stationary phase that were published in literature in the past five years are summarized and discussed. The trend in stationary phase research and development is also highlighted. Of particular interest is the experimental evidence for direct interactions of polar analytes with the ligands of the stationary phases under HILIC conditions. In addition, two different approaches have been developed to delineate the relative significance of the partitioning and adsorption mechanisms in HILIC, representing an important advancement in our understanding of the retention mechanisms in HILIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Passamonti M, de Roos C, Schoenmakers PJ, Gargano AFG. Poly(acrylamide- co- N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide) Monoliths for High-Peak-Capacity Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry of Intact Proteins at Low Trifluoroacetic Acid Content. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16000-16007. [PMID: 34807576 PMCID: PMC8655738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In this study, we
optimized a polymerization mixture to synthesize
poly(acrylamide-co-N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide) monolithic stationary phases for
hydrophilic-interaction chromatography (HILIC) of intact proteins.
Thermal polymerization was performed, and the effects of varying the
amount of cross-linker and the porogen composition on the separation
performance of the resulting columns were studied. The homogeneity
of the structure and the different porosities were examined through
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further characterization of the
monolithic structure revealed a permeable (Kf between 2.5 × 10–15 and 1.40 ×
10–13 m2) and polar stationary phase
suitable for HILIC. The HILIC separation performance of the different
columns was assessed using gradient separation of a sample containing
four intact proteins, with the best performing stationary phase exhibiting
a peak capacity of 51 in a gradient of 25 min. Polyacrylamide-based
materials were compared with a silica-based particulate amide phase
(2.7 μm core–shell particles). The monolith has no residual
silanol sites and, therefore, fewer sites for ion-exchange interactions
with proteins. Thus, it required lower concentrations of ion-pair
reagent in HILIC of intact proteins. When using 0.1% of trifluoroacetic
acid (TFA), the peak capacities of the two columns were similar (30
and 34 for the monolithic and packed column, respectively). However,
when decreasing the concentration of TFA to 0.005%, the monolithic
column maintained similar separation performance and selectivity (peak
capacity 23), whereas the packed column showed greatly reduced performance
(peak capacity 12), lower selectivity, and inability to elute all
four reference proteins. Finally, using a mobile phase containing
0.1% formic acid and 0.005% TFA, the HILIC separation on the monolithic
column was successfully hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Detection sensitivity for protein and glycoproteins was increased
and the amount of adducts formed was decreased in comparison with
separations performed at 0.1% TFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Passamonti
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Chiem de Roos
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bryan L, Clynes M, Meleady P. The emerging role of cellular post-translational modifications in modulating growth and productivity of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107757. [PMID: 33895332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are one of the most commonly used host cell lines used for the production human therapeutic proteins. Much research over the past two decades has focussed on improving the growth, titre and cell specific productivity of CHO cells and in turn lowering the costs associated with production of recombinant proteins. CHO cell engineering has become of particular interest in recent years following the publication of the CHO cell genome and the availability of data relating to the proteome, transcriptome and metabolome of CHO cells. However, data relating to the cellular post-translational modification (PTMs) which can affect the functionality of CHO cellular proteins has only begun to be presented in recent years. PTMs are important to many cellular processes and can further alter proteins by increasing the complexity of proteins and their interactions. In this review, we describe the research presented from CHO cells to date related on three of the most important PTMs; glycosylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bryan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bupp CR, Schwartz C, Wei B, Wirth MJ. Protein-induced conformational change in glycans decreases the resolution of glycoproteins in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1581-1591. [PMID: 33682335 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of why hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gives a higher resolution for glycans than for glycoproteins would facilitate column improvements. Separations of the glycoforms of ribonuclease B compared to its released glycans were studied using a commercial hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. The findings were used to devise a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. For the commercial column, chromatograms and van Deemter plots showed that selectivity and efficiency are comparable factors in the higher resolution of the released glycans. The higher selectivity for the released glycans was associated with more water molecules displaced per added mannose. To investigate why, three-dimensional structures of the glycoprotein and the glycan were computed under chromatographic conditions. These showed that hydrogen bonding within the free glycan makes its topology more planar, which would increase contact with the bonded phase. The protein sterically blocks the hydrogen bonding. The more globular-shaped glycan of the glycoprotein suggests that a thicker bonded phase might improve selectivity. This was tested by making a column with a copolymer bonded phase. The results confirmed that selectivity is increased. The findings are possibly broadly relevant to glycoprotein analysis since the structural motif involved in internal hydrogen bonding is common to N-linked glycans of human glycoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Bupp
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Cameron Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Bingchuan Wei
- Genentech, Inc. One DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mary J Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bupp CR, Wirth MJ. Making Sharper Peaks for Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography of Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:363-380. [PMID: 32109149 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein separations have gained increasing interest over the past two decades owing to the dramatic growth of proteins as therapeutics and the completion of the Human Genome Project. About every decade, the field of protein high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) seems to mature, having reached what appears to be a theoretical limit. But then scientists well versed in the basic principles of HPLC invented a way around the limit, generating another decade of exciting progress. There is still the need for higher resolution and better compatibility with mass spectrometry because it is an essential tool for identification of proteins and their modifications. To make advances, the fundamental principles need to be understood. This review covers recent advances and current needs in the context of the principles that underlie the many contributions to peak broadening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Bupp
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Mary J Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Camperi J, Combès A, Fournier T, Pichon V, Delaunay N. Analysis of the human chorionic gonadotropin protein at the intact level by HILIC-MS and comparison with RPLC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4423-4432. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
8
|
Taniguchi A, Tamura S, Ikegami T. The relationship between polymer structures on silica particles and the separation characteristics of the corresponding columns for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Camperi J, Pichon V, Delaunay N. Separation methods hyphenated to mass spectrometry for the characterization of the protein glycosylation at the intact level. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 178:112921. [PMID: 31671335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of proteins that affects their biological activity, solubility, and half-life. Therefore, its characterization is of great interest in proteomic, particularly from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view. However, the number and type of glycosylation sites, the degree of site occupancy and the different possible structures of glycans can lead to a very large number of isoforms for a given protein, called glycoforms. The identification of these glycoforms constitutes an important analytical challenge. Indeed, to attempt to characterize all of them, it is necessary to develop efficient separation methods associated with a sensitive and informative detection mode, such as mass spectrometry (MS). Most analytical methods are based on bottom-up proteomics, which consists in the analysis of the protein at the glycopeptides level after its digestion. Even if this approach provides essential information, including the localization and composition of glycans on the protein, it is also characterized by a loss of information on macro-heterogeneity, i.e. the nature of the glycans present on a given glycoform. The analysis of glycoforms at the intact level can overcome this disadvantage. The aim of this review is to detail the state-of-the art of separation methods that can be easily hyphenated with MS for the characterization of protein glycosylation at the intact level. The different electrophoretic and chromatographic approaches are discussed in detail. The miniaturization of these separation methods is also discussed with their potential applications. While the first studies focused on the development and optimization of the separation step to achieve high resolution between isoforms, the recent ones are much more application-oriented, such as clinical diagnosis, quality control, and glycoprotein monitoring in formulations or biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, UMR CBI 8231 CNRS - ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Valerie Pichon
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, UMR CBI 8231 CNRS - ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Delaunay
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, UMR CBI 8231 CNRS - ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Camperi J, Pichon V, Fournier T, Delaunay N. First profiling in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography of intact human chorionic gonadotropin isoforms. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:495-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
11
|
van Schaick G, Pirok BW, Haselberg R, Somsen GW, Gargano AF. Computer-aided gradient optimization of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic separations of intact proteins and protein glycoforms. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1598:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
12
|
High efficiency and simple preparation of polyacrylamide coated silica stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360357. [PMID: 31345618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A polyacrylamide (PAM)-coated silica packing as a novel stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was produced firstly by thermal immobilization. The coated layer was formed by a simple and facile physical method that dipping silica spheres into a PAM solution and then stirring the mixture until the solution was evaporated absolutely, leaving a certain amount of PAM on the silica particles. Although there are no chemical bonds involved, the bleeding measurement and the background noise are acceptable. Polyacrylamide coated silica (PAM-Sil, mean diameter: 5 μm) demonstrated a good hydrophilic property and excellent separation efficiency, which was observed especially for several high polar analytes such as saccharides. It is much higher than bare silica or amino columns under the same conditions. Moreover the obtained stationary phase demonstrated good stability under our operation conditions. The specific preparing method offers an easy and economical way to manipulate the thickness of PAM coating and can be extended as a universal way to produce various polymer coated stationary phases with dipping-heating/stirring-evaporating procedure.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang X, Bartlett MG. Glycan analysis for protein therapeutics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:29-40. [PMID: 31063953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can be a critical quality attribute for protein therapeutics due to its extensive impact on product safety and efficacy. Glycan characterization is important in the process of protein drug development, from early stage candidate selection to late stage regulatory submission. It is also an indispensable part in the evaluation of biosimilarity. This review discusses the effects of glycosylation on the stability and activity of protein therapeutics, regulatory considerations corresponding to manufacturing and structural characterization of glycosylated protein therapeutics, and focuses on mass spectrometry compatible separation methods for glycan characterization of protein therapeutics. These approaches include hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, reversed-phase liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography and two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Advances and novelties in each separation method, as well as associated challenges and limitations, are discussed at the released glycan, glycopeptide, glycoprotein subunit and intact glycoprotein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ragland TS, Gossage MD, Furtaw MD, Anderson JP, Steffens DL, Wirth MJ. Electrophoresis of megaDalton proteins inside colloidal silica. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:817-823. [PMID: 30556148 PMCID: PMC6711471 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the growth of the biopharmaceutical industry, there is a need for rapid size-analysis of proteins on the megaDalton scale. The large pore sizes needed for such separations cannot be easily reached by pushing the current limits of size-exclusion chromatography or gel electrophoresis. The concept detailed here is the formation of arbitrarily wide pores by packing nonporous colloidal silica in capillaries. This method can be called packed-capillary electrophoresis, or "pCE". Electrophoresis of protein standards (11-155 kDa) by pCE, using 345 nm diameter particles in 100 μm diameter capillaries, gives 2x higher resolution than a typical PAGE gel in 1/6 of the time. The electropherograms show that pCE is highly efficient, with half-micrometer plate heights for all seven standards, giving 105 plates for a 50 mm length. The large pore radius of 65 nm enables baseline resolution of proteins of 0.72, 1.048 and 1.236 MDa in less than 15 min. The short separation time of pCE is attributed to the absence of small pores that restrict protein migration in gels. The pCE separation is applied to the analysis of a stressed pharmaceutical-grade IgG4 sample, giving unprecedented baseline resolution of monomer, dimer, trimer and tetramer in less than 10 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary J. Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ikegami T. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of biopharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic peptides: A review based on the separation characteristics of the hydrophilic interaction chromatography phases. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:130-213. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmaceutical (Bio-) Analysis; Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang G, Hu Y, Sun S, Ouyang C, Yang W, Wang Q, Betenbaugh M, Zhang H. Comprehensive Glycoproteomic Analysis of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14294-14302. [PMID: 30457839 PMCID: PMC6440468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line is a major expression system for the production of therapeutic proteins, the majority of which are glycoproteins, such as antibodies and erythropoietin (EPO). The characterization glycosylation profile of therapeutic proteins produced from engineered CHO cells and therapeutic functions, as well as side effects, are critical to understand the important roles of glycosylation. In this study, a large scale glycoproteomic workflow was established and applied to CHO-K1 cells expressing EPO. The workflow includes enrichment of intact glycopeptides from CHO-K1 cell lysate and medium using hydrophilic enrichment, fractionation of the obtained intact glycopeptides (IGPs) by basic reversed phase liquid chromatography (bRPLC), analyzing the glycopeptides using LC-MS/MS, and annotating the results by GPQuest 2.0. A total of 10 338 N-linked glycosite-containing IGPs were identified, representing 1162 unique glycosites in 530 glycoproteins, including 71 unique atypical N-linked IGPs on 18 atypical N-glycosylation sequons with an overrepresentation of the N-X-C motifs. Moreover, we compared the glycoproteins from CHO cell lysate with those from medium using the in-depth N-linked glycoproteome data. The obtained large scale glycoproteomic data from intact N-linked glycopeptides in this study is complementary to the genomic, proteomic, and N-linked glycomic data previously reported for CHO cells. Our method has the potential to monitor the production of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganglong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Yingwei Hu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Shisheng Sun
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Chuanzi Ouyang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Weiming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Michael Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gargano AFG, Roca LS, Fellers RT, Bocxe M, Domínguez-Vega E, Somsen GW. Capillary HILIC-MS: A New Tool for Sensitive Top-Down Proteomics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6601-6609. [PMID: 29722972 PMCID: PMC5990932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Recent
progress in top-down proteomics has driven the demand for
chromatographic methods compatible with mass spectrometry (MS) that
can separate intact proteins. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography
(HILIC) has recently shown good potential for the characterization
of glycoforms of intact proteins. In the present study, we demonstrate
that HILIC can separate a wide range of proteins exhibiting orthogonal
selectivity with respect to reversed-phase LC (RPLC). However, the
application of HILIC to the analysis of low abundance proteins (e.g.,
in proteomics analysis) is hampered by low volume loadability, hindering
down-scaling of the method to column diameters below 2.1 mm. Moreover,
HILIC-MS sensitivity is decreased due to ion suppression from the
trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) often used as the ion-pair agent to improve
the selectivity and efficiency in the analysis of glycoproteins. Here,
we introduce a capillary-based HILIC-MS method that overcomes these
problems. Our method uses RPLC trap-columns to load and inject the
sample, circumventing issues of protein solubility and volume loadability
in capillary columns (200 μm ID). The low flow rates and use
of a dopant gas in the electrospray interface improve protein-ionization
efficiencies and reduce suppression by TFA. Overall, this allows the
separation and detection of small protein quantities (down to 5 ng
injected on column) as indicated by the analysis of a mixture of model
proteins. The potential of the new capillary HILIC-MS is demonstrated
by the analysis of a complex cell lysate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F G Gargano
- Centre for Analytical Science Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1083 , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Liana S Roca
- Centre for Analytical Science Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Ryan T Fellers
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and the Proteomics Center of Excellence , Northwestern University , 2145 N. Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Max Bocxe
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1083 , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1083 , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics , Leiden University Medical Center , Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Centre for Analytical Science Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1083 , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Domínguez-Vega E, Tengattini S, Peintner C, van Angeren J, Temporini C, Haselberg R, Massolini G, Somsen GW. High-resolution glycoform profiling of intact therapeutic proteins by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 184:375-381. [PMID: 29674057 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is considered a critical quality attribute of therapeutic proteins. Protein heterogeneity introduced by glycosylation includes differences in the nature, number and position of the glycans. Whereas analysis of released glycans and glycopeptides provides information about the composition and/or position of the glycan, intact glycoprotein analysis allows assignment of individual proteoforms and co-occurring modifications. Yet, resolving protein glycoforms at the intact level is challenging. We have explored the capacity of hydrophilic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) for assessing glycosylation patterns of intact pharmaceutical proteins by analyzing the complex glycoproteins interferon-beta-1a (rhIFN-β - 1a) and recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). Efficient glycoform separation was achieved using a superficially-porous amide HILIC stationary phase and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as eluent additive. In-source collision-induced dissociation proved to be very useful to minimize protein-signal suppression effects by TFA. Direct injection of therapeutic proteins in aqueous formulation was possible without causing extra band dispersion, provided that the sample injection volume was not larger than 2 μL. HILIC-MS of rhIFN-β - 1a and rhEPO allowed the assignment of, respectively, 15 and 51 glycoform compositions, next to a variety of posttranslational modifications, such as succinimide, oxidation and N-terminal methionine-loss products. MS-based assignments showed that neutral glycan units significantly contributed to glycoform separation, whereas terminal sialic acids only had a marginal effect on HILIC retention. Comparisons of HILIC-MS with the selectivity provided by capillary electrophoresis-MS for the same glycoproteins, revealed a remarkable complementarity of the techniques. Finally it was demonstrated that by replacing TFA for difluoroacetic acid, peak resolution somewhat decreased, but rhEPO glycoforms with relative abundances below 1% could be detected by HILIC-MS, increasing the overall rhEPO glycoform coverage to 72.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Tengattini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Peintner
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordy van Angeren
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Studies on the retention mechanism of solutes in hydrophilic interaction chromatography using stoichiometric displacement theory I. The linear relationship of lgk' vs. lg[H2O]. Talanta 2018; 176:499-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
20
|
Cai J, Cheng L, Zhao J, Fu Q, Jin Y, Ke Y, Liang X. A polyacrylamide-based silica stationary phase for the separation of carbohydrates using alcohols as the weak eluent in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:153-159. [PMID: 29030034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) stationary phase was prepared by a two-step synthesis method, immobilizing polyacrylamide on silica sphere particles. The stationary phase (named PA, 5μm dia) was evaluated using a mixture of carbohydrates in HILIC mode and the column efficiency reached 121,000Nm-1. The retention behavior of carbohydrates on PA stationary phase was investigated with three different organic solvents (acetonitrile, ethanol and methanol) employed as the weak eluent. The strongest hydrophilicity of PA stationary phase was observed in both acetonitrile and methanol as the weak eluent, when compared with another two amide stationary phases. Attributing to its high hydrophilicity, three oligosaccharides (xylooligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide and chitooligosaccharides) presented good retention on PA stationary phase using alcohols/water as mobile phase. Finally, PA stationary phase was successfully applied for the purification of galactooligosaccharides and saponins of Paris polyphylla. It is feasible to use safer and cheaper alcohols to replace acetonitrile as the weak eluent for green analysis and purification of polar compounds on PA stationary phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Lingping Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jianchao Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical, Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116203, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rinaldi F, Tengattini S, Calleri E, Bavaro T, Piubelli L, Pollegioni L, Massolini G, Temporini C. Application of a rapid HILIC-UV method for synthesis optimization and stability studies of immunogenic neo -glycoconjugates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:252-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Tengattini S, Domínguez-Vega E, Temporini C, Bavaro T, Rinaldi F, Piubelli L, Pollegioni L, Massolini G, Somsen GW. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as a new tool for the characterization of intact semi-synthetic glycoproteins. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 981:94-105. [PMID: 28693734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Improved methods for detailed characterization of complex glycoproteins are required in the growing sector of biopharmaceuticals. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to high resolution (HR) time-of-flight mass spectrometric (TOF-MS) detection was examined for the characterization of intact neo-glycoproteins prepared by chemical conjugation of synthetic saccharides to the lysine residues of selected recombinant proteins. The separation performances of three different amide HILIC columns (TSKgel Amide-80, XBridge BEH and AdvanceBio Glycan Mapping) were tested. Water-acetonitrile gradients and volatile eluent additives have been explored. Addition of 0.05% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid to the mobile phase appeared to be essential for achieving optimum resolution of intact glycoforms and minimal ion suppression effects. Gradient elution conditions were optimized for each protein on every column. HILIC stationary phases were evaluated for the analysis of highly heterogeneous semi-synthetic derivatives of the same protein (ribonuclease A), and in the enhanced characterization of TB10.4 and Ag85B glycoconjugates, selected antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). HILIC-MS results indicated that the HILIC selectivity is predominantly governed by size of the conjugated glycans and number of glycans attached, providing efficient glycoform separation. Moreover, HILIC separation prior to HRMS detection allowed assignment of several product impurities. Additional top-down MS/MS experiments confirmed conjugation at the N-terminus of TB10.4 next to its lysine residue. Overall, the obtained results demonstrate that amide-stationary-phase based HILIC coupled to MS is highly useful for the characterization of intact neo-glycoproteins allowing assessment of the number, identity and relative abundance of glycoforms present in the semi-synthetic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tengattini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100, Pavia, Italy; Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Rinaldi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luciano Piubelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, I-21100, Varese, Italy; The Protein Factory Interuniversity Centre, Politecnico of Milano, University of Insubria, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, I-21100, Varese, Italy; The Protein Factory Interuniversity Centre, Politecnico of Milano, University of Insubria, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huckabee AG, Yerneni C, Jacobson RE, Alzate EJ, Chen TH, Wirth MJ. In-column bonded phase polymerization for improved packing uniformity. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2170-2177. [PMID: 28387037 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to pack chromatographic particles having polymeric-bonded phases because solvents used for making a stable slurry cause the polymer layer to swell. Growth of the polymer inside the column (in situ) after packing was investigated and compared with conventional, ex situ polymer growth. The method of activators generated by electron transfer, along with atom-transfer radical polymerization, enabled polymerization under ambient conditions. Nonporous, 0.62 μm silica particles with silane initiators were used. Polyacrylamide films with a hydrated thickness of 23 nm in 75:25 water/isopropanol grew in 55 min for both in situ and ex situ preparations, and the same carbon coverage was observed. Higher chromatographic resolution and better column-to-column reproducibility were observed for in situ polymer growth, as evaluated by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the model glycoprotein, ribonuclease B. In situ polymer growth was also found to give lower eddy diffusion, as shown by a narrower peak width for injected acetonitrile in 50:50 acetonitrile/water. When columns were packed more loosely, bed collapse occurred quickly for ex situ, but not for in situ, polymer growth. The higher resolution and stability for in situ polymer growth is explained by packing with hard, rather than soft, contacts between particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charu Yerneni
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Edwin J Alzate
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tse-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mary J Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang J, Qi L, Zheng WT, Tian YL, Chi AP, Zhang ZQ. Novel functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) microspheres for the solid-phase extraction of glycopeptides/glycoproteins. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1107-1114. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an China
- Institute of Sports Biology; School of Physical Education; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an China
| | - Liang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an China
| | - Wei-Ting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an China
| | - Yong-Le Tian
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an China
| | - Ai-Ping Chi
- Institute of Sports Biology; School of Physical Education; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bobály B, Sipkó E, Fekete J. Challenges in liquid chromatographic characterization of proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:3-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
26
|
Astefanei A, Dapic I, Camenzuli M. Different Stationary Phase Selectivities and Morphologies for Intact Protein Separations. Chromatographia 2016; 80:665-687. [PMID: 28529348 PMCID: PMC5413533 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of biology proposed that one gene encodes for one protein. We now know that this does not reflect reality. The human body has approximately 20,000 protein-encoding genes; each of these genes can encode more than one protein. Proteins expressed from a single gene can vary in terms of their post-translational modifications, which often regulate their function within the body. Understanding the proteins within our bodies is a key step in understanding the cause, and perhaps the solution, to disease. This is one of the application areas of proteomics, which is defined as the study of all proteins expressed within an organism at a given point in time. The human proteome is incredibly complex. The complexity of biological samples requires a combination of technologies to achieve high resolution and high sensitivity analysis. Despite the significant advances in mass spectrometry, separation techniques are still essential in this field. Liquid chromatography is an indispensable tool by which low-abundant proteins in complex samples can be enriched and separated. However, advances in chromatography are not as readily adapted in proteomics compared to advances in mass spectrometry. Biologists in this field still favour reversed-phase chromatography with fully porous particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight alternative selectivities and stationary phase morphologies that show potential for application in top-down proteomics; the study of intact proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Astefanei
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I. Dapic
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Camenzuli
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tengattini S, Domínguez-Vega E, Temporini C, Terreni M, Somsen GW. Monitoring antigenic protein integrity during glycoconjugate vaccine synthesis using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6123-32. [PMID: 27372716 PMCID: PMC4981626 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) method was developed for the characterization and integrity assessment of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) antigens TB10.4 and Ag85B and their chemically produced glycoconjugates, which are glycovaccine candidates against tuberculosis (TB). In order to prevent protein adsorption to the inner capillary wall and to achieve efficient separation of the antigen proteoforms, a polyionic multilayer coating of polybrene-dextran sulfate-polybrene (PB-DS-PB) was used in combination with 1.5 M acetic acid as background electrolyte (BGE). Coupling of CE to high-resolution time-of-flight MS was achieved by a coaxial interface employing a sheath liquid of isopropanol-water (50:50, v/v) containing 0.1 % formic acid. The MTB antigens were exposed to experimental conditions used for chemical glycosylation (but no activated saccharide was added) in order to investigate their stability during glycovaccine production. CE-MS analysis revealed the presence of several closely related degradation products, including truncated, oxidized and conformational variants, which were assigned by accurate mass. Analysis of synthesized mannose conjugates of TB10.4 and Ag85B allowed the determination of the glycoform composition of the neo-glycoproteins next to the characterization of degradation products which were shown to be partly glycoconjugated. Moreover, the selectivity of CE-MS allowed specific detection of deamidated species (protein mass change of 1.0 Da only), indicating that chemical glycosylation increased susceptibility to deamidation. Overall, the results show that CE-MS represents a useful analytical tool for the detailed characterization and optimization of neo-glycoconjugate products. Graphical Abstract Flowchart illustrating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) antigen glycosylation, glycoconjugate variant and degradation product separation by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and their characterization by intact mass spectrometry (MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tengattini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Terreni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rogers BA, Wu Z, Wei B, Zhang X, Cao X, Alabi O, Wirth MJ. Submicrometer particles and slip flow in liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2520-6. [PMID: 25646567 DOI: 10.1021/ac504683d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Smaller particles have progressively led to higher efficiency in liquid chromatography, particularly for proteins, due to smaller diffusion distances. Particle diameter has recently entered the submicrometer region, with the back-pressure requirements alleviated by slip flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Periat A, Krull IS, Guillarme D. Applications of hydrophilic interaction chromatography to amino acids, peptides, and proteins. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:357-67. [PMID: 25413716 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent advances in the analysis of amino acids, peptides, and proteins using hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Various reports demonstrate the successful analysis of amino acids under such conditions. However, a baseline resolution of the 20 natural amino acids has not yet been published and for this reason, there is often a need to use mass spectrometry for detection to further improve selectivity. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography is also recognized as a powerful technique for peptide analysis, and there are a lot of papers showing its applicability for proteomic applications (peptide mapping). It is expected that its use for peptide mapping will continue to grow in the future, particularly because this analytical strategy can be combined with reversed-phase liquid chromatography, in a two-dimensional setup, to reach very high resolving power. Finally, the interest in hydrophilic interaction chromatography for intact proteins analysis is less evident due to possible solubility issues and a lack of suitable hydrophilic interaction chromatography stationary phases. To date, it has been successfully employed only for the characterization of membrane proteins, histones, and the separation of glycosylated isoforms of an intact glycoprotein. From our point of view, the number of hydrophilic interaction chromatography columns compatible with intact proteins (higher upper temperature limit, large pore size, etc.) is still too limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Periat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yu D, Shen A, Guo Z, Yan Y, Yan J, Jin G, Liang X. A controlled thiol-initiated surface polymerization strategy for the preparation of hydrophilic polymer stationary phases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14778-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A controlled thiol-initiated surface polymerization strategy has been successfully developed and employed to prepare hydrophilic polymer stationary phases, which exhibited excellent chromatographic performance and protein non-fouling properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Yu
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Aijin Shen
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Yukun Yan
- Materials Fabrication and Processing Division
- Institute of Metal Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Gaowa Jin
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nováková L, Havlíková L, Vlčková H. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography of polar and ionizable compounds by UHPLC. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
32
|
Pedrali A, Tengattini S, Marrubini G, Bavaro T, Hemström P, Massolini G, Terreni M, Temporini C. Characterization of intact neo-glycoproteins by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Molecules 2014; 19:9070-88. [PMID: 24983858 PMCID: PMC6271321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an HPLC HILIC-UV method was developed for the analysis of intact neo-glycoproteins. During method development the experimental conditions evaluated involved different HILIC columns (TSKgel Amide-80 and ZIC-pHILIC), and water-acetonitrile mixtures containing various types of acids and salts. The final selected method was based on a TSKgel Amide-80 column and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water both containing 10 mM HClO4. The influence of temperature and sample preparation on the chromatographic performances of the HILIC method was also investigated. The method was applied to the separation of neo-glycoproteins prepared starting from the model protein RNase A by chemical conjugation of different glycans. Using the method here reported it was possible to monitor by UV detection the glycosylation reaction and assess the distribution of neo-glycoprotein isoforms without laborious sample workup prior to analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pedrali
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sara Tengattini
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Marrubini
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marco Terreni
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Huang BY, Yang CK, Liu CP, Liu CY. Stationary phases for the enrichment of glycoproteins and glycopeptides. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2091-107. [PMID: 24729282 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of protein glycosylation is important for biomedical and biopharmaceutical research. Recent advances in LC-MS analysis have enabled the identification of glycosylation sites, the characterisation of glycan structures and the identification and quantification of glycoproteins and glycopeptides. However, this type of analysis remains challenging due to the low abundance of glycopeptides in complex protein digests, the microheterogeneity at glycosylation sites, ion suppression effects and the competition for ionisation by co-eluting peptides. Specific sample preparation is necessary for comprehensive and site-specific glycosylation analyses using MS. Therefore, researchers continue to pursue new columns to broaden their applications. The current manuscript covers recent literature published from 2008 to 2013. The stationary phases containing various chemical bonding methods or ligands immobilisation strategies on solid supports that selectively enrich N-linked or sialylated N-glycopeptides are categorised with either physical or chemical modes of binding. These categories include lectin affinity, hydrophilic interactions, boronate affinity, titanium dioxide affinity, hydrazide chemistry and other separation techniques. This review should aid in better understanding the syntheses and physicochemical properties of each type of stationary phases for enriching glycoproteins and glycopeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|